Tournament: MBA | Round: 4 | Opponent: McDonogh ER | Judge: Malia

Discourse against conventional agriculture foreclose social responses to structural violence of our farm system – environmental and scientific privileging prevents addressing the root of crisis – the affirmative is a bankrupt sustainability

ALLEN 1993 – ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR CENTER AGROECOLOGY UC SANTA CRUZ
FOOD FOR THE FUTURE, PAGE 8-10
THE SCIENCE OF SUSTAINABILITY AND THE ROLE OF EPISTEMOLOGY

Located as it has been in the natural sciences, the study of sustainable agricul¬ture
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considering what should be (much less understanding the production of what is).

Conventional paradigms of agricultural and global structures of technological rationality make extinction and the case impacts inevitable

AHMED 2008 – EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR INSTITUTE POLICY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
HIDDEN HOLOCAUST, 1-7, http://onlinejournal.com/artman/publish/printer_2803.shtml-http://onlinejournal.com/artman/publish/printer_2803.shtml

3. Food scarcity The convergence of these two global crises, climate change and
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the dead, broken materialistic vision associated with the concurrent global imperial system.  

Endorse our criticism as a challenge to agricultural constructions of the social

ALLEN 1993 – ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR CENTER AGROECOLOGY UC SANTA CRUZ
FOOD FOR THE FUTURE, PAGE 

The Production of Society
Society is also produced. Like nature, it is a product of human relations
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appear immutable, a false perception that limits our ability to effect change.
In sustainable agriculture there is a similar tendency to naturalize the social, even though
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volume) does, whether current political economic structures are compatible with sustainability.
Developing agricultural sustainability requires that we think more crea¬tively about the prerequisites for sustainability and
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our relations not only with external nature, but with other human beings.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Jesuit Prep FP | Judge: Goh

The 1AC’s silence was strategic—their failure to mention the ANIMAL is a human centric ethic that must be rejected—the impact is ecological collapse and extinction.

Ahkin ’10 (Melanie Ahkin, Monash University, 2010, "Human Centrism, Animist Materialism, and the Critique of Rationalism in Val Plumwood’s Critical Ecological Feminism," Emergent Australian Philosophers, a peer reviewed journal of philosophy,http://www.eap.philosophy-australia.com/archives.html)

These five features provide the basis for hegemonic centrism insofar as they promote certain conceptual and perceptual distortions of reality which universalise and naturalise the standpoint of the superior relata as primary or centre, and deny and subordinate the standpoints of inferiorised others as secondary or derivative. Using standpoint theory analysis, Plumwood’s reconceptualisation of human chauvinist frameworks locates and dissects these logical characteristics of dualism, and the conceptual and perceptual distortions of reality common to centric structures, as follows. Radical exclusion is found in the rationalist emphasis on differences between humans and non-human nature, its valourisation of a human rationality conceived as exclusionary of nature, and its minimisation of similarities between the two realms. Homogenisation and stereotyping occur especially in the rationalist denial of consciousness to nature, and its denial of the diversity of mental characteristics found within its many different constituents, facilitating a perception of nature as homogeneous and of its members as interchangeable and replaceable resources. This definition of nature in terms of its lack of human rationality and consciousness means that its identity remains relative to that of the dominant human group, and its difference is marked as deficiency, permitting its inferiorisation. Backgrounding and denial may be observed in the conception of nature as extraneous and inessential background to the foreground of human culture, in the human denial of dependency on the natural environment, and denial of the ethical and political constraints which the unrecognised ends and needs of non-human nature might otherwise place on human behaviour. These features together create an ethical discontinuity between humans and non-human nature which denies nature’s value and agency, and thereby promote its instrumentalisation and exploitation for the benefit of humans.11 This dualistic logic helps to universalise the human centric standpoint, making invisible and seemingly inevitable the conceptual and perceptual distortions of reality and oppression of non-human nature it enjoins. The alternative standpoints and perspectives of members of the inferiorised class of nature are denied legitimacy and subordinated to that of the class of humans, ultimately becoming invisible once this master standpoint becomes part of the very structure of thought.12 Such an anthropocentric framework creates a variety of serious injustices and prudential risks, making it highly ecologically irrational.13 The hierarchical value prescriptions and epistemic distortions responsible for its biased, reductive conceptualisation of nature strips the non-human natural realm of non-instrumental value, and impedes the fair and impartial treatment of its members. Similarly, anthropocentrism creates distributive injustices by restricting ethical concern to humans, admitting partisan distributive relationships with non-human nature in the forms of commodification and instrumentalisation. The prudential risks and blindspots created by anthropocentrism are problematic for nature and humans alike and are of especial concern within our current context of radical human dependence on an irreplaceable and increasingly degraded natural environment. These prudential risks are in large part consequences of the centric structure’s promotion of illusory human disembeddedness, self-enclosure and insensitivity to the significance and survival needs of non-human nature: The logic of centrism naturalises an illusory order in which the centre appears to itself to be disembedded, and this is especially dangerous in contexts where there is real and radical dependency on an Other who is simultaneously weakened by the application of that logic.14 Within the context of human-nature relationships, such a logic must inevitably lead to failure, either through the catastrophic extinction of our natural environment and the consequent collapse of our species, or more hopefully by the abandonment and transformation of the human centric framework.15 

The alternative is to vote negative to embrace an ethic of organism.

Henning’9 (Brian, Associate Professor of Philosophy at Gonzaga University in Spokane, WA. Henning is author of the award winning book The Ethics of Creativity: Beauty, Morality and Nature in a Processive Cosmos. His current scholarship and teaching focus on the interconnections among ethics, metaphysics, and aesthetics, especially as they relate to the ethics of global climate change. E-mail: henning@gonzaga.edu-henning@gonzaga.edu, "Trusting in the ’Efficacy of Beauty’: A Kalocentric Approach to Moral Philosophy," MUSE, AM)

Final truths (whether in religion, morality, or science) are unattainable not
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for themselves, for others, and for the whole of reality.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: Semis | Opponent: Juan Diego FW | Judge: D Heidt, Bato, Cottrell

The aff’s call to fix a world gone astray is part of debate’s fixation on the suffering of the Other – this perspective is one of prescriptive colonialism that leads to endless violence

Jayan Nayar 12, law prof at the University of Warwick, The Politics of Hope and the Other-in-the-World: Thinking Exteriority, December 15, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10978-012-9115-8/fulltext.html-http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10978-012-9115-8/fulltext.html

People suffer.17 This is a simple truth that takes little effort to state
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, help create masks of hegemony for the brutal faces of domination.27

Reject their hopeful politics in favor of a focus on the failure that produced suffering – the aff is a caricature of the obsession with success imageries – only the right to fail can rupture the cycle

O’Gorman and Werry ’12 (Roisin O’Gorman, Ph.d., Theater and Drama Studies @ University of Cork, Margaret Werry, Department of Theater, University of Minnesota, "On Failure (On Pedagogy): Editorial Introduction," Performance Research: A Journal of the Performing Arts Volume 17, Issue 1, 2012) 

What has upped the stakes in this absurd drama is the cultural dominance of hope
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keep going? How do we remember that keeping going is worth doing?

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 4 | Opponent: Leucadia GY | Judge: McClay

Hardline against Cuba now – terror list

Kasperowicz ’13 – Pete, Staff Writer for the Hill, "State keeps Cuba on terror sponsors list", 5/30, http://thehill.com/blogs/global-affairs/americas/302609-cuba-remains-a-state-sponsor-of-terror-despite-some-improvements

As expected, the State Department on Thursday released a report that keeps Cuba on the list of state sponsors of terrorism, even as it acknowledged that some conditions on the island were improving.
State’s Country Reports on Terrorism for 2012 was widely expected to keep Cuba, Iran, Sudan and Syria on the list of countries that sponsor terrorism, despite some reports that incorrectly suggested that it might be used by Secretary of State John Kerry to shift policy on Cuba.
In the case of Cuba, State listed three primary reasons for keeping the island nation on the list. First, it noted that Cuba continued to provide a safe haven for about two dozens members of Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA), a group charged with terrorism in Spain.
State’s report, though, seemed to give Cuba some credit for hosting peace talks between the government of Colombia and members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). The report notes that Cuba offered aid to FARC members "in past years," and indicates that Havana is no longer supporting the rebel group.
A second major reason for listing Cuba was that the government "continued to harbor fugitives wanted in the United States." That language is unchanged from last year’s report.
And thirdly, State said Cuba has deficiencies in the area of anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism, just as it did in last year’s report. This year, however, State also noted that Cuba has become a member of the Financial Action Task Force of South America, which requires Havana to adopt anti-money laundering recommendations.
But still, this improvement and the hosting of peace talks between FARC and Colombia were not enough to remove Cuba from the list.

Lifting the embargo is appeasement – emboldens adversaries and turns case

Brookes ’9 – Peter, Heritage Foundation senior fellow and a former deputy assistant secretary of defense, "KEEP THE EMBARGO, O", April 15, http://nypost.com/2009/04/15/keep-the-embargo-o/-http://nypost.com/2009/04/15/keep-the-embargo-o/

IN another outreach to roguish regimes, the Obama administration on Monday announced the easing of some restrictions on Cuba.
Team Bam hopes that a new face in the White House will heal old wounds. Fat chance.
Sure, it’s fine to allow separated families to see each other more than once every three years — even though Cubanos aren’t allowed to visit America.
And permitting gifts to Cuban relatives could ease unnecessary poverty — even though the regime will siphon off an estimated 20 percent of the money sent there.
In the end, though, it’s still Fidel Castro and his brother Raul who’ll decide whether there’ll be a thaw in ties with the United States — or not.
And in usual Castro-style, Fidel himself stood defiant in response to the White House proclamation, barely recognizing the US policy shift.
Instead, and predictably, Fidel demanded an end to el bloqueo (the blockade) — without any promises of change for the people who labor under the regime’s hard-line policies.
So much for the theory that if we’re nice to them, they’ll be nice to us.
Many are concerned that the lack of love from Havana will lead Washington to make even more unilateral concessions to create an opening with Fidel and the gang.
Of course, the big empanada is the US economic embargo against Cuba, in place since 1962, which undoubtedly is the thing Havana most wants done away with — without any concessions on Cuba’s part, of course.
Lifting the embargo won’t normalize relations, but instead legitimize — and wave the white flag to — Fidel’s 50-year fight against the Yanquis, further lionizing the dictator and encouraging the Latin American Left.
Because the economy is nationalized, trade will pour plenty of cash into the Cuban national coffers — allowing Havana to suppress dissent at home and bolster its communist agenda abroad.
The last thing we should do is to fill the pockets of a regime that’ll use those profits to keep a jackboot on the neck of the Cuban people. The political and human-rights situation in Cuba is grim enough already.
The police state controls the lives of 11 million Cubans in what has become an island prison. The people enjoy none of the basic civil liberties — no freedom of speech, press, assembly or association.
Security types monitor foreign journalists, restrict Internet access and foreign news and censor the domestic media. The regime holds more than 200 political dissidents in jails that rats won’t live in.
We also don’t need a pumped-up Cuba that could become a serious menace to US interests in Latin America, the Caribbean — or beyond. (The likes of China, Russia and Iran might also look to partner with a revitalized Cuba.)
With an influx of resources, the Cuban regime would surely team up with the rulers of nations like Venezuela, Nicaragua and Bolivia to advance socialism and anti-Americanism in the Western Hemisphere.
The embargo has stifled Havana’s ambitions ever since the Castros lost their Soviet sponsorship in the early 1990s. Anyone noticed the lack of trouble Cuba has caused internationally since then? Contrast that with the 1980s some time.
Regrettably, 110 years after independence from Spain (courtesy of Uncle Sam), Cuba still isn’t free. Instead of utopia, it has become a dystopia at the hands of the Castro brothers.
The US embargo remains a matter of principle — and an appropriate response to Cuba’s brutal repression of its people. Giving in to evil only begets more of it. Haven’t we learned that yet?
Until we see progress in loosing the Cuban people from the yoke of the communist regime, we should hold firm onto the leverage the embargo provides.

Turns the Multilateralism advantage

Weissberg ’10 – Robert, Professor of Political Science-Emeritus, University of Illinois-Urbana, "President Obama’s Compulsive Appeasement Disorder", 9/27, http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/08/president_obamas_compulsive_ap.html

There’s a simple explanation: we are no longer feared. Superpowers of yesteryear,
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choose between them, it is far safer to be feared than loved.
Being feared does not require bombing Iran into the Stone Age, though that would
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it. Israel long ago learned this lesson, regardless of world outrage.

US appeasement causes North Korean nuclear weapons use

Grey ’10 – CFO and co-founder of CapLinked-http://www.caplinked.com/, founder of Crestridge Investments and Third Wave Partners, and managing director of Emigrant Bank Christopher, "BLAME APPEASEMENT FOR NORTH KOREA’S ANTICS", WND Commentary, 11/29, http://www.wnd.com/2010/11/234213/

The appeasement policy of the Obama administration, including his endless apologies for America and
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a South Korean ship, killing 46 sailors, the South exercised restraint.
This time is different. South Korea’s people and government are enraged by this attack
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the North Koreans grows with every sign of weakness by the United States.
During the Cuban missile crisis decades ago, the only way we prevailed was by
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to daunting job at hand. Potentially millions of lives depend on it.

Extinction

Chol ’2 – Kim Myong, Director Center for Korean American Peace, 10-24, http://nautilus.org/fora/security/0212A_Chol.html

Any military strike initiated against North Korea will promptly explode into a thermonuclear exchange between
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would end up finding themselves reduced to a second-class nuclear power.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: Finals | Opponent: Bishop Guertin DI | Judge: Cottrell, Bato, Eisenstadt

Their demand for the ballot is bad—it cedes revolutionary potential to the sovereign authority of the judge which paradoxically reaffirms the status quo.

David Campbell, Professor of International Politics at the University of Newcastle in England, 1998, Performing Politics and the Limits of Language, Theory 26 Event, 2:1

Those who argue that hate speech demands juridical responses assert that not only does the
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the social movements that sought legal redress in the first place (24)

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 5 | Opponent: Edgemont KX | Judge: Bridwell

Resistance via the ballot can only instill an adaptive politics of being and effaces the institutional constraints that reproduce the violent underside of liberalism

Brown 95—prof at UC Berkeley (Wendy, States of Injury, 21-3) 

For some, fueled by opprobrium toward regulatory norms or other mo- dalities of
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so forms an important element of legitimacy for the antidemocratic dimensions of liberalism.

Vote negative to vote aff. Refusing the permanence of the ballot is the only way to maintain the singularity of the aff’s performance—-voting aff commodifies their performance which can only result in its fetishization by external forces

Phelan 96
Peggy, chair of New York University’s Department of Performance Studies Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor 26 Francis e-Library, 2005 

I am speaking here of an active vanishing, a deliberate and conscious refusal to
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the real in view, representation papers it over and reproduces other representations.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 5 | Opponent: GBN CH | Judge: Nierman

The threat of bioweapons projects our worst anxieties onto the other—it demarcates a line between us and them that legitimizes violent US policy

Loeppky 4
(Rodney, Comparative Program on Health and Society, completing the second year of his SSHRC Postdoctoral Fellowship. Prior, he was resident at the Department of Human and Community Development at the University of California, Davis. Rodney completed his B.A. at the University of Calgary, his M.A. at Carleton University and received his Ph.D. (Political Science) from York University in June, 2002. "The New ’Biomania’ and US Foreign Policy." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Le Centre Sheraton Hotel, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Mar 17, 2004 http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p72793_index.html Finished p. 12-http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p72793_index.html Finished p. 12)

Over the past few years, and especially pronounced since the US mobilization for war
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motivations that help drive this vague yet powerful threat discourse. Effecting Security?

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Stuyvesant AY | Judge: Joseph Nelson
Desire creates the illusion of the self and the suffering that defines the human condition. Our only capacity is thus to affirm the extermination of this desire in the face of perpetual death and an impermanent reality
DOLLIMORE 1998 (Jonathan Dollimore 1998 (Death, Desire and Loss in Western Culture, p 54-56.)

Siddhartha Gautama (560-477 BC) was a prince who, because of
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Nirvana is the utter cessation of desire or craving; it means extinction.
Just as Don Quixote fought windmills, the aff team is the spectre of Western crazies. Desire creates suffering, which motivates imaginary enemies and is the root cause of all wars.  
Khema 1994 (Ayya Khema 1994 Buddhist monk, "All of us beset by Birth, Decay, and Death." Buddhism Today, http://www.buddhismtoday.com/english/philosophy/thera/003-allofus-5.htm)\-http://www.buddhismtoday.com/english/philosophy/thera/003-allofus-5.htm)/

If you have ever read Don Quixote, you’ll remember that he was fighting windmills
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Unless that becomes clear to us, we will always find another crusade.
Lastly – The Middle Path
A rejection of the cycle of desire allows us to have enlightened engagement with the world
DAVIS 2004 (Bret W. Davis, 2004 (Department of Japanese Philosophy Kyoto University "Zen After Zarathustra: The Problem of the Will in the Confrontation Between Nietzsche and Buddhism" The Journal of Nietzsche Studies 28 (2004) 89-138, accessed through muse.edu)
The Vimalakirti Sutra tells us that the Buddha Lands are not somewhere else, but
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eventful suchness of phenomenal be-ings in their dependent co-origination.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Jesuit Prep FP | Judge: Goh

Castro is actively strengthening economic ties with China

WSJ ’12 – Wall Street Journal; "Cuba Seeks Closer Ties With Beijing"; July 5, 2012; http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303684004577508432963724246-http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303684004577508432963724246

BEIJING—Cuban President Raúl Castro is looking to strengthen the country’s economic ties to Beijing as it moves to liberalize its economy somewhat and limit its energy dependence on Venezuela, whose leader is battling cancer and faces a tough election at home.
Mr. Castro landed in Beijing on Wednesday to meet with China’s top leaders before heading out to Vietnam on Saturday, touring onetime Communist fellow travelers that have revamped their economies. On Thursday, Cuban representatives signed economic, technology and agricultural agreements with Chinese officials, though few specifics were disclosed.
"Currently relations are maturing with each passing day," Mr. Castro said Thursday in an appearance with China President Hu Jintao. "The relationship has passed the test of time."
Since 2011, Cuba has begun encouraging the formation of private enterprises, permitting property and automobile sales, and reducing the role of the state in agriculture. Still, the Cuban economy grew less than 3 in 2011, nowhere near the pace of Asian nations.
Chinese technocrats and academics are working on a dozen projects to help remake the Cuban
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. It will take Cuba a long time to accomplish what China did."
Mr. Castro’s visit comes as China tries to be a major player in Latin American affairs. Already, China is a major destination for commodities from Brazil and Argentina, and is boosting investment in the region, especially in energy projects.
Beijing also has long been involved in a tug of war with Taiwan over diplomatic recognition by Central American and Caribbean countries, which play off Taipei against Beijing.
Cuba is a nation of just 11 million people but it has long been a foreign-affairs flash point because of the charismatic leadership of former President Fidel Castro and its struggles against the U.S. There are about 1.5 million Cuban-Americans, many of whom live in Florida and other politically important states.
Havana has relied on exports of oil from its closest ally, Venezuela, headed by President Hugo Chávez, who also had pledged in 2007 to help Cuba build or expand its refining capacity. But Venezuela didn’t follow through, and after the global financial crisis, China stepped in. State-controlled China National Petroleum Corp. signed a 244.5 billion deal last year to upgrade Cuba’s Cienfuegos refinery.
Havana also needs help in exploring for oil offshore, especially in the Gulf of Mexico. The U.S. Energy Information Administration says that drilling in the area thus far has been "quite limited."
"Cuba needs to try to manage what happens if there is a change in
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change of administration in Caracas and even after a post-embargo scenario."
Cuba and China have had a complicated relationship since China started to open its economy to outside investment in 1978, to veer sharply from communist orthodoxy and to increasingly court the U.S.
Fidel Castro stridently opposed reform that smacked of capitalism, and continued to see the U.S. as an enemy—a view that was largely reciprocated in Washington. After the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and cut off subsidized oil shipments to Cuba, Mr. Castro resented China, say Cuba watchers, because China did little to fill the void.
Fidel Castro’s brother Raúl, who was then defense minister, was seen as more open to market-oriented changes. In 2003, he invited China’s then-premier, Zhu Rongji, who played a leading role in opening up China to foreign trade and investment, to give a series of lectures in Cuba. Fidel Castro was a no-show, said Domingo Amuchastegui, a former Cuban intelligence officer.
But Raúl Castro was hardly a closet capitalist. In 2008, when Chinese President Hu Jintao visited Cuba, according to news reports, Raúl serenaded him with a rendition of the Chinese standard "The East Is Red," a Chinese favorite during the Mao era.
Under Fidel Castro, Cuba grew more reliant on oil-rich Venezuela. But
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avoids domestic economic issues, said Mr. Xu, the Chinese analyst.
For his part, Mr. Chávez is struggling with cancer and faces a tough presidential election in October.
The 81-year-old Raúl Castro has further cemented ties to China. In June 2011, Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping, who is expected to take China’s top positions in the government and Communist Party by next year, visited Havana. The two countries have been working on projects in oil exploration, hotel construction, biotechnology and infrastructure.
"The big picture is that Cuba is still trying to get used to the idea of the ’new China,’ which Fidel has long detested and Raúl finds, well, intriguing," says Harvard University professor Jorge Domínguez, a Cuba expert.
This is Raúl Castro’s third trip to China since 1997, said Mr. Xu, the Chinese expert. "What’s different this time is his status. He is visiting as the No. 1 leader."

Engaging Cuba sends a signal the US has new intentions on Latin America—increases relations and influence in the region

IAD ’9 ("A Second Chance: US Policy in the Americas," Inter-American Dialogue; http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/A20Second20Chance,20FINAL20to20post.pdf) 

Cuba is not, in itself, an urgent concern for the United States .
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promised, by scrapping the barriers to family travel and remittance transfers to Cuba 

Engagement is zero-sum

Dowd ’12
Alan Dowd, Senior Fellow with the American Security Council Foundation, 2012, "Crisis in the America’s," http://www.ascfusa.org/content_pages/view/crisisinamericas-http://www.ascfusa.org/content_pages/view/crisisinamericas

Reengagement also means revitalizing security ties. A good model to follow might be what’s
AND

There is room for only one great power in the Western Hemisphere.

Chinese influence in Latin America key to the global economy

Ellis 11
R. Evan, Assistant Professor of National Security Studies in the Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies at the National Defense University.Chinese Soft Power in Latin America, 1st quarter 2011, http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/images/jfq-60/JFQ60_85-91_Ellis.pdf-http://www.ndu.edu/press/lib/images/jfq-60/JFQ60_85-91_Ellis.pdf

Access to Latin American Markets. Latin American markets are becoming increasingly valuable for Chinese
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Area of the Americas) in which the PRC would have been disadvantaged.

Nuclear war

Harris and Burrows ’9 
(Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf, AM)

Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 3 | Opponent: Westminster CK | Judge: Eisenstadt

Key to Chinese oil security

Cerna ’11 – Michael, China Research Center, China’s Growing Presence in Latin America: Implications for U.S. and Chinese Presence in the Region, 4/15/11, http://www.chinacenter.net/chinas-growing-presence-in-latin-america-implications-for-u-s-and-chinese-presence-in-the-region/-http://www.chinacenter.net/chinas-growing-presence-in-latin-america-implications-for-u-s-and-chinese-presence-in-the-region/~~

China’s thirst for natural resources has sent the country in search of sustainable supplies of
AND
help end dependency on sales to the United States (Johnson, 2005).

Chinese energy insecurity causes Asia war

Brandenburg 3/24/20’11 Colonel James A. – United States Air Force, China’s Energy Insecurity and the South China Sea Dispute, USAWC Strategy Research Project, p. 6-7

In 2010, China reasserted ownership to nearly 80 percent of the South China Sea
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energy supplies, this warrants special consideration in the geo-political realm.

Goes nuclear

Cirincione 2K Joseph, Director of the Non-Proliferation Project – CEIP, Foreign Policy, 3-22, Lexis

The blocks would fall quickest and hardest in Asia, where proliferation pressures are already
AND
, perhaps, the first combat use of a nuclear weapon since 1945.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 1 | Opponent: Desert Vista MG | Judge: Ethan Wheeler

The ballot is also a form of self-subalternization, where the judges are encouraged to found a vacuous solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing the material deprivation portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis.

Chow 93 – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993
(Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11)
The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her
AND
the main a rhetorical renunciation of the material power that enables her rhetoric.

The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust

Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.)
In the "cultural studies" of the American academy in the 1990s. The
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is no longer distinguishable from those who have had our consciousnesses "raised."

This knowledge production is merely an attempt to map out the coordinates of alterity for the targeting computers of our death machines

Chow, 6 (Rey Chow, Humanities and Modern Culture 26 Media Studies at Brown University, 2006 The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work, 40-1)
Often under the modest apparently innocuous agendas of fact gathering and documentation, the "
AND
a definable object"—and by "the problem of the vanishing object."

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: Finals | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: Andrew Arsht, Anastasia Katzeridis, James Pavur

Imaginaries of climatic apocalypticism are profoundly depoliticizing—appeals to a singular human fate objectify nature and ensure nothing changes.

Swyngedouw ’13
Erik, Professor of Geography at the University of Manchester in its School of Environment and Development, "Apocalypse Now21 Fear and Doomsday Pleasures," Capitalism Nature Socialism, 2013 Vol. 24, No. 1, 918

A flood of literature on the relationship between apocalyptic imaginaries, popular culture, and
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re’s (1998) words, so that nothing really has to change.

The impact is unending structural violence and apocalyptic environmental destruction along the periphery

Swyngedouw ’13
Erik, Professor of Geography at the University of Manchester in its School of Environment and Development, "Apocalypse Now21 Fear and Doomsday Pleasures," Capitalism Nature Socialism, 2013 Vol. 24, No. 1, 918

What we are witnessing is a strange reversal whereby the specter of economic and/
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one, both in time and across space (see Calder Williams 2011).

Our alternative is to vote negative to unconditionally reject climate catastrophism.

Tournament: MBA | Round: Octas | Opponent: Bishop Guertin DI | Judge: Malia, Burch, Tallungan

The AFF is not an isolated incident – it is the latest in a line of imperial projects created and justified by the nature of Western modernity – our perceptions and portrayals of Latin America are soaked in the foundation logic of colonialism

Mignolo 5 (Walter, Professor at Duke University, Joint Appointments in Cultural Anthropology and Romance Studies, "The Idea of Latin America," pg 5)

How do these two entangled concepts, modernity and coloniality, work together as two
AND
now) – the same logic was maintained; only power changed hands.

This makes extermination of the Latin American other an imperative

Lander 2k (Edgardo, Professor of Social Sciences at the Universidad Central de Venezuela, "Eurocentrism and Colonialism in Latin American Social Thought", Nepantla: Views from South, Vol. 1 Iss. 3, p. 519-532)

Political and social thought regarding Latin America has been historically characterized by a tension between
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It would be imperative to whiten, westernize, or exterminate that majority.

structures of knowledge are constituted by this underlying supremacy of modernity – only a pluralization of knowledge and evaluation of alternate perspectives can solve

Alcoff 7 (Linda, professor of philosophy at Syracuse University, "Mignolo’s Epistemology of Coloniality", The New Centennial Review, Winter 2007, pp. 79-102)

Modernity" was imagined as the house of epistemology. ¶ —Walter Mignolo (
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determination of meaning to multiple possibilities even within the same ¶ historical horizon.

The alternative is to endorse a strategy of epistemic disobedience—only this delinking from Western though can break the illusion of progressive modernity and accurately portray colonialist domination—this is the only form of ethical engagement

Mignolo 12 (Walter, Professor at Duke University, Joint Appointments in Cultural Anthropology and Romance Studies, "Epistemic Disobedience and the Decolonial Option: A Manifesto," Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 45-46)

But the basic formulation of decolonial delinking (e.g., desprendimiento) was
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categories of Greek, Latin, and the six modern imperial European languages.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 4 | Opponent: Leucadia GY | Judge: McClay

Simulating conflict scenarios ignores the complexity which taints predictions—the aff’s linear war-planning fails and causes escalating conflict

Jervis, professor of international affairs – Columbia, ’97
(Robert, "Complex Systems: The Role of Interactions," in Complexity, Global Politics, and National Security, eds. David S. Alberts and Thomas J. Czerwinski, National Defense University)

Because actions change the environment in which they operate, identical but later behavior does
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they held out, the U.S. would rescue them.23
The failure to appreciate the fact that the behavior of the actors is in part
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style and pressure might have contributed to what he was being told.24
Products of Interaction as the Unit of Analysis
Interaction can be so intense and transformative that we can no longer fruitfully distinguish between
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not been too many accidents because they are operated with such care.25

Warfighting based on linearity causes extinction—rethinking the terms of the simulation itself is key to grappling with every threat environment

Skyttner, professor of natural science – University of Gâvle, professor – Royal Swedish Military Academy, ’5
(Lars, "Systems theory and the science of military command and control," Kybernetes Vol. 34, Issue 7/8, p. 1240-1260)

Military activity has constantly been characterised by the need to design, realize, train
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tactical adaptation is necessary when the enemy changes his behaviour or take countermeasure.
The military manoeuvring has always felt the need for some kind of decision support and
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new threatening pictures in the constantly changing surrounding world is no simple task.
Today the socio-technical systems of the modern society are increasingly all embracing and tighter integrated. System-relations more and more stand out as untransparent, incomprehensible and unmanageable. Furthermore, the world around is so rapidly changed that circumstantial planning often is a thing of the past.
The uncertainties regarding the nature of future combat therefore bring about great demands of flexibility
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war even can lack the attacking component and imply hitherto unknown social phenomena.
As compared with such circumstances, traditional military thinking could not be considered particularly successful. There tactical problems always have been reduced to easily recognizable situations with a well-learned standard response. Quite natural, critical thinking, questioning and creativity have not got a prominent role in this kind of education.
Today the security policy situation of Sweden is radically different from the situation only ten
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but is coherent with the democratic development and the relations to the West.
Just now the most probable threat comes from terrorism. The last years have signified
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to have success once while the combatting forces must be successful every time.
A third kind of security policy threat are those which are information technology related.
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will be a big problem in the foreseeable future for our vulnerable society.
It is also not possible to leave out of account the threats coming from economical
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in mind that their financial annual turnover is bigger than most European countries.
Consequently, it is necessary to realise that the old and exact security-policy classification into "war" and "peace" hardly is relevant today. A war-like terror action with disastrous consequence can happen without early warning in a situation which we apprehend to be in deepest peace. The goal can be to crush our basic values – not our geographical area. An enumeration of what the modern societies consider these values to be, can be the following:
territorial integrity in the livingspace;
political sovereignty and democracy;
freedom of thought, religion and speech;
a state governed by law with human rights and minority rights;
free market economy; and
the free university.
In the protection of these values, the extensive invasion and mobilization defence with its mass army no longer has a justification. Not including the frontiers of land, sea and air combat, a new frontier has emerged where the battle is fought with global information systems. There the strategic goals have changed so that destruction has been replaced by manipulation, infiltration and assimilation.
All this taken together is the reason why big-scale problem solving seldom work as before. The traditional way of managing war with a large quantity of troops fighting a well defined and localized enemy is barely no longer possible. The lack of success for traditional methods is visible also on civil frontiers like the war against poverty, the war against drugs, and the attempts to extinct AIDS.
The new, multinational and complex threatening pictures which have replaced the old ones,
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. High-technological data-virus should also be possible to combat.
The building up of such a defence will demand an entirely new way of thinking
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signified a pronounced increase in the combat-skill of tank-crews.
Some important trends within the RMA-concept is presented below:
Unmanned fighting vehicles and aircrafts. Automated, computerized technology will replace drivers and pilots. Start navigation, interpreting of the surrounding world, target-interpretation, target combatting and possible landing, is handled completely automatic. The opportunity of human handling and target combats remain. No consideration regarding the weight of the pilot, G-forces and life-supporting systems is necessary. The construction can be lighter, stronger, more rapid and cheaper. The instruction time can be shorter.
Data-streams, threat-analyses and military preparedness. Miniaturized networks of cheap sensors deliver data from areas which earlier have not been accessible. Immediate processing creates information which is distributed via coded broadband to all units needing it.
Chemical, bacteriological, radiological detection and protection. Micro sensors integrated in new protective clothes will dramatically increase the ability to move and increase freedom of action in contaminated areas. High sensibility and selectivity will make possible an immediate detection of the threat.
Body-armour for fighting soldiers. Extremely strong and light bullet proof materials increase the survival on the battlefield.
Field-equipment of lightweight type. New, lightweight materials will decrease the total carrying load for the soldier. Hence endurance and strength will increase. This holds well for uniforms, personal weapons, communication equipment and darkness-optics.
New bio-treatment for augmented performance. Without the use of drugs, human staying power can be doubled. Lack of sleep and impaired vigilance now can be compensated for as well as the impact of physical damage.
A science of command and control
Today’s military command and control embrace different kinds of affairs from battle conduct to more administrative activities. It takes place on different strata from lower tactical levels to the highest strategical level. In contrast to civil command and control it includes fundamental questions regarding life and death for involved persons. In battlefields the unmasked principle of causality always rules. There the connection between conclusions and orders and their consequences are terrifyingly short.
A simple definition of the aim of command and control could be the coordination of
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used frames of reference have been experienced by both commanders and military theorists.
With this background, an attempt to regard command and control as part of "
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general staff candidates. Here more measurable and tangible properties must be decisive.
A more fruitful attitude therefore has appeared to be an integration of the problems of
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it is possible to speak of a general science of command and control.
In English, the area is denoted by the words command, control, communication
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feeds back the result of the action for necessary justification and new activity.
In reality, the described control and command process is a very complex phenomenon.
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the label "A science of command and control" should be irrelevant.
To synthesize a new subject field like command and control will imply the finding and understanding of the joint factors existing within different kinds of the area. It also demands definitions regarding basic terms and concepts as a starting point for problem-solving and various kinds of reasoning. Below some fundamental concept are presented.
The theory of command and control is founded on a number of related academic areas. The integration of these creates the theoretical basis which allows a commander to understand the function of command and control. That is to master the prerequisite for relevant decisions and their transformation into reality.
The science of command and control is the application of the theory in a real world. It indicates how a system of command and control should be designed and used for decision-making, execution, followup, and government in a mainly unpredictable and chaotic environment (especially the combat).
A system of command and control is an integrated gathering of people, functions, procedures and equipment which together constitute the function of command and control. This system is the tool of the commander and secures that the capacity of the directed unity is utilized in the best manner in order to fulfill the goal.
The research problem of the science of command and control can be formulated as: How should the intentions of the commander be converted into reality as completely as possible?
Something which must be elucidated in the definitions above is the concept of a commander. The presumption that one can count with an unambiguous, conclusive commander as in military units, civil service departments or oil-tankers are not always correct. A committee, a board or some kind of collective often is the equivalent. This must be considered the rule when controversial political problems should be solved.
The concept of a commander implies that somebody (sometimes several) can formulate a criterion for the best problem solution and take the responsibility for a decision. Likewise that this (or these) people finally shoulder the responsibility for execution even if this can be transferred to other instances.
Today a science of command and control is necessary to adapt managing power and exercise of command to new kinds of organisations and new operational principles. The area is transformed at a rapid pace by social changes and new trends like the internationalisation of economies and knowledge production, globalization of media and knowledge mediation and also changed forms of cooperation and conflicts.
Moreover, modern leadership is often executed at a distance which implies both possibilities and
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directors are dematerialized to a voice in a satellite-mediated phone call?
Regarding military command and control systems, they are today typically multi-component phenomena. The deciding functions are performed by people, simple decision-support systems in computer-based algorithms and advanced expert-systems. The decision-components are geographically dispersed dependent on the appearance of the environment but also for reason of survival. This distributed system gets its character by the quality of the sensors together with velocity and effectiveness of actual weapons.
The need for a comprehensive theory
For the military scientist it is obvious that studies in such a complex area as
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and calculations defines the limits for both knowledge acquisition and information-dispersal.
A meta-theory likewise must supply general definitions and a common language, joining
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be able to answer the same questions like other scientific areas, namely:
what theories represent the core of the field?
which methods are used?
which sources are used? and
to what extent are these theories, methods and sources universally applicable?
Does such a theory exist? From the viewpoint of the systems-scientist,
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found to solve today’s problem better than the specialist with his narrow limits.
A popular formulation could be that systems theory creates a knowledge structure which facilitates the providing of fact to the right place and creates possibilities to see a connected whole. A locution is that its main task is to help scientists to elucidate the complexity of the existence, technologists to make use of it and generalists to learn to live with it.

The alternative is to reject linear scenario planning in favor of complex theoretical analysis—unconditionally inserting complexity analysis into the simulation creates better policy planning

Rosenau, professor emeritus of international affairs – George Washington University, ’97
(James, "Many Damn Things Simultaneously: Complexity Theory and World Affairs," in Complexity, Global Politics, and National Security, eds. David S. Alberts and Thomas J. Czerwinski, National Defense University)

In short, there are strict limits within which theorizing based on the premises of complexity theory must be confined. It cannot presently—and is unlikely ever to— provide a method for predicting particular events and specifying the exact shape and nature of developments in the future. As one observer notes, it is a theory "meant for thought experiments rather than for emulation of real systems."18
Consequently, it is when our panacean impulses turn us toward complexity theory for guidance
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, an orientation that is quite contrary to the concerns of policy makers.
Theorizing Within the Limits
To acknowledge the limits of complexity theory, however, is not to assert that
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the rules that make those events occur are based on straight lines?21
A complexity perspective acknowledges the nonlinearity of both natural and human systems. It posits
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systems, complexity treats the historical context of situations as crucial to comprehension.
The first obstacle to adopting a complexity perspective is to recognize that inevitably we operate
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infuses context and pattern into a welter of seemingly disarrayed and unrelated phenomena.
It follows that the inability of complexity theory to make specific predictions is not a
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damn thing after another so much as it is many damn things simultaneously.
And if we ever slip in our understanding of these subtle lessons, if we ever unknowingly revert to simplistic formulations, complexity theory serves to remind us there are no panaceas. It tells us that there are limits to how much we can comprehend of the complexity that pervades world affairs, that we have to learn to become comfortable living and acting under conditions of uncertainty.
The relevance of this accumulated wisdom—this implicit complexity perspective—can be readily
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and that this distinction is central to the kind of analysis we undertake.
In other words, while it is understandable that we are vulnerable to the appeal
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a guide both to comprehending a fragmegrated world and theorizing within its limits.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 7 | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Vijay

The aff’s invocation of death impacts is necrophilia, an obsession with body counts that ends in extinction. Vote neg to reject death impacts—this is a gateway issue—if they win death impacts are good, the rest of the 1NC applies—we won’t cross-apply to prove links

Erich Fromm 64, PhD in sociology from Heidelberg in 1922, psychology prof at MSU in the 60’s, "Creators and Destroyers", The Saturday Review, New York (04. January 1964), pp. 22-25

People are aware of the possibility of nuclear war; they are aware of the
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those of us who love life will not cease the struggle against necrophilia.

Tournament: AZ State | Round: 3 | Opponent: Desert Vista RZ | Judge: Crepo

Accepting knowledge as the starting point for decolonization is too easy—-let’s not pretend that voting aff does anything besides assuage their guilt which is a violent act of inclusion

Tuck 12—Assistant Professor of Educational Foundations at the State University of New York at New Paltz.  (Eve, Decolonization is not a metaphor, Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education 26 Society, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-40)
For the past several years we have been working, in our writing and teaching
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we also include a discussion of interruptions that unsettle innocence and recognize incommensurability.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Jackson Challinor

Democracy impacts are a paranoia—-it’s a strategy to distract from domestic affairs

Kapoor 5
Associate Professor of Environmental Studies, 2005 ~Ilan, "Participatory Development, Complicity, and Desire."  Third World Quarterly Vol. 26 Iss. 8 Novermber~
Pd = participatory development 

I would like to track another, related form of complicity by suggesting that pd
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of the programme, we come away feeling satiated as spectator-participants. 

Bias towards optimistic predictions

Rosato 11
Sebastian, Dept of Political Science at Notre Dame. "The Handbook on the Political Economy of War", Google Books

Given that there is good evidence contradicting democratic peace theory, how can we explain
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democratic peace dismiss most critiques of the theory ~Google Books Preview Ends~

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Carrolton GR | Judge: Forslund

The affirmatives strategy of development is rooted in racist assumptions of the "developing world"—-economic engagement with Mexico is always predicated on the Western agenda

Grosfoguel 2K (Ramon, Associate Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of California Berkeley, "Developmentalism, Modernity, and Dependency Theory in Latin America", Nepantla: Views from South, Vol. 1 Iss. 2, p. 347-374)

Developmentalism became a global ideology of the capitalist world-economy. In the Latin
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against the new hegemon in the region, the United States of America. 

This fixation on Western development turns the case, destroys the environment, and breeds global self-hatred—-the alternative is to reject their framing of the world—-change must begin in our minds and the way we think about countries

Mbele ’12 (Dr. Joseph – prof. of Post-Colonial and Third World Literature, studied in Tanzania, teaches at St. Olaf’s College, has done lots of field work and written a lot of books; writing for The Urban Fly, http://www.theurbanfly.com/Newz/what-is-development-colonialism-deconstructed)

The concept of development is everywhere, in our personal lives and in the lives
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development, and who defines it? Who sets the criteria for development?
On the whole, some countries, especially those which ruled us during colonialism—
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, it is the same thing. We follow European and American standards.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 3 | Opponent: Carrolton GR | Judge: Nierman

The United States federal government should limit the president’s war power authority for self-defense targeted killings to outside an armed conflict.

Conflation of legal regimes for targeted killing results in overly constrained operations—undermines counterterrorism

Geoffrey Corn, South Texas College of Law, Professor of Law and Presidential Research Professor, J.D., 10/22/11, Self-defense Targeting: Blurring the Line between the Jus ad Bellum and the Jus in Bello, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1947838

At the core of the self-defense targeting theory is the assumption that the
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ad bellum legal basis for hostilities would be irrelevant to this determination.77
This compartmentalization lies at the core of the Geneva Convention lawtriggering equation.78 Adoption
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to neutralize the impact of ad bellum legality in law applicability analysis.81
This effort rapidly became the norm of international law.82 Armed conflict analysis simply
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as irrelevant when deciding what rules apply to regulate operational and tactical execution.
This aspect of ad bellum/in bello compartmentalization is not called into question by
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bellum principles indicates that these principles subsume in bello conflict regulation norms.91
There are two fundamental flaws with this conflation. First, by contradicting the traditional
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of these principles is distinct within each branch of the jus belli.94
Furthermore, because the scope of authority derived from jus ad bellum principles purportedly invoked
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these consequences and offers a more rational approach to counterterrorism conflict regulation.98

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Semis | Opponent: Bishop Guertin DI | Judge: Purk, Haley-Hill, Velto

The drug war is key to avoiding Mexican state collapse

Bonner, 10
(Senior Principal of the Sentinel HS Group. He was Administrator of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration from 1990 to 1993 and Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection from 2001 to 2005, The New Cocaine Cowboys, Foreign Affairs, July/August)

The recent headlines from Mexico are disturbing: U.S. consular official gunned
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powerful transnational drug cartels that threaten the stability of Central and South America.

Collapses US hegemony

Westhawk, 8
(Advisor to the State Department and the National Intelligence Council on irregular warfare issues; Editor of the Small Arms Journal; Former Director of Research at the Fremont Group, 12/21, "Now that would change everything," http://westhawk.blogspot.com/2008/12/now-that-would-change-everything.html)

Yes, the "rapid collapse" of Mexico would change everything with respect to
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Asia. However, there would be no running from a Mexican collapse.

American power solves nuclear war and dampens all conflict

Barnett ’11
Thomas, American military geostrategist and Chief Analyst at Wikistrat, "The New Rules: Leadership Fatigue Puts U.S., and Globalization, at Crossroads," http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads-http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/8099/the-new-rules-leadership-fatigue-puts-u-s-and-globalization-at-crossroads, AM

Let me be more blunt: As the guardian of globalization, the U.
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in all of its forms, deeply embedded in the geometry to come.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Octas | Opponent: Wayzata NG | Judge: Rubaie, Sigalos, Forslund

Their advantage is an construction of imperialism used to legitimize colonization under the mantle of economic liberalism

Lipschutz ’95
Professor of Politics at UC Santa Cruz,  On Security, pg 15-17)

Consider, then, the consequences of the intersection of security policy and economics during
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? Or has the world changed too much for this to happen again?

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 6 | Opponent: Alpharetta RS | Judge: Vitz opolous

Text: The United States federal government normalize trade relations with Cuba.if and only if Cuba agrees to transition towards a democracy that enforces environmental regulations.

Cuba’s made recent economic reforms—unconditional lifting now destroys those which collapses democracy

Sanguinetty ’13
(Jorge - President at Development Research Center,Director, Latin American Program in Applied Economics at American University; "Who benefits and loses if the US-Cuba embargo is lifted?"; 4/8/13;
http://devresearchcenter.org/2013/04/08/who-benefits-and-loses-if-the-us-cuba-embargo-is-lifted-by-jorge-a-sanguinetty/-http://devresearchcenter.org/2013/04/08/who-benefits-and-loses-if-the-us-cuba-embargo-is-lifted-by-jorge-a-sanguinetty/)

The answer depends on the conditions under which the embargo is lifted. I focus
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constraints were the main cause of the country ´s secular economic crisis.
Lifting the US embargo under such circumstances was reasonably expected to yield most of the
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lifting of the US embargo is likely to bring about democracy in Cuba.

Democratization through governmental guidelines solves the Cuban environment

CTP ’4
Cuba Transition Project - at the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami is an important and timely project co study and make recommendations for the reconstruction of Cuba once the post-Castro transition begins in earnest. This is being accomplished through individual original research, work-study groups, and seminars; written by Eudel Cepero – environmental scientist and research analyst with the FIU Applied Research unit; INSTITUTE FOR CUBAN AND CUBAN-AMERICAN STUDIES, "ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS FOR A CUBA IN TRANSITION", 2004, http://ctp.iccas.miami.edu/Research_Studies/ECepero.pdf)

The ecological costs of the Cuban totalitarian model have yet to be assessed; however
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suggested actions to be taken during each of the three phases are listed.

Extinction

Raj ’12
Professor and consultant ecologist, writer at The Hindu: latest news, in-depth coverage of politics, environment, from India’s national newspaper (Sanjeeva, "Beware the loss of biodiversity" Sept 23 2012 http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/beware-the-loss-of-biodiversity/article3927062.ece-http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/beware-the-loss-of-biodiversity/article3927062.ece)

Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety or richness of ecosystems, species composition therein
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and, above all, equitably share the sustainable benefits out of it.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Jesuit Prep FP | Judge: Goh

Farm bill will pass—key legislators are working out food stamp differences

Politico 11/20 – "Farm bill talks intensify", David Rogers, 11/20/13, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/11/food-stamp-costs-farm-bill-100158.html

Farm bill talks intensified Wednesday night even as a new report showed that food stamp expenditures are already beginning to fall as a share of the economy — a downward decline that’s expected to accelerate over the next five years.
Further cuts from food stamps are a major dividing point in the farm bill negotiations now, but there is growing pressure to try to reach a deal in the next few days on both the nutrition and commodity titles.
The top four members of the House and Senate Agriculture Committees met for almost 90 minutes Wednesday evening behind closed doors with staff. Further discussions are expected Thursday morning, and House Chairman Frank Lucas (R-Okla.) held out the possibility of more meetings Friday depending on what progress is being made.
"It was a good discussion. …We’re not there yet," Lucas told reporters. "It’s complicated and we’re making progress," echoed his Senate counterpart, Chairwoman Debbie Stabenow (D-Mich.).
Most telling, perhaps, Minnesota Rep. Collin Peterson, the ranking Democrat on the House panel and the chairman during the last farm bill, sounded a more upbeat note than he has of late. Asked if a deal were possible this week, Peterson said, "I think it is."
Wednesday’s report, authored by the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, tracks the rapid rise of food stamp costs during the recession but also points toward evidence already of a downward slope as the economy improves.
The final numbers for fiscal 2013, which ended Sept. 30, show a modest downward drop. Outlays for October — the first month of fiscal 2014 — were about 5.5 percent below those for October 2012, a year ago. And November ushered in a 7 percent benefit cut as the Agriculture Department began to roll back increases enacted in 2009 as part of President Barack Obama’s stimulus program.
As a result, outlays for 2014 are expected to fall to 2478.5 billion compared to 2482.5 billion in 2013. And the Center projects that by 2018, food stamp costs will be down to 0.36 percent of the economy as measured by the gross domestic product.
That would be the lowest percentage since Obama won election in 2008 amid the financial collapse. And it represents an almost one-third reduction from the high of 0.52 percent in recent years.
Nonetheless, the dramatic growth in spending for food stamps, formally titled the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, makes it a major issue in the debate over a new farm bill — the first since the recession.
House Republicans are proposing nearly 2440 billion in savings over the next decade — roughly 10 times what the Democratic Senate has supported. And the slow pace of the talks is becoming a worry for the Republican leadership.
Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) had been banking on putting the farm bill debate behind him this year, with passage of a conference report before the House goes home for Christmas in mid-December.
Lucas badly wants the framework of a deal this week and is pressing the Senate to move to at least 2410 billion in savings. There are several options for achieving this without dramatic harm to the program. And to win over Democrats, a portion of the savings could be reinvested in employment and training grants to states — a priority for governors of both parties.
Nonetheless, the task has gotten far harder after the rollback in benefits this month.
This cut had been long scheduled and was inevitably part of the calculus when Obama first increased benefits temporarily to boost the economy. But the timing could not be worse for the farm bill. And Stabenow has been insisting that the multiyear savings of 2411 billion should be counted with the 244 billion already in her bill.
An added hindrance is the fact that Peterson has been preoccupied with an entirely separate battle with Boehner over dairy provisions in the farm bill. As a former chairman and veteran political player, the Minnesota Democrat is an ally Lucas needs to work a deal with Democrats on food stamps. And to the extent Peterson has been so focused on dairy, it appears to have slowed progress in the talks.
The Center, a progressive nonprofit based in Washington, is respected for its own expertise regarding food stamps. And apart from the new data, the economic analysis provides some context for the fight.
"Once the economy has fully recovered, SNAP costs are expected to rise only in response to growth in the size of the low-income population and increases in food prices," the report says. "Unlike health care programs and Social Security, there are no demographic or programmatic pressures that will cause SNAP costs to grow faster than the overall economy. Thus, SNAP is not contributing to the nation’s long-term fiscal problems."

PC is key – overcomes partisanship

Josh Lederman 10/18/13, reporter for the Associated Press, and Jim Kuhnhenn, "No safe bets for Obama despite toned-down agenda," US News and World Report, http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2013/10/18/no-safe-bets-for-obama-despite-toned-down-agenda
WASHINGTON (AP) — Regrouping after a feud with Congress stalled his agenda,
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the year if our focus is on what’s good for the American people."

Plan drains capital—anti-Cuba lobby means a sudden reconciliation with Havana sparks fights

Birns and Mills 13 (Larry, Director of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, Frederick B., COHA Senior Research Fellow, 01/30, "Best Time for U.S.–Cuba Rapprochement Is Now," http://www.coha.org/best-time-for-u-s-cuba-rapprochement-is-now/)
Despite the basic intransigence of US policy towards Cuba, in recent years, important
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history may very well be that it ought never to have been started.

New farm bill key to prevent a food price spike

Nelson 10/17/13 ~Joe Nelson, writer for WEAU news, "Obama, ag industry waiting for new Farm bill," http://www.weau.com/home/headlines/Obama-ag-industry-waiting-for-new-Farm-Bill-228259521.html-http://www.weau.com/home/headlines/Obama-ag-industry-waiting-for-new-Farm-Bill-228259521.html~~

With the government shutdown over, farmers are still waiting for a deal to be
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could cut down profits or even force some farmers to quit or retire.

Extinction

Brown 9 (Lester R, Founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute "Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?" Scientific American, May, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages-http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=civilization-food-shortages)

The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
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states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 5 | Opponent: Notre Dame LP | Judge: N Saxe

this argument is a Gateway Issue: before you decide whether the plan is a good idea, they have to JUSTIFY their METHODOLOGICAL RELIANCE on Fiat

Lindsey 12 (Dr Jason, PhD in Political Science from Columbia University and is currently Associate Professor and Chair of Political Science at St. Cloud State University, Baudrillard’s Simulated Politics and Debord’s Agents of Detournement, journal of baud studies vol 9 nmbr 3)
I. Introduction
 For the political scientist, Baudrillard’s work on simulation and the hyperreal is prescient
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least in the most developed countries, increasingly resembles Baudrillard’s interaction of simulacra.
Before his death, Baudrillard frequently pointed out the ironies of contemporary politics. Consider
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are we doing? What are the actual options we are choosing between?
Baudrillard’s perspective fits well with a growing commentary on the emptiness at the heart of
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not want. But what do we want?" (Zizek, 2011).
If there are no substantive policy differences between parties anymore, then, as Baudrillard
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the very definition of Baudrillard’s simulacra. But how do we know this?
If all politics is just being played out within the hyperreal, that is,
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some individuals for engaging in this empty politics to the point of extremism?
To explain this tension, we should examine evidence of a politics capable of referencing
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how can this be explained within Baudrillard’s larger analysis of our contemporary situation?
II. Simulations and Detournement
Recently, a colleague expressed some frustration to me when trying to talk to his students about Che Guevera. Although the students recognized his image, they had no clear idea who Che was. As Baudrillard and others would expect, they knew the image of Che from our consumer culture, but could not articulate who he was. Yet, they still knew his image was associated with subversive activities and radical politics.
This sort of incident illustrates an important point about images; they are double edged
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the image while there is still a consciousness of the image’s original intent?
Furthermore, if there is an element of timing necessary for detournement, then we
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" and "subversive" modes for a much longer period than others?
Does the possibility of detournement mean that there is some truth to our sense of contemporary politics being a simulation of "real politics"? The ability of detournement to expose the real meaning behind advertising and other public statements suggests that we still possess an ability to understand the authentic when we see it. How else can one explain detournement’s continuing effectiveness?
Baudrillard indicates in his work Simulations that this is the wrong question to ask.  
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could engage in Debord’s neo Marxist analysis has already disappeared according to Baudrillard.
From this perspective, there is no relationship or channel of manipulation to unmask.
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. Thus for Baudrillard, the real has been replaced by the hyperreal.
However, if Baudrillard is correct, then shouldn’t detournement become ineffective? If the
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or perhaps we should say authentic, non-simulated detournement seems obsolete.
Debord himself indicates that detournement relies on some sort of ground or context. Hence
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, then it is hard to see how this original context can survive.
Yet, despite Baudrillard’s criticism, there is evidence of Debord’s dialectic functioning in contemporary
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possible unless there remains enough relationship and connection to areas outside of simulation?
Perhaps Baudrillard could argue that these acts of resistance are simply wheels within wheels. The evidence we see of Debord’s dialectic is simply the dramatic narrative of the simulation we know. With this interpretation, the hyperreal can retain the dramatic elements and themes of an earlier time, even though this is now unhinged from meaning. However, this solipsistic position ignores much evidence from contemporary culture.
For example, we can see the dynamic of Debord’s detournement and recuperation at work
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Thus Debord’s dynamic of detournement and recuperation seems to still be going strong.
Two intertwining poles of agency explain this dynamic’s motive force. The first pole (or it could be the second) of this dynamo are strategic, market calculations (recuperation revives failing street cred and hence sales). The second pole (though we might prefer that it be the first), are artistic imperatives (detournement carves out a space for creativity and, hence, originality). Yet, where is such agency to be found in Baudrillard’s view?
In Baudrillard’s broader work the simulacra he describes appear to feed off of each other
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or cause is obsolete to Baudrillard given his view of our contemporary situation.
Another way to pose this difference between the two thinkers is to compare Debord’s idea
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, political, and ideological system of consumption from Debord turns upon agency.
Debord still sees the spectacle as a force that can be countered with tactics such as detournement. In contrast, Baudrillard sees the system of objects as a more pervasive whole into which we are psychologically integrated. The idea of individual agency leading to some sort of resistance begins to look in Baudrillard’s conception like the rebelliousness of a child, rather than the acts of Debord’s class conflict.
So, where has this discussion taken us in thinking about politics and the simulation
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mythical, metaphysical, or ideological as its audience is capable of comprehending.
Signs and simulacra in such a context suggest the stage of "sorcery" within Baudrillard’s precession of simulacra. Could this be a good way of thinking about contemporary politics as a closed system of obscurantist meanings? From this perspective, detournement could still be alive in pockets of the hyperreal where individuals still participate within a bounded envelope of ideology. Within this context signs can profoundly refer to other signs for the initiated.
On the other hand, how believable is the idea that contemporary politics is an obscurantist system for the initiated, since politics involves mass behavior? Can such a view explain the agency and motivation we still encounter among political entrepreneurs that emerge from the grassroots? How can we explain the efforts at detournement we still see in society from below, as well as successful examples of recuperation?
III. Baudrillard, Debord, and Nostalgia
A possible path of reconciliation between these two positions is to consider Baudrillard’s discussion of
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apocalyptic setting; the survivors walk around the debris of our contemporary world.
In this sense there is a context in Baudrillard when he examines contemporary ideas of
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of ecological disaster is especially present in the minds of most of us.
Nostalgia then is something we feel for what politics was. Perhaps detournement continues to work because many of us long for modern (as opposed to contemporary) politics with its clarity of class conflict and ideologies that revolved around the role of the free market. Thus, we still respond to detournement actions that reference this earlier context. Furthermore, many of us prefer to still practice and participate in politics bounded by this context.   
Yet, we suspect that this is simulation, not because it is "unreal
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", our current one, in literature and film with post apocalyptic themes.
Nostalgia is also a defense or a coping mechanism. What agency do any of
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frustration, and awareness, of its inability to address our common problems.
Recent commentary that criticizes the whole idea of detournement and Baudrillard’s analysis reflects this desire
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politics being the incremental policy changes that create results as in the past.
Is this a devastating critique? Or is this nostalgia for the politics that was? The examples Heath and Potter give of positive change, the American Civil Rights Movement, the construction of the welfare state, seem like a museum to us now. Is the context for such political activity still with us? Do we live in an era capable of producing such outcomes?
Instead, politics in this sort of analysis begins to resemble religion in that we appeal to it and diligently perform our duties waiting for an intervention that does not come. Have we not performed our roles earnestly enough? Are we neglecting the rites of our fathers? Do we need to switch to another denomination? Should we blame the clergy? And of course some of us begin to have our doubts that any of it matters.
From this perspective, the post apocalyptic nostalgia so prevalent in contemporary culture voices our
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political parties provide us with a range of public policies to choose from?
What do these observations mean for thinking about politics? If Baudrillard and Debord are
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our contemporary situation, is a greater challenge (see also Lindsey 2007).

And—-We must reject state-based thinking—-playing into the hands of state elites turns the case and leads to fascism

Livingston 12 (Alexander, Assistant Prof of Gov’t @ Cornell. postdoctoral fellow in the department of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University, and a doctoral fellow at the Centre for Ethics at the University of Toronto, Avoiding Deliberative Democracy? Micropolitics, Manipulation, and the Public Sphere, Philosophy 26 Rhetoric, Vol. 45, No. 3 (2012), pp. 269-294, Project MUSE
Deliberative democracy is a fantasy, and a dangerous one at that. A politics
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into a variant of technocratic management from above. ~End Page 269~
Or so much of the rhetoric of its critics goes.1 That this caricature
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alternative is only plausible when rearticulated as a variant of deliberative democracy itself.
Connolly argues that contemporary findings in neuroscience and cognitive science, mixed with a healthy
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robust and complex account of communicative agency in our media-saturated world?
Connolly travels the first route, but I argue that his alternative to deliberation that
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that aims at revising our self-understandings and provoking self-transformation.
Intellectualism and the Visceral Register
The first step in exploring the potential of William Connolly’s reluctant theory of deliberative democracy
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motor memory, and thought-imbued affect" (2002, 10).
Against the intellectualist image of thought, Connolly argues that thinking is distributed across multiple
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reasons for our responses. Sometimes things just rub us the wrong way.
Connolly’s point is that visceral and embodied responses like disgust, shame, and hatred
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provide a privileged or efficacious form of participation, justification, or transformation.
To corroborate these claims about the multiple registers of thinking, Connolly turns to recent
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parts of the brain that control emotions, memory, and affect.4
In particular, the cortex responds to information from the limbic system, the small
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dangerous and what is disgusting and then habituates them as automated response.5
Between the cortex and limbic system there is a "feedback loop" of mutual
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or hateful "culturally preorganized charges" points to its undoing. Visceral Politics
Before analyzing the merits of Connolly’s critique of deliberative democracy I want to first situate
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). Democratic theory’s idea of deliberation seems poorly equipped to confront this threat.
Connolly’s contention is that the failing of the left in America today is due in
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identity, interest, and judgments of entitlement" (2008, 53).
Micropolitics as the manipulation of embodied, intensive affects along the visceral register of thinking
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to learn how "fight fire with fire" (2006, 74).
What Kind of Politics Are Micropolitics?
A more fundamental source of Connolly’s skepticism about deliberative democracy than the findings of neurological
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dismiss it as an example of what they call arboreal, state thinking:
    Politics operates by macrodecisions and binary choices, binary interests; but the realm of the decidable remains very slim. Political decision making necessarily descends into a world of microdeterminations, attractions, and desires, which it must sound out or evaluate in a different fashion. Beneath linear conceptions and segmentary decisions, an evaluation of flows and their quanta.
    (1987, 221)
A politics that addresses these microdeterminations, what Deleuze and Guattari call micropolitics, is
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not practical reason, is at the heart of their vision of politics.
How does a democratic micropolitics, then, attempt to reshuffle the rigid segments of
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a leftist response to an insurgent neoconservative micropolitics. ~End Page 277~
Deleuze and Guattari’s philosophy provides a powerful tool for theorizing the symbolic meanings and dispositions
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potential of this virtual register as both a site of subjectification and resistance.
Micropolitics is Deleuze and Guatarri’s name for this politics of the virtual. In A
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politics is simultaneously a macropolitics and a micropolitics" (1987, 213).
Despite appearances to the contrary, even the most monolithic and centralized assemblages of power, such as the state, are in fact fluid and lively micro-assemblages resonating together in an only relatively stable manner. Taking the stark example of the fascist state, Deleuze and Guattari make the case that it too is in fact only a decentered plurality that depends on the micropolitics that sustain it:
    The concept of the totalitarian State applies only at the macropolitical level, to
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the others, before resonating in a great, generalized central black hole.
Their redescription of these kinds of major assemblages of power in terms of their molecular
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market forces, and media producers have broad cultural and institutional effects on.
To appraise Connolly’s turn to micropolitics it is important to understand what vision of political
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of the war machine, arriving from without" (1987, 353).
Micropolitics as a model of political engagement is the combat of war machines, nomadic
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With it, nomads and barbarians lay siege to the gates of empire.

Elitist corporate corruption accesses the root cause of all their impacts

Hayes 12 (Christopher, Editor of The Nation and fellow @ Harvard’s Foundation Center for Ethics, (2012-06-12). Twilight of the Elites: America After Meritocracy (Kindle Locations 34-58), chapter 1)
AMERICA FEELS BROKEN. Over the last decade, a nation accustomed to greatness and
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abetted by one of the most trusted accounting firms in the entire world.
And just as Enron was beginning to be sold off for scraps in bankruptcy court, and President Bush’s close personal connection to the company’s CEO, Ken Lay, was making headlines, the Iraq disaster began.
Iraq would cost the lives of almost 4,500 Americans and 100,000-plus Iraqis, and 24800 billion, bumed like oil fires in the desert.-* The steady stream of grisly images out of the Middle East was only interrupted, in 2005, by the shocking spectacle of a major American city drowning while the nation watched, helpless.
As the decade of war dragged on, the housing bubble began to pop, ultimately bringing about the worst financial panic in eighty years. In the wake of the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers in September 2008, it seemed possible that the U.S. financial system as a whole would cease to operate: a financial blackout that would render paychecks, credit cards, and ATMs useless.
In those frenzied days, I watched Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bemanke and Treasury secretary
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or less at random because they needed "a really big number").4
Watching them, I couldn’t shake a feeling in the pit of my stomach that either these men had no idea what they were talking about or they were intentionally obfuscating because they did not want their true purpose known. These were the guys in charge, the ones tasked with rescuing the entire global financial system, and nothing about their vague and contradictory answers to simple questions projected competence or good faith.
Washington managed to pass the bailout for the financial sector, and while Wall Street would soon return to glory, wealth, and profitability, the rest of us would come to learn in gruesome detail all the ways in which the source of its prosperity had, in fact, been the largest Ponzi scheme in the history of human civilization.
The cumulative effect of these scandals and failures is an inescapable national mood of exhaustion
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those of the Great Depression—and present themselves as the solution.’
Surveying the results of the 2010 midterms on election night, Tom Brokaw alluded to the collapse of trust in institutions in the wake of a war based on lies and a financial bubble that went bust. "Almost nothing is going the way that most people have been told that it will. And every time they’re told in Washington that they have it figured out, it turns out not to be true."6
At a press conference the day after Democrats faced a "shellacking" in the 2010 midterm elections, Barack Obama recounted the story of meeting a voter who asked him if there was hope of returning to a "healthy legislative process, so as I strap on the boots again tomorrow, I know that you guys got it under control? It’s hard to have faith in that right now."
And who could blame him? From the American intelligence apparatus to financial regulators, government failures make up one of the most dispiriting throughlines of the crisis decade.
As citizens of the world’s richest country*, we expend little energy worrying about the millions of vital yet mundane functions our government undertakes. Roads are built, sewer systems maintained, mail delivered. We aren’t preoccupied by the thought that skyscrapers will come crashing down because of unenforced building codes; we don’t fret that our nuclear arsenal will fall into the wrong hands, or dread that the tax collector will hit us up for a bribe.
It is precisely because of our expectation of routine competence that government failure is so destabilizing.
"We’ve created this situation where we’ve created so much mistrust in government," Ivor
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he was so outspoken in his criticism of the Army Corps of Engineers.
"You have these politicians that are selling this mistrust," he said in reference to the ceaseless rhetoric from conservatives about government’s inevitable incompetence. "And the federal government sure as hell hasn’t helped."
And yet the private sector has fared no better: from the popping of the
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.’ But maybe I’m the crazy one who didn’t see it."5
The dysfunction revealed by the crisis decade extends even past the government and the Fortune
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I have fully lost faith in the leadership of my parents’ generation."lc
The foundation of our shared life as Americans—where we worship, where we deposit our paychecks, the teams we root for, the people who do our business in Washington— seems to be cracking before our very eyes. In our idle panicked moments, we count down the seconds until it gives out.
In the course of writing this book, I spoke to hundreds of Americans from
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fall apart. We saw how quickly the whole thing can literally crumble.""
The sense of living on a razor’s edge is, not surprisingly, most palpable
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I immediately thought of Murray Rogers. Who would be Rogers’s champion now?
In Detroit, the national capital of institutional collapse, the feeling of betrayal and
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what success looks like, what hope do the rest of us have?
"I can’t remember when I last heard someone genuinely optimistic about the future of
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done to us is not a subject fit for polite society*. "lr
That emotional disquiet plays in different registers on the right and the left, but
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are actually celebrity* millionaires influencing the most powerful government on earth."17
It’s not just the activist base of the left and the right who have recognized
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society* that is demoralized because they have nothing to believe in."ls
"Go all the way back to Sumerian civilization," Bill Clinton instructed a crowd
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. That’s where we are now in the public and private sector."19
The Davos crowd seemed unmoved by this rare dose of honesty. But then,
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. Alan Greenspan, too. But the emperor had no clothes21"-0
In the early 1970s, Vietnam and Watergate provoked such national paroxysms of self-doubt and distrust that both Gallup and the General Social Survey began asking Americans how much trust they had in their major institutions—big business, public schools, the Supreme Court, and about a dozen others.
Writing in the New York Tones on April 8, 1970, James Reston observed
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is one of the most important and dangerous problems of the age.""’
But what was viewed at the time as a nadir of public trust turns out
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major companies, the press, and, perhaps most troublingly, Congress.
According to Gallup, Congress is the least trusted institution in the country: just 12 percent of respondents expressed a "great deal" of trust in it. Harvard law professor Lawrence Lessig, who studies campaign finance and congressional corruption, notes that the British Crown was almost certainly more widely trusted in the colonies at the time of the revolution.23 Approval ratings of Congress lag behind Paris Hilton and the United States going communist.
A 2010 Pew survey revealed that trust in government in general was at the lowest
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), labor unions (32), and the entertainment industry (33).":4
The least trusting are those who came of age in the aughts. A 2010
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thing all or most of the time by a majority* of respondents.:?
You can construct a whole host of theories to explain this evaporation of trust. One of the most common, particularly popular with those who find themselves the target of distrust and anger, is that the twenty-four-hour news cycle and the frenetic intensity* of the Internet eat away at people’s faith by sensationalizing mistakes and insinuating nefarious motives.
Former Republican senator Bob Bennett, who was ousted by the Tea Party* over
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, then you’re just angry* because we’re lying to you."2*
There is no question that we have access to more information than ever before.
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—the republic isn’t any better off for us having had that privilege.
A natural consequence of the proliferation of news sources is a more balkanized political landscape
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they’re one of the least. The same goes for TV news.2
Declining trust in the mainstream media isn’t helped by the simple fact that it hasn’t performed particularly well during the past ten years. By and large the media managed to miss the two most consequential stories of the decade—the manipulation of intelligence that led to the Iraq War, and the growth of the housing bubble and associated financial chicanery* that would ultimately cause the crash.
But after surveying the wreckage of the fail decade, it takes some willful delusion
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We are in the midst of a broad and devastating crisis of authority*.
When you bring your car to your mechanic because it’s making a worrisome noise,
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not use their authority* to pursue a hidden agenda or personal gain.
We now operate in a world in which we can assume neither competence nor good
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smart people fucked up, and no one seems willing to take responsibility*.

Vote negative to politicize the ballot AGAINST their useless style of simulated politics—-we refuse to consent to a methodology that consolidates power in the hands of corporate oligarchy—-Shattering the illusion of FIAT and forcing the aff to search for new Models of Debate—-they don’t get a perm because we are asking a PRIOR QUESTION

Swyngedouw 8 (Erik, Prof of Social and Political Geography in School of Environment and Developpment at U of Manchester, Where is the political?)
The aim of this contribution is to re-centre political thought again by exploring
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out, and this is what we need today" (Žižek 2005).   
The Post-Political and Post-Democratic Condition    "There is a shift form
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market forces  and multiculturalist tolerant humanitarianism" (Zizek, 2006: 72).  
This post-political condition takes the scandalous proposition of Marx that the state is
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Swyngedouw 2000), exactly by foreclosing the possibility for  the political to emerge.  
In sum, post-politics is of necessity a violation of democracy. It
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are currently living in have thus  eliminated a genuine political space of disagreement.   
Propelled on by a drive towards reflexivity, the need to make decisions on processes
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of the common world" (Rancière 2003b: §4- 6).  
Consensus, as the "the annulment of dissensus" announces the "end of
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2007a), so that things go on as before21 (Dean 2006).
Rancière, Mouffe and Crouch associate the political ’form’ of this post-political  
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Rancière 1998: 102) (see also (Mouffe 2005: 29).
This arrangement assumes that "all parties are known and a world in which everything
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(Mouffe 2005:  103) (Swyngedouw 2007b) (Swyngedouw 2008a).
These arrangements of ’governance-beyond-the-state’ are resolutely put forward
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transformations in statehood and a renewed relation between  state and civil society actors".
Politics is hereby reduced to the sphere of policy-making, to the domain
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, we need to return to the possibilities of ’thinking the political’.
Thinking the political    I situate my argument of what constitutes the political in the interstices
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against their government policy – will be possible also in Iraq21’"
In what follows, I shall propose and explore a different foundation of and for
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void’ for (Badiou  2006)) that constitutes the possibility of the political.  
The political, then, is about enunciating dissent and rupture, literally voicing speech
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can only be conquered: they are never offered, granted or  distributed.  
The political, therefore, is not about expressing demands to the elites to rectify  
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upon which the democratic political is constituted, i.e.  equality.  
If the supervision of places and functions is defined as the ’police’, "
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is and what is done to it." (Rancière 2003a: 201)  
The political arises when the given order of things is questioned; when those whose
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normative goal; democratic politics is,  therefore, always disruptive and transformative:  
"Political activity is whatever shifts a body from the place assigned to it or  
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of spaces and the possibilities of time" (Rancière  2006b: 13).  
The space of the political is to "disturb this arrangement ~the police~
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not part of the state of the situation become  part of the state.
This view of the political as a space of dissensus, for enunciating difference and for  negotiating conflict, stands in sharp contrast to the consolidating consensual ’post- politics’ of contemporary neo-liberal ’good’ governance. Of course, it also begs the  question as to what to do. How to reclaim the political, as discussed above, from the  debris of consensual autocratic post-political post-democracy?    Claiming the Democratic Polis  
The notion of the political articulated in this paper centers on division, conflict,
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declaration of fidelity to the  procedure of communist truth in the revolutionary event.   
Badiou defines ’le passage à l’acte’ as an intervention in the state of the
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they can articulate  and question their identity" (Žižek 2002b: 101).  
The problem with such tactics is not only that they leave the symbolic order intact
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, even engendered by the  hegemomic form" (Žižek 1999b: 264).   
In contrast, as Alain Badiou (Badiou 2005b) argues, a new radical
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Rancière 2000c: 124). Dissensus is the proper name of egalitarian politics:  
"The notion of dissensus thus means the following: politics is comprised of a  
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were not accounted for previously"  (Rancière 2000c: 124-125)
Therefore, the political act (intervention) proper is "not simply something that
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a space of contestation  for those who have no name or no place.  
This is where the impossible egalitarian demands are formulated and fought for that  express and
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is  perverted and undermined, where the scandal of democracy erupts most violently.
Another example of such political sequence erupted when, in 1981, Solidarnosc’s  demands for
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political European order as the opened dissensual political space soon closed  down again.  
It is the sort of demand expressed when illegal and other immigrants in Europe or
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market and the labor process" (Pupovac and Karamani 2006:  48).  
Such new symbolizations through which what is considered to be noise by the police is  
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that aims at overtaking and  replacing instituted post-political post-democracy.

This is a question of priorities—-their reliance on the state actively promotes racist domestic warfare and the prison industrial complex—-prefer the alt which allows for more creative, dynamic forms of activism AGAINST THE STATE—-the pedagogical nature of the activity matters

Rodriguez 8 (Dylan, Associate Professor at Un iversity of Califo r n i a Riverside, Warfare and the Terms of Engagement, libcom.org/files/Critical Resistance - Abolition Now21 Ten Years of Strategy and Struggle against the Prison Industrial Complex.pdf
This introductory litany of dread reminds us that domestic warfare is both the  common language
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violence of US policing,  criminal law,  and low-intensity genocide?
We  are  collectively  witnessing,  surviving,  and working  in  a  time  of  unprec­
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in  our  very own, most  intimate  and nearby  geographies  of "home."
This time of crisis  and emergency necessitates a critical examination of the po­ litical
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radically  addresses  the  moral,  cultural,  and  political  premises  of  these wars.
Not  long  from  now,  generations  will  emerge  from the  organic  accumulation  of rage,  
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Frantz Fanon’s memorable  statement  to  his own peers,  comrades, and nemeses:
Each generation must discover its mission, fulfill it or betray it, in relative opac­ ity.  In the underdeveloped countries preceding generations have simultaneously  resisted the insidious agenda of colonialism and paved the way for the emergence  of the current struggles. Now that we are in the heat of combat, we must shed the  habit of decrying the  efforts of our forefathers or feigning incomprehension  at  their silence or passiveness.
Lest we fall victim to  a  certain political nostalgia that is often induced by such  
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and  must be radically confronted on multiple fronts by an abolition ist politics.
In so many ways,  the US progressive/left establishment is filling the void
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has so openly  and  repeatedly declared as the  premises of its own coherence.
P I T FA L L S  O F  T H E  P E DAG O G I CA L   STATE
We can  broadly understand  that "the  state" is in many ways  a conceptual  
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ordinary people-is through its own  self­ narrations and institutional mobilizations.
Consider  the narrative  and institutional dimensions of the  "war on drugs,"  for  nample
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local  jurisdictions  increase  their  capacities  for  enforcement,  corrections,  education  and prosecution.
These  proposals  offer  no  certainty  for  success  in  the  fight  against  drugs,  of  course
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itself,  facilitated by a  politi­ cally willing and accomplice corporate media.
This storytelling-which through repetition and saturation assembles the pop­ ular "common
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prison industrial complex was lubricated by the  multiple moral parables of domestic warfare.
This  process  of producing  the  state  as  an  active,  tangible,  and  identifiable  structure  
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existence of the state as we come to  normally "know" it.
Given that  domestic warfare  composes both the  common narrative  language  and concrete material production of
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are private organisms, left to the private initiative of the ruling class.
Although Gramsci was writing these words in the early 1900s, he had already iden
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to  the state that preempts a more creative, radical, abolitionist politics.
Several social  movement  scholars  have  argued that the  "channeling mecha­ nisms" of
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repression~,  toward more subtle  forms  of state social control  of  social movements."
The  regularity with which  progressive  organizations  immediately  forfeit  the  crucial  political  and conceptual  possibilities  of
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taken for granted because they form and inform the popu­ lar consensus.
Effectively contradicting, decentering, and transforming the popular consensus  (for  example,  destabiliZing  
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-profit  apparatus and the sometimes narrow politics of the progressive US left. 

I  have become somewhat obsessed with amplifying the need for a dramatic,  even  spectacular
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policing/criminalization and the  most localized brutalities  of neoliberal  or  global capitalism).
Arguably,  it is precisely the creative and pragmatic work of political fantasy/  political
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made the abolition of oppressive violence their  most immediate and fundamental political desire.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 4 | Opponent: Stuyvesant AY | Judge: Joseph Nelson

Your decision should answer the resolutional question: Is the enactment of topical action better than the status quo or a competitive option?

1. "Resolved" before a colon reflects a legislative forum

Army Officer School ’04  (5-12, "~23 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon", http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm-http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following: a.  A list, but only after "
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with dock g.  A formal resolution, after the word "resolved:"
Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

2. "USFG should" means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means

Ericson ’03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
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compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

They claim to win the debate for reasons other than the desirability of topical action. That undermines preparation and clash. Changing the question now leaves one side unprepared, resulting in shallow, uneducational debate. Requiring debate on a communal topic forces argument development and develops persuasive skills critical to any political outcome.

Latin America policy proposals activate agency and decision-making

IRI ’12 (International Republican Institute; "Latin America Think Tank Policy Initiative"; http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/Latin20America20Think20Tank20Policy20Initiative2011-4-11_0.pdf)
An ongoing political trend in Latin America is the inconsistent execution of parties to create
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elected officials on how to solve the most  pressing issues facing Latin America.

Debate over a controversial point of action creates argumentative stasis—that’s key to avoid a devolution of debate into competing truth claims, which destroys the decision-making benefits of the activity

Steinberg and Freeley ’13 David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a controversy,
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Decisionmaking is the most portable and flexible skill—key to all facets of life and advocacy

Steinberg and Freeley ’13
David Director of Debate at U Miami, Former President of CEDA, officer, American Forensic Association and National Communication Association. Lecturer in Communication studies and rhetoric. Advisor to Miami Urban Debate League, Masters in Communication, and Austin, JD, Suffolk University, attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, Argumentation and Debate
Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making, Thirteen Edition

In the spring of 2011, facing a legacy of problematic U.S,
AND
should be justified by good reasons based on accurate evidence and valid reasoning.

Unbridled affirmation outside the game space makes research impossible and destroys dialogue in debate

Hanghoj 8
http://static.sdu.dk/mediafiles/Files/Information_til/Studerende_ved_SDU/Din_uddannelse/phd_hum/afhandlinger/2009/ThorkilHanghoej.pdf
 Thorkild Hanghøj, Copenhagen, 2008
 Since this PhD project began in 2004, the present author has been affiliated with DREAM (Danish
Research Centre on Education and Advanced Media Materials), which is located at the Institute of
Literature, Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Southern Denmark. Research visits have
taken place at the Centre for Learning, Knowledge, and Interactive Technologies (L-KIT), the
Institute of Education at the University of Bristol and the institute formerly known as Learning Lab
Denmark at the School of Education, University of Aarhus, where I currently work as an assistant
professor. 

Debate games are often based on pre-designed scenarios that include descriptions of issues
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dialogue as an end in itself" (Wegerif, 2006: 61). 

Dialogue is the biggest impact—the process of discussion precedes any truth claim by magnifying the benefits of any discussion

Morson 4
http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf~~23page=331-http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf
Northwestern Professor,  Prof. Morson’s work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his favorite writers — Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of literature to philosophy. 

A belief in truly dialogic ideological becoming would lead to schools that were quite different
AND
most important thing. What we must do is keep the conversation going. 

Dialogue is critical to affirming any value—shutting down deliberation devolves into totalitarianism and reinscribes oppression
Morson 4
http://www.flt.uae.ac.ma/elhirech/baktine/0521831059.pdf~~23page=331
Northwestern Professor,  Prof. Morson’s work ranges over a variety of areas: literary theory (especially narrative); the history of ideas, both Russian and European; a variety of literary genres (especially satire, utopia, and the novel); and his favorite writers — Chekhov, Gogol, and, above all, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. He is especially interested in the relation of literature to philosophy.

 Bakhtin viewed the whole process of "ideological" (in the sense of
AND
proceed in much the same way, in an ongoing spiral of intolerance.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: 2 | Opponent: DRI MB | Judge: Tang

The United States federal government should end the U.S. lease and return to Cuban jurisdiction of the land in Guantánamo Bay (originally leased under the 1903 Cuban-American Treaty), but maintain Guantanamo Bay as a prison.

Terrorism causes extinction

Hellman 8 (Martin E. Hellman, emeritus prof of engineering @ Stanford, "Risk Analysis of Nuclear Deterrence" SPRING 2008 THE BENT OF TAU BETA PI, http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf-http://www.nuclearrisk.org/paper.pdf)

The threat of nuclear terrorism looms much larger in the public’s mind than the threat
AND
assume that  preventing World War III is a necessity—not an option. 

Nuclear terrorism is highly likely—-high risk of theft and attacks escalate

Vladimir Z. Dvorkin 12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: RHSM LG | Judge: McClay

Trading autobiographical narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and has limited impact on the culture that one attempt’s to reform – when autobiographical narrative "wins," it subverts its own most radical intentions by becoming an exemplar of the very culture under indictment

Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)
Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
AND
publication record is itself sufficient evidence of the success of their endeavor. n200
Certainly, publication of a best seller may transform its author’s life, with the
AND
Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too." n205

Performance is not a mode of resistance - it gives too much power to the audience because the performer is structurally blocked from controlling the (re)presentation of their representations.  Appealing to the ballot is a way of turning over one’s identity to the same reproductive economy that underwrites liberalism

Phelan 96—chair of New York University’s Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor 26 Francis e-Library, 2005, 146
Performance’s only life is in the present. Performance cannot be saved, recorded, documented, or otherwise participate in the circulation of representations of representations: once it does so, it becomes something other than performance. To the degree that performance attempts to enter the economy of reproduction it betrays and lessens the promise of its own ontology. Performance’s being, like the ontology of subjectivity proposed here, becomes itself through disappearance.
The pressures brought to bear on performance to succumb to the laws of the reproductive
AND
only a spur to memory, an encouragement of memory to become present.

This is precisely why autobiography is so easily coopted by liberalism – autobiography IS the practice of the liberal autonomous subject par excellence – this same notion of the liberal subject has historically been responsible for the Western conquest of the world.

Even if their best intention is to resist the liberal subject, autobiography is understood by its consuming audience as the assertion of the classic autonomous subject – this subverts the political potential of performance by rendering one’s experience legible to the terms of liberalism .

Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229)

Although Williams is quick to detect insensitivity and bigotry in remarks made by strangers,
AND
publication record is itself sufficient evidence of the success of their endeavor. n200
Certainly, publication of a best seller may transform its author’s life, with the
AND
Sacvan Bercovitch, "to have your dissent and make it too." n205
IV. The Autobiographical Self
The outsider narratives do not reflect on another feature of autobiographical discourse that is perhaps
AND
whose claims to full individuality have often been denied by our society." n210
Precisely because it appeals to readers’ fascination with the self-sufficiency, resiliency and
AND
her individual desires and rights above the needs and obligations of a collectivity.
Moreover, literary theorists have remarked the tendency of autobiographical discourse to override radical authorial
AND
text’s political and social observations only as another aspect of the author’s personality.
Paradoxically, although autobiography is the product of a culture that cultivates human individuality,
AND
, rather than subvert, autobiographical protagonists that serve the values of liberalism.

The very act of articulating why performance ought be attached to the ballot casts performance within the terms of liberalism’s discursive economy – this reduces their performance to a form of aesthetic formalism, this subordinates the political potential of performance to the narrow disciplinary concerns of academic knowledge production

Phelan ’96—chair of New York University’s Department of Performance Studies (Peggy, Unmarked: the politics of performance, ed published in the Taylor 26 Francis e-Library, 2005,
In his 1981 article Representation and the Limits of Interpretation, Eric E. Peterson
AND
reinvestigating the process of performance as art, not subject-object relations.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Capitol HP | Judge: Vijay, Herman, Asware

Starting politics from the standpoint of an excluded identity-group is a vengeful politics of resentment—it can only position itself reactively against a universal like whiteness, inevitably re-instantiating the terms of oppression.

Bhambra ’10
Gurminder K Bhambra, University of Warwick, and Victoria Margree, University of Brighton, "Identity Politics and the Need for a ’Tomorrow," academia.edu

2 The Reification of Identity
We wish to turn now to a related problem within identity politics that can be
AND
for the most part, forms of injustice and inequality into the present.

This reactionary impulse is the condition of possibility for all violence—we must transcend exclusive identities and victimization.

Enns 12
Dianne, Professor of Philosophy at McMaster University, The Violence of Victimhood

These are responses to suffering that may at the same time prevent the conditions that
AND
war, we must learn to see ourselves through the eyes of others.

Identity is only ever a confirmation of contingent relationships, not metaphysics. A politics that places a shared commitment to remedying injustice can avoid securitizing difference and reactionary politics that culminate in passivity.

Bhambra ’10
Gurminder K Bhambra, University of Warwick, and Victoria Margree, University of Brighton, "Identity Politics and the Need for a ’Tomorrow" 

1 Exclusionary Politics
It is inexcusable to build analyses of historical experience around exclusions, exclusions that stipulate
AND
" since they are produced by very real actions, practices and projects.

Our alternative is to recognize debate as a site of contingent commonality in which we can forge bonds of argumentation beyond identity—-the affirmative’s focus on subjectivity abdicates the flux of politics and debate for the incontestable truth of identity

Brown ’95
Wendy, professor at Berkeley, States of Injury POWER AND FREEDOM IN LATE MODERNITY, 47-51

The postmodern exposure of the imposed and created rather than dis- covered character of
AND
identity, and morality and to redress our underdeveloped taste for political argument.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: 1 | Opponent: Hamilton CP | Judge: Eisenstadt

Obama’s strong — leverage makes GOP obstructionism on immigration unsustainable

Jeff Mason, Reuters, 10/19/13,  Analysis: Despite budget win, Obama has weak hand with Congress , health.yahoo.net/news/s/nm/analysis-despite-budget-win-obama-has-weak-hand-with-congress

Democrats believe, however, that Obama’s bargaining hand may be strengthened by the thrashing Republicans took in opinion polls over their handling of the shutdown.
"This shutdown re-emphasized the overwhelming public demand for compromise and negotiation. And that may open up a window," said Ben LaBolt, Obama’s 2012 campaign spokesman and a former White House aide.
"There’s no doubt that some Republican members (of Congress) are going to oppose policies just because the president’s for it. But the hand of those members was significantly weakened."
If he does have an upper hand, Obama is likely to apply it to immigration reform. The White House had hoped to have a bill concluded by the end of the summer. A Senate version passed with bipartisan support earlier this year but has languished in the Republican-controlled House.
"It will be hard to move anything forward, unless the Republicans find the political pain of obstructionism too much to bear," said Doug Hattaway, a Democratic strategist and an adviser to Hillary Clinton’s 2008 presidential campaign.
"That may be the case with immigration - they’ll face pressure from business and Latinos to advance immigration reform," he said.

The plan derails passage—2007 proves

Nakamura, 13. David Nakamura, staff writer for the Washington Post. "Dispute over guest-worker program puts immigration talks at risk of delay." http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-03-28/politics/38089703_1_guest-worker-program-comprehensive-immigration-reform-barack-obama)
A worsening dispute over a new guest-worker program has emerged as the most
AND
"They are insisting on a program that no employer would consider using."

Obama’s capital key – Boehner

Bill Scher, The Week, 10/18/13,  How to make John Boehner cave on immigration , theweek.com/article/index/251361/how-to-make-john-boehner-cave-on-immigration

Speaker John Boehner (R-Ohio) generally adheres to the unwritten Republican rule that bars him from allowing votes on bills opposed by a majority of Republicans, even if they would win a majority of the full House.
But he’s caved four times this year, allowing big bills to pass with mainly Democratic support. They include repealing the Bush tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans; providing Hurricane Sandy relief; expanding the Violence Against Women act to better cover immigrants, Native Americans, and LGBT survivors of abuse; and this week’s bill raising the debt limit and reopening the federal government.
Many presume the Republican House is a black hole sucking President Obama’s second-term agenda into oblivion. But the list of Boehner’s past retreats offers a glimmer of hope, especially to advocates of immigration reform. Though it has languished in the House, an immigration overhaul passed with bipartisan support in the Senate, and was given a fresh push by Obama in the aftermath of the debt limit deal.
The big mystery that immigration advocates need to figure out: What makes Boehner cave? Is there a common thread? Is there a sequence of buttons you can push that forces Boehner to relent?
Two of this year’s caves happened when Boehner was backed up against hard deadlines:
AND
both times, but he was not willing to risk blowing the deadline.
A third involved the response to an emergency: Hurricane Sandy. Conservative groups were
AND
the floor, allowing it to pass over the objections of 179 Republicans.
The fourth cave occurred in order to further reform and expand a government program:
AND
weeks later, the House passed the Senate bill with 138 Republicans opposed.
Unfortunately for immigration advocates, there is no prospect of widespread pain if reform isn’t passed. There is no immediate emergency, nor threat of economic collapse.
But there is a deadline of sorts: The 2014 midterm elections.
If we’ve learned anything about Boehner this month, it’s that he’s a party man to the bone. He dragged out the shutdown and debt limit drama for weeks, without gaining a single concession, simply so his most unruly and revolutionary-minded members would believe he fought the good fight and stay in the Republican family. What he won is party unity, at least for the time being.
What Boehner lost for his Republicans is national respectability. Republican Party approval hit a record low in both the most recent NBC/Wall Street Journal poll and Gallup poll.
Here’s where immigration advocates have a window of opportunity to appeal to Boehner’s party pragmatism. Their pitch: The best way to put this disaster behind them is for Republicans to score a big political victory. You need this.
A year after the Republican brand was so bloodied that the Republican National Committee had to commission a formal "autopsy," party approval is the worst it has ever been. You’ve wasted a year. Now is the time to do something that some voters will actually like.
There’s reason to hope he could be swayed. In each of the four cases in which he allowed Democrats to carry the day, he put the short-term political needs of the Republican Party over the ideological demands of right-wing activists.
Boehner will have to do another round of kabuki. He can’t simply swallow the
AND
. Boehner will need to given the room to do all this again.
But he won’t do it without a push. A real good push.

Critical to US economic recovery

Aaron Terrazas, Migration Policy Institute, July 2011, The Economic Integration of Immigrants in the United States: Long- and Short-Term Perspectives, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/EconomicIntegration.pdf

The fate of immigrants in the United States and their integration into the labor market
AND
the past, generated substantial secondary demand for services that immigrants often provide.

====Nuclear war====
Harris and Burrows ’9
(Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf, AM)

Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Meadows | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Kinkaid RB | Judge: Eisenstadt, Mulholand, Haas

Increasing H-1B visas key to US- India relations

Celeste and Karl 9, RICHARD F. CELESTE, a former U.S
AND
bonds," San Jose Mercury News (California) July 18, Lexis)  

Secretary of State Hillary Clinton’s visit to India is expected to yield new initiatives in
AND
sense and would strengthen the foundation of U.S.-India relations.

US-Indian relations key to solve all global problems

Asia Society Task Force, 2009, Delivering on the Promise: Advancing US Relations With India, http://www.asiasociety.org/policy-politics/task-forces/delivering-promise-advancing-us-relations-india-http://www.asiasociety.org/policy-politics/task-forces/delivering-promise-advancing-us-relations-india

India matters to virtually every major foreign policy issue that will confront the united  states
AND
national interest," to quote former under secretary of political Affairs Nicholas Burns .

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 3 | Opponent: Carrollton DT | Judge: Christian Rodriguez

Immigration reform key to semiconductors

Toohey 12
(Brian, SIA President, May 24, 2012, "TechElect Advances Proposals to Create and Sustain American Jobs"http://www.semiconductors.org/blog/techelect_advances_proposals_to_create_and_sustain_american_jobs/?print=y)

A new nonpartisan campaign called TechElect, launched by the Information Technology Industry Council (
AND
total sales, which is one of the top rates of any industry.
With smart government policies – including investments in basic research, corporate tax reform, and high-skilled immigration reform – the semiconductor industry can continue to create jobs, drive economic growth and develop the technologies needed to solve our most pressing challenges.

Semiconductors are key to US nuclear modernization
Chandratre et al 7
(V.B. Chandratre et al 7, Menka Tewani, R.S. Shastrakar, V. Shedam,  S. K. Kataria and P. K. Mukhopadhyay  Electronics Division,  Bhabha Atomic Research Centre   "AN APPROACH TO MODERNIZING NUCLEAR  INSTRUMENTATION: SILICON-BASED SENSORS,  ASIC AND HMC" October, http://www.barc.ernet.in/publications/nl/2007/200710-2.pdf-http://www.barc.ernet.in/publications/nl/2007/200710-2.pdf)

Modernization of nuclear instrumentation is pursued for realizing the goal of  compact portable nuclear instruments
AND
electronics. Rapid  developments in semiconductor technology have aided  in realizing this concept.

Loss of US nuclear primacy causes global nuclear war
Caves 10
(John P. Caves Jr., Senior Research Fellow in the Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction at the National Defense University, January 2010, "Avoiding a Crisis of Confidence in the U.S. Nuclear Deterrent," Strategic Forum, No. 252)

Perceptions of a compromised U.S. nuclear deterrent as described above would have
AND
scale far more catastrophic than what nuclear-armed terrorists alone could inflict.

Tournament: ASU | Round: Semis | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Rohit Rajan, Roger Copenhaver, Ryan Marcus

Obama is effectively fighting off Iran sanctions now

Jim Lobe, Inter Press Service 12/27, Iran sanctions bill: Big test of Israel lobby power, http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/index.php?mod=article26cat=World26article=8046

This week’s introduction by a bipartisan group of 26 senators of a new sanctions bill
AND
who controls the upper chamber’s calendar, to forestall any new sanctions legislation.

Plan drains capital—anti-Cuba lobby means a sudden reconciliation with Havana sparks fights

Birns and Mills 13 (Larry, Director of the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, Frederick B., COHA Senior Research Fellow, 01/30, "Best Time for U.S.–Cuba Rapprochement Is Now," http://www.coha.org/best-time-for-u-s-cuba-rapprochement-is-now/)
Despite the basic intransigence of US policy towards Cuba, in recent years, important
AND
history may very well be that it ought never to have been started.

Those defections overwhelm Obama—results in new sanctions that collapse negotiations and cause war

Davnie 1/5
William Davnie, retired after 26 years in the Foreign Service, served as chief of staff in the office of provincial affairs in Iraq, AND Kate Gould, the legislative associate for Middle East policy at the Friends Committee on National, "Iran sanctions bill threatens progress; pressure is on Franken, Klobuchar", Star Tribune, January 5, 2014, http://www.startribune.com/opinion/commentaries/238660021.html-http://www.startribune.com/opinion/commentaries/238660021.html

The historic Geneva deal to limit Iran’s nuclear program is scheduled to go into effect
AND
eyes will be on those 23 undecided Democrats — including Klobuchar and Franken.

Global war

Reuveny 10 – professor in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs at Indiana University (Rafael, "Unilateral strike could trigger World War III, global depression" Gazette Xtra,  8/7, http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/~~23sthash.ec4zqu8o.dpuf-http://gazettextra.com/news/2010/aug/07/con-unilateral-strike-could-trigger-world-war-iii-/)

A unilateral Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities would likely have dire consequences, including a regional war, global economic collapse and a major power clash.
For an Israeli campaign to succeed, it must be quick and decisive. This requires an attack that would be so overwhelming that Iran would not dare to respond in full force.
Such an outcome is extremely unlikely since the locations of some of Iran’s nuclear facilities are not fully known and known facilities are buried deep underground.
All of these widely spread facilities are shielded by elaborate air defense systems constructed not only by the Iranians but also the Chinese and, likely, the Russians as well.
By now, Iran has also built redundant command and control systems and nuclear facilities, developed early warning systems, acquired ballistic and cruise missiles and upgraded and enlarged its armed forces.
Because Iran is well-prepared, a single, conventional Israeli strike—or even numerous strikes—could not destroy all of its capabilities, giving Iran time to respond.
Unlike Iraq, whose nuclear program Israel destroyed in 1981, Iran has a second-strike capability comprised of a coalition of Iranian, Syrian, Lebanese, Hezbollah, Hamas, and, perhaps, Turkish forces. Internal pressure might compel Jordan, Egypt and the Palestinian Authority to join the assault, turning a bad situation into a regional war.
During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, at the apex of its power, Israel was saved from defeat by President Nixon’s shipment of weapons and planes. Today, Israel’s numerical inferiority is greater, and it faces more determined and better-equipped opponents. After years of futilely fighting Palestinian irregular armies, Israel has lost some of its perceived superiority—bolstering its enemies’ resolve.
Despite Israel’s touted defense systems, Iranian coalition missiles, armed forces, and terrorist attacks would likely wreak havoc on its enemy, leading to a prolonged tit-for-tat.
In the absence of massive U.S. assistance, Israel’s military resources may quickly dwindle, forcing it to use its alleged nuclear weapons, as it had reportedly almost done in 1973.
An Israeli nuclear attack would likely destroy most of Iran’s capabilities, but a crippled Iran and its coalition could still attack neighboring oil facilities, unleash global terrorism, plant mines in the Persian Gulf and impair maritime trade in the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
Middle Eastern oil shipments would likely slow to a trickle as production declines due to the war and insurance companies decide to drop their risky Middle Eastern clients. Iran and Venezuela would likely stop selling oil to the United States and Europe.
From there, things could deteriorate as they did in the 1930s. The world economy would head into a tailspin; international acrimony would rise; and Iraqi and Afghani citizens might fully turn on the United States, immediately requiring the deployment of more American troops.
Russia, China, Venezuela, and maybe Brazil and Turkey—all of which essentially support Iran—could be tempted to form an alliance and openly challenge the U.S. hegemony.
Russia and China might rearm their injured Iranian protege overnight, just as Nixon rearmed Israel, and threaten to intervene, just as the U.S.S.R. threatened to join Egypt and Syria in 1973. President Obama’s response would likely put U.S. forces on nuclear alert, replaying Nixon’s nightmarish scenario.
Iran may well feel duty-bound to respond to a unilateral attack by its Israeli archenemy, but it knows that it could not take on the United States head-to-head. In contrast, if the United States leads the attack, Iran’s response would likely be muted.
If Iran chooses to absorb an American-led strike, its allies would likely protest and send weapons but would probably not risk using force.
While no one has a crystal ball, leaders should be risk-averse when choosing war as a foreign policy tool. If attacking Iran is deemed necessary, Israel must wait for an American green light. A unilateral Israeli strike could ultimately spark World War III.

Tournament: AZ State | Round: Semis | Opponent: Desert Vista BC | Judge: Canela, Seep, Powers

Security is a psychological construct—-the aff’s scenarios for conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other—-this is a gate-way issue—-if they win their impacts are real we won’t cross-apply to prove links

Mack ’91
Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University (John, "The Enemy System" http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has stimulated us to try to understand what it is
AND
, taking their cues from the leadership, contribute powerfully to the process.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Jackson Challinor

Notions of US legal prestige and modeling solidify global inequality by replacing political violence with legal violence—-turns the case because it subordinates effective domestic systems to predatory rule of law models

Ugo Mattei 3, Alfred and Hanna Fromm Professor of International and Comparative Law, ¶ U.C. Hastings; Professore Ordinario di Diritto Civile, Università di Torino A Theory of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S. Hegemony and the Latin Resistance, ic.ucsc.edu/~rlipsch/pol160A/Mattei.pdf
This essay attempts to develop a theory of imperial law that is able to explain
AND
imperial law. Factors of resistance need to be fully appreciated as well.
I. AMERICAN LAW: FROM LEADERSHIP TO DOMINANCE The years following the Second World
AND
general aspects about the nature of law as a device of global governance.
Observing historical patterns of legal hegemony allows us to critique the distinction between two main
AND
stressing on the idea of consent within a notion of "prestige."8
Little effort is necessary to challenge the sufficiency of this basic taxonomy in introducing legal
AND
of consent to the present pattern of international economic and political dominance.9
In this essay I suggest that a fundamental cultural construct of presumed consent is the
AND
proactive politically accountable institutions such as direct administrative apparatuses of the State.11
This essay attempts to open a radical revision of some accepted modes of thought about
AND
are just another rhetoric of legitimization of a given international dynamic of power.*

 It will also denounce the present unconscious state in which the law is produced
AND
in the well-known parable of the tragedy of the commons.13
My object of observation is a legal landscape in transition. I wish to analyze
AND
globalization and of economic Empire political violence has been transformed into legal violence.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: Semis | Opponent: Juan Diego FW | Judge: D Heidt, Bato, Cottrell

Text: The United Mexican States should offer reparations to the Bracero Justice Movement and the Bracero proa alliance of Mexico.

Their author says MEXICO is withholding the reparations—this is what the Braceros actually want

Goodman and Rivera ’13 – 1AC author
Adam is a Ph.D. candidate in history at the University of Pennsylvania. Verónica is a Ph.D. candidate in history at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), "Bracero Guestworkers, Unpaid", Jacobin, http://jacobinmag.com/2013/10/bracero-guestworkers-unpaid/) LEA

Every Tuesday, 76-year-old Miguel Díaz spends the better part of
AND
– the 10 percent of their earnings the Mexican government never paid them.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: Finals | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: Andrew Arsht, Anastasia Katzeridis, James Pavur

The modern world is inseparable from the colonial origins that gave birth to it—our foundational western logic is soaked with colonialist thought which must be resisted

Mignolo 5 (Walter, Professor at Duke University, Joint Appointments in Cultural Anthropology and Romance Studies, "The Idea of Latin America," pg 5)

How do these two entangled concepts, modernity and coloniality, work together as two
AND
now) – the same logic was maintained; only power changed hands.

This ideology perpetuates selective intervention—we pick and choose when and how to engage Latin America, doing so only with a self-serving concern for our own economic interests—we only care about Latin America when it’s useful to do so

Arceneaux and Pion-Berlin 2005 (Craig, David, "Transforming Latin America: The International and Domestic Origins of Change", p.219-221)
Policy Implications Knowing when and why foreign forces matter to the conduct of events in
AND
will tell whether its independence proves to be a blessing or a curse.

This makes extermination of the Latin American other an imperative

Lander 2k (Edgardo, Professor of Social Sciences at the Universidad Central de Venezuela, "Eurocentrism and Colonialism in Latin American Social Thought", Nepantla: Views from South, Vol. 1 Iss. 3, p. 519-532)

Political and social thought regarding Latin America has been historically characterized by a tension between
AND
It would be imperative to whiten, westernize, or exterminate that majority.

The alternative is to endorse a strategy of epistemic disobedience—only this delinking from Western though can break the illusion of progressive modernity and accurately portray colonialist domination—this is the only form of ethical engagement

Mignolo 12 (Walter, Professor at Duke University, Joint Appointments in Cultural Anthropology and Romance Studies, "Epistemic Disobedience and the Decolonial Option: A Manifesto," Transmodernity: Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 45-46)

But the basic formulation of decolonial delinking (e.g., desprendimiento) was
AND
categories of Greek, Latin, and the six modern imperial European languages.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: UC Lab NY | Judge: Kurtenbach

Affirmation is bad. Aesthetics must be NEGATIVE–standing not for the world as it is but the world as it could be.

Pozo 9
ANTONIO GUTIÉRREZ POZO, Filozofická fakulta, Sevilská univerzita, Sevilla, Španielsko POZO, A. G.: Utopia in Black. The Negative Aesthetics of Adorno and the Contemporary Black Art FILOZOFIA 64, 2009, No 5, p. 481

In opinion of Adorno the essential danger resides in that the social system identifies everything
AND
as embellishment, the ideological art that conceals and justifies the current reality.

Our alternative NEGATIVE AESTHETIC SOLVES the aff as its ANTITHESIS–embrace negativity and UGLINESS as such, as opposed to the aff which AFFIRMS them as BEAUTIFUL—we capture the same ACCEPTANCE without AFFIRMATION and solve RESSENTIMENT without COMPLACENCY

Pozo 9
ANTONIO GUTIÉRREZ POZO, Filozofická fakulta, Sevilská univerzita, Sevilla, Španielsko POZO, A. G.: Utopia in Black. The Negative Aesthetics of Adorno and the Contemporary Black Art FILOZOFIA 64, 2009, No 5, p. 481

Hope of Desperation. Utopia in Black. But it is necessary to speak;
AND
at the same time evil and hope, nothing, death and birth.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Francis SR | Judge: Anna Moe

Global movements against neoliberal hegemony are emerging now and will be effective – the plan’s consolidation of U.S.-driven economic orthodoxy collapses democracy, causes resource wars, environmental collapse, and extinction – reject the affirmative’s attempt to reify the system

Vandana Shiva 12, founder of the Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology, Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Western Ontario, chairs the Commission on the Future of Food set up by the Region of Tuscany in Italy and is a member of the Scientific Committee which advises President Zapatero of Spain, March 1, 2012, "Imposed Austerity vs Chosen Simplicity: Who Will Pay For Which Adjustments?," online: http://www.ethicalmarkets.com/2012/03/01/imposed-austerity-vs-chosen-simplicity-who-will-pay-for-which-adjustments/

The dominant economic model based on limitless growth on a limited planet is leading to
AND
have started to say "No to the Green Economy of the 1".
But an ecological adjustment is possible, and is happening. This ecological adjustment involves
AND
based on the recovery of the commons and the creation of Earth Democracy.
The dominant economic model based on resource monopolies and the rule of an oligarchy is
AND
homeland security in U.S., and multiple security laws in India.
The calls for a democratic adjustment from below are witnessed worldwide in the rise of non-violent protests, from the Arab spring to the American autumn of "Occupy" and the Russian winter challenging the hijack of elections and electoral democracy.
And these movements for democratic adjustment are also rising everywhere in response to the "
AND
houses, manicure the fingernails, and maintain the lawn of the affluent".
Forced austerity based on the old paradigm allows the 1 super rich, the
AND
imposed austerity built into the trade liberalization and "economic reform" policies.
There is another paradigm emerging which is shared by Gandhi and the new movements of
AND
and it creates a path for economic adjustment based on justice and equity.
Forced austerity makes the poor and working families pay for the excesses of limitless greed and accumulation by the super rich. Chosen simplicity stops these excesses and allow us to flower into an Earth Democracy where the rights and freedoms of all species and all people are protected and respected.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Capitol HP | Judge: Justin Fang, Joseph Nelson, Kyle Deming

Economic engagement with Mexico is an ideological smokescreen that justifies violent neoliberal development

Cypher ’10 ~6/27/10, James Martin Cypher. "Mexico’s Economic Collapse," https://nacla.org/news/mexicoE28099s-economic-collapse-https://nacla.org/news/mexicoE28099s-economic-collapse~~

All this was occurring at the very moment when the most trite cliché about Mexico
AND
export of finished consumer goods—the mainstay of Mexico’s export-led economy

Neoliberalism’s end point is extinction

Darder 10 (Professor Antonia Darder, Distinguished Professor of Education, University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign, "Preface" in Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy, 26 Planetary Crisis: The Ecopedagogy Movement by Richard V. Kahn, 2010, pp. x-xiii) GENDER MODIFIED
It is fitting to begin my words about Richard Kahn’s Critical Pedagogy, Ecoliteracy,
AND
the well-being of all species with whom we walk the earth. 

The alternative is to use post-neoliberalism as a starting point—-a radically renewed focus on engagement with Latin America is the only way to ever solve

Kaltwasser 11 (Cristóbal Rovira, Foundation postdoctoral research fellow at the Social Science Research Center Berlin, "Toward Post-Neoliberalism in Latin America?,"  Latin American Research Review Volume 46, Number 2, 2011, MUSE)
Although not all six books reviewed here use the term post-neoliberalism, they
AND
develop and implement a new political agenda from the challenges it has faced.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: Semis | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Miles, Quigley, Mcintosh

Global movements against neoliberal hegemony are emerging now and will be effective – the plan’s consolidation of U.S.-driven economic orthodoxy collapses democracy, causes resource wars, environmental collapse, and extinction

Vandana Shiva 12, founder of the Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology, Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Western Ontario, chairs the Commission on the Future of Food set up by the Region of Tuscany in Italy and is a member of the Scientific Committee which advises President Zapatero of Spain, March 1, 2012, "Imposed Austerity vs Chosen Simplicity: Who Will Pay For Which Adjustments?," online: http://www.ethicalmarkets.com/2012/03/01/imposed-austerity-vs-chosen-simplicity-who-will-pay-for-which-adjustments/

The dominant economic model based on limitless growth on a limited planet is leading to
AND
have started to say "No to the Green Economy of the 1".
But an ecological adjustment is possible, and is happening. This ecological adjustment involves
AND
based on the recovery of the commons and the creation of Earth Democracy.
The dominant economic model based on resource monopolies and the rule of an oligarchy is
AND
homeland security in U.S., and multiple security laws in India.
The calls for a democratic adjustment from below are witnessed worldwide in the rise of non-violent protests, from the Arab spring to the American autumn of "Occupy" and the Russian winter challenging the hijack of elections and electoral democracy.
And these movements for democratic adjustment are also rising everywhere in response to the "
AND
houses, manicure the fingernails, and maintain the lawn of the affluent".
Forced austerity based on the old paradigm allows the 1 super rich, the
AND
imposed austerity built into the trade liberalization and "economic reform" policies.
There is another paradigm emerging which is shared by Gandhi and the new movements of
AND
and it creates a path for economic adjustment based on justice and equity.
Forced austerity makes the poor and working families pay for the excesses of limitless greed and accumulation by the super rich. Chosen simplicity stops these excesses and allow us to flower into an Earth Democracy where the rights and freedoms of all species and all people are protected and respected.

The alternative is to vote negative to endorse a radical break from neoliberal market society

Giroux 9/25/13
Henry, currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University, "Beyond Savage Politics and Dystopian Nightmares" 

Right-wing market fundamentalists want to root out those considered defective consumers and citizens
AND
can develop in the effort to imagine a new and more democratic future.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: Octas | Opponent: GBS AK | Judge: Weil, D Heidt, Copenhaver

Global movements against neoliberal hegemony are emerging now and will be effective – the plan’s consolidation of U.S.-driven economic orthodoxy collapses democracy, causes resource wars, environmental collapse, and extinction

Vandana Shiva 12, founder of the Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology, Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Western Ontario, chairs the Commission on the Future of Food set up by the Region of Tuscany in Italy and is a member of the Scientific Committee which advises President Zapatero of Spain, March 1, 2012, "Imposed Austerity vs Chosen Simplicity: Who Will Pay For Which Adjustments?," online: http://www.ethicalmarkets.com/2012/03/01/imposed-austerity-vs-chosen-simplicity-who-will-pay-for-which-adjustments/

The dominant economic model based on limitless growth on a limited planet is leading to
AND
have started to say "No to the Green Economy of the 1".
But an ecological adjustment is possible, and is happening. This ecological adjustment involves
AND
based on the recovery of the commons and the creation of Earth Democracy.
The dominant economic model based on resource monopolies and the rule of an oligarchy is
AND
homeland security in U.S., and multiple security laws in India.
The calls for a democratic adjustment from below are witnessed worldwide in the rise of non-violent protests, from the Arab spring to the American autumn of "Occupy" and the Russian winter challenging the hijack of elections and electoral democracy.
And these movements for democratic adjustment are also rising everywhere in response to the "
AND
houses, manicure the fingernails, and maintain the lawn of the affluent".
Forced austerity based on the old paradigm allows the 1 super rich, the
AND
imposed austerity built into the trade liberalization and "economic reform" policies.
There is another paradigm emerging which is shared by Gandhi and the new movements of
AND
and it creates a path for economic adjustment based on justice and equity.
Forced austerity makes the poor and working families pay for the excesses of limitless greed and accumulation by the super rich. Chosen simplicity stops these excesses and allow us to flower into an Earth Democracy where the rights and freedoms of all species and all people are protected and respected.

The alternative is to vote negative to endorse a radical break from neoliberal market society

Giroux 9/25/13
Henry, currently holds the Global TV Network Chair Professorship at McMaster University in the English and Cultural Studies Department and a Distinguished Visiting Professorship at Ryerson University, "Beyond Savage Politics and Dystopian Nightmares" 

Right-wing market fundamentalists want to root out those considered defective consumers and citizens
AND
can develop in the effort to imagine a new and more democratic future.

Discourse against conventional agriculture foreclose social responses to structural violence of our farm system – environmental and scientific privileging prevents addressing the root of crisis – the affirmative is a bankrupt sustainability

ALLEN 1993 – ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR CENTER AGROECOLOGY UC SANTA CRUZ
FOOD FOR THE FUTURE, PAGE 8-10
THE SCIENCE OF SUSTAINABILITY AND THE ROLE OF EPISTEMOLOGY

Located as it has been in the natural sciences, the study of sustainable agricul¬ture
AND
considering what should be (much less understanding the production of what is).

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 1 | Opponent: RHSM LG | Judge: McClay

The negatives speech act is a performance - the aff should not get a perm.

Evans 13 - Debate Guru (Rashad, https://www.facebook.com/groups/318979761518379/permalink/542109029205450/, October 14th 2013)

Rashad Evans: Counter performances are always competitive. Performance based framework recognizes that there
AND

we say the role of the ballot is who best challenges Y.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Jackson Challinor

Text: We advocate the entirety of the aff sans the plan

It’s net beneficial – it solves better because it doesn’t start at the place of the state or include the pretended fiated action we will get links to.

It’s legit – they get 100 of the plan to generate offense versus the cp, this is a necessary test against critical affirmatives.

The plan text ignores that there is no connection between the recommendations of the 1AC and material agency.

Schlag ’90 (Pierre, professor of law at the University of Colorado, Stanford Law Review, lexis, AM)

In fact, normative legal thought is so much in a hurry that it will
AND
in a position to put any of its wonderful normative advice into effect.

Their normative legal thought is pointless and guarantees fascism.

Schlag ’91 (Pierre, Professor of Law at the University of Colorado, 139 University of  Pennsylvania Law Review, April, Heinonline, AM)

For these legal thinkers, it will seem especially urgent to ask once again:
AND
disputes and discussion that almost all of us in the legal academy practice.

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 1 | Opponent: Loyola BG | Judge: Purk

In a very real sense policy debate has become nuclear-oriented – every issue of governmental policy is viewed through how it relates to the always already imminent (and yet somehow unique) nuclear apocalypse – this discursive tension is an effective strategy to justify war, Iraq proves

Joseph Masco, Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Chicago, Nuclear Borderlands: the Manhattan Project in Post-Cold War New Mexico, 2006, p. 329-331

In the new century, … or all too present. 

The 1AC construction of nuclear strategy is rooted in metaphors that have become so naturalized that we take them literally. The aff’s claim that nuclear war can be averted through technological and strategic means distorts the context of these metaphors and builds a narrative of crisis averted – a happy ending is not only possible, but guaranteed

Hirschbein ’5 (Ron, Prof of Philosophy and Director of the Peace Institute, CSU Chico, Massing the Tropes: The Metaphorical Construction of American Nuclear Strategy, pp. 1-2)

I asked my friend Mark … problems have solutions.

The aff obscures the metaphorical roots of nuclear policy by presenting their arguments as literal truth – this only reinforces the most dangerous symbolic categories of nuclear weapons and makes nuclear war more likely

Chernus ’86 – Ira Chernus. professor of religious studies university of Colorado at boulder. University of South Caroline 1986 "Dr. Strangegod." Page 153-156

Moreover, even if we … between literalism and fantasy.

Reject the aff to confront the possibility of failure – despair in the face of the nuclear threat allows us to confront the depths of loss and develop a meaningful relation to human extinction

Barash 26 Lipton ’85 – professor of Psychology at the University of Washington AND Psychiatrist (David 26 Judith, The Caveman and the Bomb, 218-221)

Even as we look …  or instantly, through nuclear war.

Tournament: Harvard | Round: Octas | Opponent: Brooklyn Tech CN | Judge: Asware, Burch, Crossan

Performance fails - the affirmative’s performance of identity through culture displaces political action and a focus on the material elements of oppression – voting for them helps alleviate responsibility for racism, but doesn’t actually change anything

Tonn 5 – assoc. prof of comm. @ u of Maryland
(Mari, "Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public ," Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs 8.3 (2005) 405-430)
Approaching public controversies through a conversational model informed by therapy also enables political inaction in
AND
get ’rid’ of responsibility for racism while doing nothing to solve it."77 

It’s not just that the aff doesn’t solve but that it is actively harmful by inviting political inaction.  A turn towards the personal is a turn away from the structural dimensions of social problems – they encourage personal solutions to structural problems, enabling defenders of the status quo

Tonn 05 – assoc. prof of comm. @ u of Maryland
(Mari, "Taking Conversation, Dialogue, and Therapy Public ," Rhetoric 26 Public Affairs 8.3 (2005) 405-430)
Fourth, a communicative model that views public issues through a relational, personal,
AND
defenders of the status quo to admonish citizens to "heal" themselves.

Tournament: ASU | Round: 5 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Jackson Challinor

The affirmative’s logic of preemption as per their utilitarianism and apocalyptic rhetoric critique arguments should be rejected – it replicates the organizing principle of the global war on terror – turns the case

De Goede 8
Security Dialogue April 2008 vol. 39 no. 2-3 155-176
AND
the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) (2001-2003).
Through its self-conscious deployment of imagination, premediation can be understood to address
AND
how of the coming havoc. We can only speculate’ (emphasis added).

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Head Royce MF | Judge: Haley-Hill, Haas, Woodhead

The hashtag is simply reproduced, re-constituted and put on a t-shirt—we can’t know the struggle of the students but their intellectual project only ensures the movement fails and is coopted

Mendoza 13 (Daryl, Philosophy and Religious Studies Department, University of San Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines, "Baudrillard and the Malaise in the Global Villiage: Can There Be a Global Community in an Era of Hyper-Communication Without Communion," Volume 10, Number 1 (January 2013), International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, JS)

This massive proliferation of the image in society has allowed reality to be reduced to
AND
passed into the subliminal" (Baudrillard ~1987~ 1988: 54).

Their protest is nothing more than frustration—unable to produce future outcomes the affirmative reduces their advocacy to a simulacrum. The hashtag becomes just another cool symbol that you put as your cover photo—this need to return to past politics and past forms of change only recreates violence and destroys change. Vote neg to search for new forms of politics not bound up in contemporary paradigms

Lindsay 12 (Jason, Ph.d from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at St. Cloud State University, "Baudrillard’s Simulated Politics and Debord’s Agents of Detournement," Volume 9, Number 3 October 2012, International Journal of Baudrillard Studies, JS)

For the political scientist, Baudrillard’s work on simulation and the hyperreal is prescient.
AND
our contemporary situation, is a greater challenge (see also Lindsey 2007).

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 6 | Opponent: PV Peninsula TW | Judge: Haas

Security is a psychological construct—the aff’s scenarios for conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other

Mack ’91
Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University (John, "The Enemy System" http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has stimulated us to try to understand what it is
AND
faceless. He’s an animal"." Keen tries to answer his question: "

Their paranoid projections guarantee extinction—it’s try or die

Hollander ’3
Professor of Latin American history and women’s studies at California State University (Nancy, "A Psychoanalytic Perspective on the Politics of Terror: In the Aftermath of 9/11" www.estadosgerais.org/mundial_rj/download/FLeitor_NHollander_ingl.pdf-http://www.estadosgerais.org/mundial_rj/download/FLeitor_NHollander_ingl.pdf)

In this sense, then, 9-11 has symbolically constituted a relief in
AND
believes that such denial only increases reliance on projective mechanisms and stimulates paranoia. 

Vote negative to interrogate cycles of enemy creation—this can create a fissure in dominant narratives that make war inevitable

Byles ’3
English, U Cyprus (Joanna, Psychoanalysis and War: The Superego and Projective Identification, http://www.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/journal/articles/art_byles01.shtml-http://www.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/journal/articles/art_byles01.shtml)

It is here of course that language plays an important role in imagining the other
AND
a state of mind and, most importantly, a way of thinking.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: Octas | Opponent: GBN CS | Judge: Justin Fang, Andres Gannon, Michael McGrath

Security is a psychological construct—the aff’s scenarios for conflict are products of paranoia that project our violent impulses onto the other

Mack 91 – Doctor of Psychiatry and a professor at Harvard University (John, "The Enemy System" http://www.johnemackinstitute.org/eJournal/article.asp?id=23 *Gender modified)

The threat of nuclear annihilation has stimulated us to try to understand what it is
AND
, taking their cues from the leadership, contribute powerfully to the process.

There is no reason to vote affirmative—there is no connection between the recommendations of the 1AC and material agency.

Schlag ’90 (Pierre, professor of law at the University of Colorado, Stanford Law Review, lexis, AM)

In fact, normative legal thought is so much in a hurry that it will
AND
in a position to put any of its wonderful normative advice into effect.

The question of "what should be done" is the wrong question—their description of the status quo as a fixed, describable place is a lie. Talking in terms of "should" is pointless and guarantees fascism.

Schlag ’91 (Pierre, Professor of Law at the University of Colorado, 139 University of  Pennsylvania Law Review, April, Heinonline, AM)

For these legal thinkers, it will seem especially urgent to ask once again:
AND
disputes and discussion that almost all of us in the legal academy practice.

Tournament: AZ State | Round: Semis | Opponent: Desert Vista BC | Judge: Canela, Seep, Powers

The United States Federal Government should issue revised regulations for temporary agricultural visas as per our ACIR evidence – we reserve the right to clarify

CP solves the case – avoids costs and delays

ACIR 10 – Agriculture Coalition for Immigration Reform ("SUMMARY OF THE FINAL 2010 H-2A REGULATIONS", 2010, https://www.farmcrediteast.com/en/Industry-Support/~~/media/Files/Knowledge20Exchange/SummaryofFinalObamaH2ARegs.ashx-https://www.farmcrediteast.com/en/Industry-Support/~/media/Files/Knowledge Exchange/SummaryofFinalObamaH2ARegs.ashx)

The regulatory chaos that has ensued during the past several years has made it exceedingly
AND
, and a uniform and streamlined legal framework for the settlement of disputes.

CP avoids politics

Hanson 7 – Gordon H. director of the Center on Pacific Economies and professor of economics at University of California, San Diego ("The Economic Logic of Illegal Immigration", COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, April 2007)

To succeed, a temporary immigration program would have to allow for flexibility and speed
AND
evidence that granting legal status to illegal aliens does not solve the problem.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Capitol HP | Judge: Justin Fang, Joseph Nelson, Kyle Deming

Text: The United States federal government should conduct a binding regulatory negotiation over the substance, implementation and enforcement of the agreement between the United States and United Mexican States concerning Transboundary Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico. The United States federal government should implement the results of the negotiation.

The counterplan solves the whole case–regulatory negotiations facilitate consensus decisions quickly that are legitimate and enforced

Harter ’97 (Phillip, JD at University of Michigan, 46 Duke L.K. p. 1399-1400)

The most well developed of these techniques, other than the public hearings and meetings
AND
outcome was one of the aspects of the process they considered most valuable.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Westminster BG | Judge: Suo

The United States federal government should invest in currency reform, increased foreign investment, legalization of more private enterprises, including those of medium-scale, the organic creation of cooperatives, an end to excessive subsidies to inefficient state-owned enterprises and increased access to telecommunications.

This solves as per their 1AC Shifter evidence.

Tournament: Harvard RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: GBS CK | Judge: D Taylor

Reject engagement with human rights abusers, like Cuba — moral duty to shun until it’s resolved

Beversluis 89 — Eric H. Beversluis, Professor of Philosophy and Economics at Aquinas College, holds an A.B. in Philosophy and German from Calvin College, an M.A. in Philosophy from Northwestern University, an M.A. in Economics from Ohio State University, and a Ph.D. in the Philosophy of Education from Northwestern University, 1989 ("On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions," Public Affairs Quarterly, Volume 3, Number 2, April, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via JSTOR, p. 17-19)
A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the
AND
failure as tacit complicity in the willful, persistent, and flagrant immorality.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 5 | Opponent: GDS CT | Judge: Tyler Engler

We’ll defend the entirety of the 1AC without the plan text

Using the USFG is violent imperialism

Reid-Brinkley ’8 (Dr. Shanara Reid-Brinkley, University of Pittsburgh Department of Communications, "THE HARSH REALITIES OF "ACTING BLACK": HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLICY DEBATERS NEGOTIATE REPRESENTATION THROUGH RACIAL PERFORMANCE AND STYLE" 2008)

So, within public discourse, how race is coded rhetorically in public deliberation is of critical import.
Mitchell observes that the stance of the policymaker in debate comes with a "sense
AND
of the "policymaker" and require their opponents to do the same. 

Vote negative to politicize the ballot AGAINST their useless style of simulated politics—-we refuse to consent to a methodology that consolidates power in the hands of corporate oligarchy—-Shattering the illusion of FIAT and forcing the aff to search for new Models of Debate—-they don’t get a perm because we are asking a PRIOR QUESTION

Swyngedouw 8 (Erik, Prof of Social and Political Geography in School of Environment and Developpment at U of Manchester, Where is the political?)
The aim of this contribution is to re-centre political thought again by exploring
AND
out, and this is what we need today" (Žižek 2005).   
The Post-Political and Post-Democratic Condition    "There is a shift form
AND
market forces  and multiculturalist tolerant humanitarianism" (Zizek, 2006: 72).  
This post-political condition takes the scandalous proposition of Marx that the state is
AND
Swyngedouw 2000), exactly by foreclosing the possibility for  the political to emerge.  
In sum, post-politics is of necessity a violation of democracy. It
AND
are currently living in have thus  eliminated a genuine political space of disagreement.   
Propelled on by a drive towards reflexivity, the need to make decisions on processes
AND
of the common world" (Rancière 2003b: §4- 6).  
Consensus, as the "the annulment of dissensus" announces the "end of
AND
2007a), so that things go on as before21 (Dean 2006).
Rancière, Mouffe and Crouch associate the political ’form’ of this post-political  
AND
Rancière 1998: 102) (see also (Mouffe 2005: 29).
This arrangement assumes that "all parties are known and a world in which everything
AND
(Mouffe 2005:  103) (Swyngedouw 2007b) (Swyngedouw 2008a).
These arrangements of ’governance-beyond-the-state’ are resolutely put forward
AND
transformations in statehood and a renewed relation between  state and civil society actors".
Politics is hereby reduced to the sphere of policy-making, to the domain
AND
, we need to return to the possibilities of ’thinking the political’.
Thinking the political    I situate my argument of what constitutes the political in the interstices
AND
against their government policy – will be possible also in Iraq21’"
In what follows, I shall propose and explore a different foundation of and for
AND
void’ for (Badiou  2006)) that constitutes the possibility of the political.  
The political, then, is about enunciating dissent and rupture, literally voicing speech
AND
can only be conquered: they are never offered, granted or  distributed.  
The political, therefore, is not about expressing demands to the elites to rectify  
AND
upon which the democratic political is constituted, i.e.  equality.  
If the supervision of places and functions is defined as the ’police’, "
AND
is and what is done to it." (Rancière 2003a: 201)  
The political arises when the given order of things is questioned; when those whose
AND
normative goal; democratic politics is,  therefore, always disruptive and transformative:  
"Political activity is whatever shifts a body from the place assigned to it or  
AND
of spaces and the possibilities of time" (Rancière  2006b: 13).  
The space of the political is to "disturb this arrangement ~the police~
AND
not part of the state of the situation become  part of the state.
This view of the political as a space of dissensus, for enunciating difference and for  negotiating conflict, stands in sharp contrast to the consolidating consensual ’post- politics’ of contemporary neo-liberal ’good’ governance. Of course, it also begs the  question as to what to do. How to reclaim the political, as discussed above, from the  debris of consensual autocratic post-political post-democracy?    Claiming the Democratic Polis  
The notion of the political articulated in this paper centers on division, conflict,
AND
declaration of fidelity to the  procedure of communist truth in the revolutionary event.   
Badiou defines ’le passage à l’acte’ as an intervention in the state of the
AND
they can articulate  and question their identity" (Žižek 2002b: 101).  
The problem with such tactics is not only that they leave the symbolic order intact
AND
, even engendered by the  hegemomic form" (Žižek 1999b: 264).   
In contrast, as Alain Badiou (Badiou 2005b) argues, a new radical
AND
Rancière 2000c: 124). Dissensus is the proper name of egalitarian politics:  
"The notion of dissensus thus means the following: politics is comprised of a  
AND
were not accounted for previously"  (Rancière 2000c: 124-125)
Therefore, the political act (intervention) proper is "not simply something that
AND
a space of contestation  for those who have no name or no place.  
This is where the impossible egalitarian demands are formulated and fought for that  express and
AND
is  perverted and undermined, where the scandal of democracy erupts most violently.
Another example of such political sequence erupted when, in 1981, Solidarnosc’s  demands for
AND
political European order as the opened dissensual political space soon closed  down again.  
It is the sort of demand expressed when illegal and other immigrants in Europe or
AND
market and the labor process" (Pupovac and Karamani 2006:  48).  
Such new symbolizations through which what is considered to be noise by the police is  
AND
that aims at overtaking and  replacing instituted post-political post-democracy.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 5 | Opponent: GDS CT | Judge: Tyler Engler

The aff commodifies the suffering of maquiladoras in exchange for your ballot in the debate economy—-playing a game where we move scenarios of suffering around like chess pieces for our own personal enjoyment is the most unethical form of intellectual imperialism

Baudrillard 94 ~Jean, "The Illusion of the End" p. 66-71~

We have long denounced the capitalistic, economic exploitation of the poverty of the ’other
AND
demographic catastrophe, a veritable epidemic which we deplore each day in pictures.

Translating misery into capital is a perverse system of neoimperial academia—-vote negative to reject their cherry-picking of misery and refuse to engage in the trauma economy

Tomsky 11 (Terri, Ph.D in English from U-British Columbia, postdoctoral fellow in cultural memory at the University of Alberta From Sarajevo to 9/11: Travelling Memory and the Trauma Economy, Parallax Volume 17, Issue 4, 2011)

In contrast to the cosmopolitization of a Holocaust cultural memory,1 there exist experiences
AND
, the closer we will come to an understanding of how trauma travels.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: Semis | Opponent: Reservoir SS | Judge: Ameena Ruffin, Sophie Bauerschmidt, Woodruff

Their author votes neg—use of subjugated knowledges for the ballot turns the aff

Medina, their author, ‘11
Jose, “Toward a Foucaultian Epistemology of Resistance: Counter-Memory, Epistemic Friction, and Guerrilla Pluralism,” http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/philosophy/_people/faculty_files/_medinafoucaultstudies.pdf

Insurrectionary genealogies exploit
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way we would like.

Tournament: ASU | Round: Semis | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Rohit Rajan, Roger Copenhaver, Ryan Marcus

They’re not topical—economic engagement is increasing economic contacts and interdependence in multiple-areas to influence the political behavior of a state

Resnick ’1
Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco

A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT
In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing with unsavory regimes, I propose that we define engagement as the attempt to influence the political behavior of a target state through the comprehensive establishment and enhancement of contacts with that state across multiple issue-areas (i.e. diplomatic, military, economic, cultural). The following is a brief list of the specific forms that such contacts might include:
DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS
Extension of diplomatic recognition; normalization of diplomatic relations
Promotion of target-state membership in international institutions and regimes
Summit meetings and other visits by the head of state and other senior government officials of sender state to target state and vice-versa
MILITARY CONTACTS
Visits of senior military officials of the sender state to the target state and vice-versa
Arms transfers
Military aid and cooperation
Military exchange and training programs
Confidence and security-building measures
Intelligence sharing
ECONOMIC CONTACTS
Trade agreements and promotion
Foreign economic and humanitarian aid in the form of loans and/or grants
CULTURAL CONTACTS
Cultural treaties
Inauguration of travel and tourism links
Sport, artistic and academic exchanges (n25)
Engagement is an iterated process in which the sender and target state develop a relationship
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hope that this will precipitate political change from below within the target state.
This definition implies that three necessary conditions must hold for engagement to constitute an effective
AND
, and the near-total collapse of its national economy.(n28)
Third, the target state must perceive the engager and the international order it represents as a potential source of the material or prestige resources it desires. This means that autarkic, revolutionary and unlimited regimes which eschew the norms and institutions of the prevailing order, such as Stalin’s Soviet Union or Hitler’s Germany, will not be seduced by the potential benefits of engagement.
This reformulated conceptualization avoids the pitfalls of prevailing scholarly conceptions of engagement. It considers the policy as a set of means rather than ends, does not delimit the types of states that can either engage or be engaged, explicitly encompasses contacts in multiple issue-areas, allows for the existence of multiple objectives in any given instance of engagement and, as will be shown below, permits the elucidation of multiple types of positive sanctions.

The plan is one-time appeasement — it doesn’t establish long-term economic contacts

Voting issue—predictable limits—allowing one-time, non-economic plans means the topic snowballs into tons of random small affs that are impossible to prepare for

Tournament: ASU | Round: Semis | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: Rohit Rajan, Roger Copenhaver, Ryan Marcus

Economic engagement works with state institutions – the plan is not

Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies" Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf-http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer haass/2000survival.pdf}

Architects of engagement strategies can choose from a wide variety of incentives. Economic engagement
AND
are just some of the possible incentives used in the form of engagement.

Violation – aff does non-governmental engagement –

Vote negative to preserve predictable limits – allowing non-governmental engagements ensures thousands of random private actors get brought into the topic – explodes negative research burden

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: Octas | Opponent: GBN CS | Judge: Justin Fang, Andres Gannon, Michael McGrath

Interpretation—economic engagement is a subset of conditional engagement and implies a quid pro quo

Shinn 96 ~James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, "Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China," pp. 9 and 11, google books~

In sum, conditional engagement consists of a set of objectives, a strategy for attaining those objectives, and tactics (specific policies) for implementing that strategy.
The objectives of conditional engagement are the ten principles, which were selected to preserve American vital interests in Asia while accommodating China’s emergence as a major power.
The overall strategy of conditional engagement follows two parallel lines: economic engagement, to promote the integration of China into the global trading and financial systems; and security engagement, to encourage compliance with the ten principles by diplomatic and military means when economic incentives do not suffice, in order to hedge against the risk of the emergence of a belligerent China.
The tactics of economic engagement should promote China’s economic integration through negotiations on trade liberalization, institution building, and educational exchanges. While a carrots-and-sticks approach may be appropriate within the economic arena, the use of trade sanction to achieve short-term political goals is discouraged.
The tactics of security engagement should reduce the risks posed by China’s rapid military expansion, its lack of transparency, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and transnational problems such as crime and illegal migration, by engaging in arms control negotiations, multilateral efforts, and a loosely-structured defensive military arrangement in Asia.8
~To footnotes~
8. Conditional engagement’s recommended tactics of tit-for-tat responses are equivalent
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105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).

Violation—the aff is unilateral action

Voter for limits—topic snowballs into countless unilateral affs based on small subsets of engagement in each of the topic countries—literally limitless

Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Octas | Opponent: Loyola AC | Judge: S Phillips, Ian Beier, Purk

Trade bad—

a) Causes war

Friedman and Friedman, ’96 ~George and Meredith, Founder and Chairman of Stratfor, The Future of War, p. 7-9~

The argument that interdependence gives rise to peace is flawed in theory as well as
AND
not only possible but, as a simple statistical matter, highly likely.

b) Causes water wars

Barlow, ’1 ~Maude, Chairs the Council of Canadians and was the founding co-chair of Action Canada Network Blue Gold, http:llwww.wellnessgoods.com/bluegold.asp~

Proponents say that such a system is the only way to distribute water to the
AND
highest bidder will only exacerbate the worst impacts of the world water crisis.

Those go nuclear

Weiner, ’90 ~Professor at Princeton, The Next 100 Years, p. 270~

If we do not destroy ourselves with the A-bomb and the H-
AND
of the 60,000 nuclear warheads the world has stockpiled since Trinity.

Tournament: MBA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Barstow SR | Judge: Mulholland

Unemployment benefits will be restored, but continued pressure on the GOP is key

Jamelle Bouie 12-28, The Daily Beast, Republicans’ Unemployment Shame, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/12/28/republicans-unemployment-shame.html-http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/12/28/republicans-unemployment-shame.html

The prospects for fixing the lapse are mixed. Most Republicans are opposed to extending
AND
to consider an extension, provided it’s offset with further cuts to spending.
The problem is that Congress has just passed an agreement that maintains most sequester cuts, and congressional Democrats are unlikely to sign on to another round of deficit reduction, just as Republicans are loath to consider new spending.
If the long-term unemployed have anything on their side, it’s that extending
AND
outlets are hitting Republicans hard for their resistance to renewing emergency unemployment insurance.
There’s a chance that this pressure will work to move a few GOP lawmakers to the "yes" camp, providing votes to help the unemployed. But, as we saw throughout 2013, you’re almost certain to lose if you bet on Republicans to do the right thing.

Economic engagement with Mexico is politically divisive despite supporters

Wilson 13 – Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International. Center for Scholars (Christopher E., January, "A U.S.-Mexico Economic Alliance: Policy Options for a Competitive Region," http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/new_ideas_us_mexico_relations.pdf)
At a time when Mexico is poised to experience robust economic growth, a manufacturing
AND
action to support regional exporters more politically divisive than it ought to be. 

Capital is key to passage – prevents economic collapse

AP 12/28 ~"1.3 million are losing unemployment benefits Saturday morning," http://www.columbiatribune.com/news/million-are-losing-unemployment-benefits-saturday-morning/article_9d1b52ec-6f81-11e3-9033-10604b9f6eda.html?comments=focus~~

WASHINGTON — More than 1 million Americans are bracing for a harrowing, post-
AND
children. The cost of them since 2008 has totaled 24225 billion.

Nuclear war

Harris and Burrows ’9
(Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit "Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis" http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf-http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf, AM)

Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and indeed believes the future is
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kinkaid BR | Judge: Burch
Maximizing all lives is the only way to affirm equality
Cummiskey 90 – Professor of Philosophy, Bates David, Kantian Consequentialism, Ethics 100.3, p 601-2, p 606, jstor

We must not obscure the issue by characterizing this type of case as the sacrifice
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requires that, in deciding what to do, one give appropriate practical considerat
ion to the unconditional value of rational beings and to the conditional value of happiness
AND
consideration of conduct, one’s own subjective concerns do not have overriding importance.

Ethical policymaking requires calculation of consequences

Gvosdev 5 – Rhodes scholar, PhD from St. Antony’s College, executive editor of The National Interest; Nikolas, The Value(s) of Realism, SAIS Review 25.1, pmuse,

As the name implies, realists focus on promoting policies that are achievable and sustainable
AND
—and the one that had also been roundly condemned on moral grounds.

Tournament: AZ State | Round: 2 | Opponent: McClintock GW | Judge: Kurtenbach

The AFF is a sentimental politics which promises that empathetic identification will reshape the world and actualize an ethics of care. The AFF imagines that bringing the suffering prisoner’s body into the debate space becomes a prophylactic from our violence toward others and state violence toward those. Politicizing this violence relies on a racist victim economy in which black, brown and red bodies are vampirically drained of life, made to dance for a infinitely deferred freedom, all while academics extract jouissance and advancement from their objectified identities.

Berlant ’98
/Lauren, George M. Pullman Professor, Department of English, University of Chicago, "Poor Eliza," American Literature, Vol. 70, No. 3, No More Separate Spheres21 (Sep., 1998), Duke University Press, pg. 635-668/
What distinguishes these critical texts are the startling ways they struggle to encounter the Uncle
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in some way, fully expressed by the overpresence of the stereotypical image.

The AFF’s presentation of suffering creates a marketplace of trauma, transforming wounds into a commodity for western consumption. Their politics of mourning exists by turning the other into a dead object through which we can construct a sentimental economy of pleasure and pacification. The AFF is empathetic identification as deathmaking which ensures the smooth functioning of imperialism. Their fantasy of change through investment in the law shields criticism and guises violence.

Berlant ’99
/Lauren, George M. Pullman Professor, Department of English, University of Chicago, "The Subject of True Feeling: Pain, Privacy and Politics" in Cultural Pluralism, Identity Politics and the Law ed. Sarat 26 Kearns, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, Pg. 49-54/
Ravaged wages and ravaged bodies saturate the global marketplace in which the United States seeks
AND
shields, as ethically uncontestable legitimating devices for sustaining the hegemonic field.9

We must refuse the politics of liberalism and the economization of injury and suffering. Nothing short of an outright rejection of the entirety of liberalism – ethics, aesthetics and politics – will be sufficient. Our politics does not ignore the violence of the world, it refuses a particular set of represetations and values which enframe said suffering against the movement of becoming, of life. Our argument does not wish away suffering, nor can it resolve all of the violence of modernity, but it can open us up to experiencing the world, not as zombies or vampires, but as creatures of sensuous life.

Abbas ’10
/Asma, Professor and Division Head in Social Studies, Political Science, Philosophy at the Liebowitz Center for International Studies at Bard College at Simon’s Rock, Liberalism and Human Suffering: Materialist Reflections on Politics, Ethics, and Aesthetics, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pg. Pg. 183 - 187/
In Martha Nussbaum’s celebration of cosmopolitanism, the familiar move of the invocation of the
AND
of newer forms of joy, desire, hope, and life itself.

Tournament: AZ State | Round: Semis | Opponent: Desert Vista BC | Judge: Canela, Seep, Powers

The legal system is the wrong starting point—-their focus on using the law to approve Visas ignores the everyday social injustice that marginalized immigrants experience—-the process of the 1AC ignores exclusion immigrants face in adjudication

Gilbert 5 (Lauren, Associate Professor of Law, St. Thomas University School of Law; J.D., University of Michigan School of Law, 1988; B.A., Harvard University, 1983., FIELDS OF HOPE, FIELDS OF DESPAIR: LEGISPRUDENTIAL AND HISTORIC PERSPECTIVES ON THE AGJOBS BILL OF 2003, lexis, Summer 2005)

Critical legal studies scholars question the underlying legitimacy of law and the lawmaking process.
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community even though they are unable to participate in the electoral process. n419

Social justice comes first in debate—-ethical obligation to reject oppressive knowledge production

Nieutvenhuis 10
Prof Jan Nieutvenhuis, Dept of Education Management and Policy Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, Acta Academica 2011: 43(1) – available at: http://up-za.academia.edu/JanNieuwenhuis/Papers/882363/Social_justice_in_education_today-http://up-za.academia.edu/JanNieuwenhuis/Papers/882363/Social_justice_in_education_today

Accept the geo-historical context of the struggle as something that must be reconciled
AND
to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others.

The alternative is no borders —- it solves the entirety of the aff and erases the idea of immigration completely

Gilbert 5 (Lauren, Associate Professor of Law, St. Thomas University School of Law; J.D., University of Michigan School of Law, 1988; B.A., Harvard University, 1983., FIELDS OF HOPE, FIELDS OF DESPAIR: LEGISPRUDENTIAL AND HISTORIC PERSPECTIVES ON THE AGJOBS BILL OF 2003, lexis, Summer 2005)

Each of the legisprudential theories discussed above is helpful in understanding aspects of the AgJobs
AND
as a political variable, with different actors wielding different degrees of power.

Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 5 | Opponent: GDS CT | Judge: Tyler Engler

State action and institutional ethics makes anti-blackness worse - erases the exploitation of the black body

Wilderson, award-winning author of Incognegro: A Memoir of Exile and Apartheid. He is one of two Americans to hold elected office in the African National Congress and is a former insurgent in the ANC’s armed wing, 2003 (Frank B. III "Introduction: Unspeakable Ethics" Red, White, 26 Black: Cinema and the Strucure of U.S. Antagonisms, Pg 15-16) GG
Regarding the Black position, some might ask why, after claims successfully made on
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occur? The woman at the gates of Columbia University awaits an answer.