Tournament: Georgetown | Round: 2 | Opponent: Broad Run PW | Judge: 

1AC – Bronx Science DM

1AC – Centralized Injustice

Contention one is centralized injustice

Centralized solar energy is inevitable globally – especially in Mexico

Parkinson 13, founding editor of RenewEconomy.com.au, an Australian-based website that provides news and analysis on cleantech, carbon, and climate issues. (Giles Parkinson "How the Solar PV Industry Became a Global Phenomenon" 9/12/13 http://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/12/how-the-solar-pv-industry-became-a-global-phenomenon/-http://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/12/how-the-solar-pv-industry-became-a-global-phenomenon/) NKG
The recent slew of quarterly reports from the world’s major solar PV manufacturers have delivered
AND
generate a return in the "higher mid teens" for these projects.

Status-quo efforts to provide energy access have failed – millions of rural communities in Mexico face energy poverty that strikes at the heart of human quality of life – the plan alleviates it

Ilaca and Santos 11 (Christiane llaca is Co-Manager Project Ciudad Rural, Puebla Mexico and SEDESO Ministry of Social development, Puebla, Mexico. Carlos Santos has a Masters in Science, Florida Institute of Technology, the U.S.A. and Systems Engineer, UDLA, Mexico. He is also a freelance IT consultant "Sustainable Development as an Aid in Fighting Poverty" 2011  http://www.interpv.net/market/market_view.asp?idx=75326part_code=)//NKG-http://www.interpv.net/market/market_view.asp?idx=75326part_code=)//NKG
During the last decade, few projects related to PV technology have been made to
AND
changes; poor people just need the tools to be able to develop.

Specifically, indigenous communities in Mexico are disproportionately affected by water deprivation and elite commodification of nature – allowing resource autonomy sustains indigenous culture and is a pre-requisite to environmental justice

Carruthers, 8 Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at San Diego State University (David V. Carruthers "Environmental Justice in Latin America: Problems, Promise, and Practice" February 2008) NKG
Today we call the ongoing expansion of the capitalist world system "globalization." Globalization
AND
we ought to interpret and interact with nature are constructed by all peoples.

This system of environmental injustice creates disposable populations and threatens an emerging apocalypse that demands challenging short term catastrophe focus - visible violence develops from subterranean structures of inequity

Nixon ’9 ~Rob, Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, "NEOLIBERALISM, SLOW VIOLENCE, AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL PICARESQUE", MFS Modern Fiction Studies, Volume 55 number 3, Fall 2009, http://sustainabilityparadox.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Nixon-Neoliberalism2.pdf-http://sustainabilityparadox.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Nixon-Neoliberalism2.pdf~~   
The picaresque proves uncannily effective at dramatizing another critical dimension to the environmentalism of the
AND
and are pursued into their very dreams by the anxiety of a "nuclear
holocaust" . . . Dangerous, hostile substances lie concealed behind the harmless facades
AND
casualties claimed, as at Bhopal, by the forces of slow violence.  

This outweighs any impact on probability and magnitude – risk assessment is epistemologically biased towards white male elites who discount the severity of localized environmental hazards in destroying marginalized communities.

Verchick 96 ~Robert, Assistant Professor, University of Missouri — Kansas City School of Law; J.D., Harvard Law School, 1989, "IN A GREENER VOICE: FEMINIST THEORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE" 19 Harv. Women’s L.J. 23~
Because risk assessment is based on statistical measures of risk, policymakers view it as
AND
military’s poisoning of Indian land as genocide. n330 ~*85~ 3. 

And, focus on underlying structures producing violence outweighs a one shot linear cause for conflict

Hendrick 9 (Diane, University of Bradford, Dept of Peace Studies, "Complexity Theory and Conflict  Transformation: An Exploration of Potential and Implications", Centre for Conflict Resolution, June)
John Paul Lederach, drawing on Wheatley, has found the notion of ?process
AND
of those patterns".  (Senge, 1990; 2006 p. 2) 

Uncertainty and nonlinearity are inevitable due to inherent complexity within systems

Ramalingam et al 8 ~Ben, Senior Research Associate at the Overseas Development Institute, and Harry jones at ODI, "Exploring the science of complexity: Ideas and Implications for development and humanitarian efforts" http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/833.pdf-http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/833.pdf ~ 10
Concept 4: Nonlinearity5 ‘... the darkest corner of science is the realm of non-linear problems
AND
have ‘fallen under the enchantment of delivering clear, specific, measurable outcomes’ (Westley et al., 2006).

Energy decision-making avoids complexity – it facilitates a constantly shifting form of organization that adapts and combats injustice

Gilchrist 2k ~Alison, BA and MS, Regional Links Manager (England) for the Community Develop- ment Foundation, advising the emerging regional authorities on their strat- egies for community involvement in a variety of government funding programmes and policy initiatives, "The well-connected community: networking to the edge of chaos", COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL VOL. 35 NO. 3 July 2000 pp. 264–275~
Organizational studies suggest that network forms of organization provide the most effective means of coping
AND
of contemporary or contested values of social justice. Oppression, prejudice and social
exclusion hinder and distort communication of information across the system and constrain potentially advantageous collaborative
AND
participation in community activities and the strength- ening of local democratic processes.

1AC – Scalar Politics

Contention two is scalar politics

The plan’s shifting of the scale of energy decision-making spurs social movements despite complexity

Miller 9 ~Clark, associate director of the Consortium for Science, Policy 26 Outcomes and associate director of the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University. He is also an associate professor in the School of Politics and Global Studies at ASU. He serves on the advisory committee for the Nanotechnology Informal Science Education Network and the Bovay Center for Engineering, Ethics, and Society at the National Academy of Engineering. In 2003, he served as a consultant to the United Nations Environment Programme and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Miller is the co-editor of Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance, "ENERGY JUSTICE", July 21, http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articledetails.aspx?aid=164~~
The fight over Keystone XL is thus as much about justice as it is about
AND
of the future are not only more environmentally friendly but also more just.

Shifting the scale fosters empirically successful grassroots movements against the environmental injustice of elites

Towers 2k ~George, PhD and professor of human geography at Concord University, "Applying the Political Geography of Scale: Grassroots Strategies and Environmental Justice*", Professional Geographer, 52(1) 2000, pages 23–36~
The grassroots environmental movement is defined by geographical scale. The thou- sands of
AND
the landscape taught the community the language of systemic environ- mental justice.

Current policies are framed through an elite scale that over codes local struggles with elite interests – the framing of the 1AC around injustice challenges this top-down managerialism

McCan 3 ~Eugene, Professor of Geography – Ohio State University, "FRAMING SPACE AND TIME IN THE CITY: URBAN POLICY AND THE POLITICS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALE" JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Volume 25, Number 2, pages 159–178~
My purpose is to consider how a burgeoning literature in critical human geography can provide
AND
the city has important, if unpredictable, implications for policy and politics.
CONTINUES
Three specific points can be drawn from this literature that relate directly to the politics
AND
these strategies and the use of scale as a framework for political persuasion.
CONTINUES
The first aspect of the politics of scale in Austin revolves around conflicting attempts to
AND
sorts of scalar arguments that were, for instance, exhibited in Austin.

1AC – Plan

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should provide decentralized integrated photovoltaic electrification assistance to Mexico.

1AC – Solvency

Contention three is solvency

The past MREP focused on Solar Home Systems

van Campen et al, 2k Environment and Natural Resources Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Bart Van Campen; Daniele Guidi, Renewable Energy Consultant; Gustavo Best, Environment and Natural Resources Service "Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" 2000 http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar20photovoltaic20for20SARD.pdf-http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar photovoltaic for SARD.pdf) NKG
The Mexico Renewable Energy Programme (MREP) is managed by Sandia National Laboratories (
AND
MREP complements programmes by the Mexican Government mainly focusing on Solar Home Systems.

That’s why integrated PV assistance solves best – it’s distinct from past policies since it goes beyond SHS and promotes local integration

van Campen et al, 2k Environment and Natural Resources Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Bart Van Campen; Daniele Guidi, Renewable Energy Consultant; Gustavo Best, Environment and Natural Resources Service "Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" 2000 http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar20photovoltaic20for20SARD.pdf-http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar photovoltaic for SARD.pdf) NKG
The findings of this study have led the authors to believe that the time is
AND
organizations. PV systems adapt easily to these different types of institutional arrangements.

Multiple mechanisms ensure that the plan solves – it spills over

ASES, 99 leads national efforts to increase the use of solar energy, energy
AND
1999 solar.nmsu.edu/publications/mexicopaper.pdf)NKG
Many of the principles on which the Mexico Renewable Energy Program are based stem from
AND
Mexico for the last five or so years. Its fundamental aspects are:
• Partnerships
• Capacity Building
• Technical Assistance
• Implementation of Pilot Projects
• Replication, and
• Monitoring.
Partnerships
Partnerships, especially with in-country organizations and individuals, are critical to progress
AND
the environment into a coherent set of activities would be impossible without it.
Capacity Building
Building in-country institutional and/or community capacity to deploy, use,
AND
little capacity-building of its own in order to do business internationally.
Technical Assistance
Technical assistance contributes to, but is different from, capacity building. It involves
AND
need less and less assistance and eventually are able to handle everything themselves.
Implementation of Pilot Projects
A key feature of the Mexico Renewable Energy Program is that it uses pilot projects
AND
, the program enters the project replication phase, which is described below.
Project Replication
Project replication, or growing sustainable markets, is the program’s ultimate measure of success
AND
result, the various activities could also be undertaken separately or in sequence.
Monitoring
Monitoring the results of the program is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness, to learn
AND
provides accurate and meaningful information with which to assess and manage the program.

Tournament: Kaiser | Round: 2 | Opponent: Newark Science HS | Judge: Jordan Gizzarelli

1AC – Bronx Science DM

1AC – Centralized Injustice

Contention one is centralized injustice

Centralized solar energy is inevitable globally – especially in Mexico

Parkinson 13, founding editor of RenewEconomy.com.au, an Australian-based website that provides news and analysis on cleantech, carbon, and climate issues. (Giles Parkinson "How the Solar PV Industry Became a Global Phenomenon" 9/12/13 http://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/12/how-the-solar-pv-industry-became-a-global-phenomenon/-http://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/12/how-the-solar-pv-industry-became-a-global-phenomenon/) NKG
The recent slew of quarterly reports from the world’s major solar PV manufacturers have delivered
AND
generate a return in the "higher mid teens" for these projects.

Status-quo efforts to provide energy access have failed – millions of rural communities in Mexico face energy poverty that strikes at the heart of human quality of life – the plan alleviates it

Ilaca and Santos 11 (Christiane llaca is Co-Manager Project Ciudad Rural, Puebla Mexico and SEDESO Ministry of Social development, Puebla, Mexico. Carlos Santos has a Masters in Science, Florida Institute of Technology, the U.S.A. and Systems Engineer, UDLA, Mexico. He is also a freelance IT consultant "Sustainable Development as an Aid in Fighting Poverty" 2011  http://www.interpv.net/market/market_view.asp?idx=75326part_code=)//NKG-http://www.interpv.net/market/market_view.asp?idx=75326part_code=)//NKG
During the last decade, few projects related to PV technology have been made to
AND
changes; poor people just need the tools to be able to develop.

Specifically, indigenous communities in Mexico are disproportionately affected by water deprivation and elite commodification of nature – allowing resource autonomy sustains indigenous culture and is a pre-requisite to environmental justice

Carruthers, 8 Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at San Diego State University (David V. Carruthers "Environmental Justice in Latin America: Problems, Promise, and Practice" February 2008) NKG
Today we call the ongoing expansion of the capitalist world system "globalization." Globalization
AND
we ought to interpret and interact with nature are constructed by all peoples.

This system of environmental injustice creates disposable populations and threatens an emerging apocalypse that demands challenging short term catastrophe focus - visible violence develops from subterranean structures of inequity

Nixon ’9 ~Rob, Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, "NEOLIBERALISM, SLOW VIOLENCE, AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL PICARESQUE", MFS Modern Fiction Studies, Volume 55 number 3, Fall 2009, http://sustainabilityparadox.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Nixon-Neoliberalism2.pdf-http://sustainabilityparadox.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Nixon-Neoliberalism2.pdf~~   
The picaresque proves uncannily effective at dramatizing another critical dimension to the environmentalism of the
AND
and are pursued into their very dreams by the anxiety of a "nuclear
holocaust" . . . Dangerous, hostile substances lie concealed behind the harmless facades
AND
casualties claimed, as at Bhopal, by the forces of slow violence.  

This outweighs any impact on probability and magnitude – risk assessment is epistemologically biased towards white male elites who discount the severity of localized environmental hazards in destroying marginalized communities.

Verchick 96 ~Robert, Assistant Professor, University of Missouri — Kansas City School of Law; J.D., Harvard Law School, 1989, "IN A GREENER VOICE: FEMINIST THEORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE" 19 Harv. Women’s L.J. 23~
Because risk assessment is based on statistical measures of risk, policymakers view it as
AND
military’s poisoning of Indian land as genocide. n330 ~*85~ 3. 

And, focus on underlying structures producing violence outweighs a one shot linear cause for conflict

Hendrick 9 (Diane, University of Bradford, Dept of Peace Studies, "Complexity Theory and Conflict  Transformation: An Exploration of Potential and Implications", Centre for Conflict Resolution, June)
John Paul Lederach, drawing on Wheatley, has found the notion of ?process
AND
of those patterns".  (Senge, 1990; 2006 p. 2) 

Uncertainty and nonlinearity are inevitable due to inherent complexity within systems

Ramalingam et al 8 ~Ben, Senior Research Associate at the Overseas Development Institute, and Harry jones at ODI, "Exploring the science of complexity: Ideas and Implications for development and humanitarian efforts" http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/833.pdf-http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/833.pdf ~ 10
Concept 4: Nonlinearity5 ‘... the darkest corner of science is the realm of non-linear problems
AND
have ‘fallen under the enchantment of delivering clear, specific, measurable outcomes’ (Westley et al., 2006).

Energy decision-making avoids complexity – it facilitates a constantly shifting form of organization that adapts and combats injustice

Gilchrist 2k ~Alison, BA and MS, Regional Links Manager (England) for the Community Develop- ment Foundation, advising the emerging regional authorities on their strat- egies for community involvement in a variety of government funding programmes and policy initiatives, "The well-connected community: networking to the edge of chaos", COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL VOL. 35 NO. 3 July 2000 pp. 264–275~
Organizational studies suggest that network forms of organization provide the most effective means of coping
AND
of contemporary or contested values of social justice. Oppression, prejudice and social
exclusion hinder and distort communication of information across the system and constrain potentially advantageous collaborative
AND
participation in community activities and the strength- ening of local democratic processes.

1AC – Scalar Politics

Contention two is scalar politics

The plan’s shifting of the scale of energy decision-making spurs social movements despite complexity

Miller 9 ~Clark, associate director of the Consortium for Science, Policy 26 Outcomes and associate director of the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University. He is also an associate professor in the School of Politics and Global Studies at ASU. He serves on the advisory committee for the Nanotechnology Informal Science Education Network and the Bovay Center for Engineering, Ethics, and Society at the National Academy of Engineering. In 2003, he served as a consultant to the United Nations Environment Programme and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Miller is the co-editor of Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance, "ENERGY JUSTICE", July 21, http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articledetails.aspx?aid=164~~
The fight over Keystone XL is thus as much about justice as it is about
AND
of the future are not only more environmentally friendly but also more just.

Shifting the scale fosters empirically successful grassroots movements against the environmental injustice of elites

Towers 2k ~George, PhD and professor of human geography at Concord University, "Applying the Political Geography of Scale: Grassroots Strategies and Environmental Justice*", Professional Geographer, 52(1) 2000, pages 23–36~
The grassroots environmental movement is defined by geographical scale. The thou- sands of
AND
the landscape taught the community the language of systemic environ- mental justice.

Current policies are framed through an elite scale that over codes local struggles with elite interests – the framing of the 1AC around injustice challenges this top-down managerialism

McCan 3 ~Eugene, Professor of Geography – Ohio State University, "FRAMING SPACE AND TIME IN THE CITY: URBAN POLICY AND THE POLITICS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALE" JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Volume 25, Number 2, pages 159–178~
My purpose is to consider how a burgeoning literature in critical human geography can provide
AND
the city has important, if unpredictable, implications for policy and politics.
CONTINUES
Three specific points can be drawn from this literature that relate directly to the politics
AND
these strategies and the use of scale as a framework for political persuasion.
CONTINUES
The first aspect of the politics of scale in Austin revolves around conflicting attempts to
AND
sorts of scalar arguments that were, for instance, exhibited in Austin.

1AC – Plan

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should provide decentralized integrated photovoltaic electrification assistance to Mexico.

1AC – Solvency

Contention three is solvency

The past MREP focused on Solar Home Systems

van Campen et al, 2k Environment and Natural Resources Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Bart Van Campen; Daniele Guidi, Renewable Energy Consultant; Gustavo Best, Environment and Natural Resources Service "Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" 2000 http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar20photovoltaic20for20SARD.pdf-http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar photovoltaic for SARD.pdf) NKG
The Mexico Renewable Energy Programme (MREP) is managed by Sandia National Laboratories (
AND
MREP complements programmes by the Mexican Government mainly focusing on Solar Home Systems.

That’s why integrated PV assistance solves best – it’s distinct from past policies since it goes beyond SHS and promotes local integration

van Campen et al, 2k Environment and Natural Resources Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Bart Van Campen; Daniele Guidi, Renewable Energy Consultant; Gustavo Best, Environment and Natural Resources Service "Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" 2000 http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar20photovoltaic20for20SARD.pdf-http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar photovoltaic for SARD.pdf) NKG
The findings of this study have led the authors to believe that the time is
AND
organizations. PV systems adapt easily to these different types of institutional arrangements.

Multiple mechanisms ensure that the plan solves – it spills over

ASES, 99 leads national efforts to increase the use of solar energy, energy
AND
1999 solar.nmsu.edu/publications/mexicopaper.pdf)NKG
Many of the principles on which the Mexico Renewable Energy Program are based stem from
AND
Mexico for the last five or so years. Its fundamental aspects are:
• Partnerships
• Capacity Building
• Technical Assistance
• Implementation of Pilot Projects
• Replication, and
• Monitoring.
Partnerships
Partnerships, especially with in-country organizations and individuals, are critical to progress
AND
the environment into a coherent set of activities would be impossible without it.
Capacity Building
Building in-country institutional and/or community capacity to deploy, use,
AND
little capacity-building of its own in order to do business internationally.
Technical Assistance
Technical assistance contributes to, but is different from, capacity building. It involves
AND
need less and less assistance and eventually are able to handle everything themselves.
Implementation of Pilot Projects
A key feature of the Mexico Renewable Energy Program is that it uses pilot projects
AND
, the program enters the project replication phase, which is described below.
Project Replication
Project replication, or growing sustainable markets, is the program’s ultimate measure of success
AND
result, the various activities could also be undertaken separately or in sequence.
Monitoring
Monitoring the results of the program is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness, to learn
AND
provides accurate and meaningful information with which to assess and manage the program.

Tournament: GBX | Round: 2 | Opponent: U Chigago NY | Judge: Michael Stroud

1AC – Bronx Science DM

1AC – Centralized Injustice

Contention one is centralized injustice

Centralized solar energy is inevitable globally – especially in Mexico

Parkinson 13, founding editor of RenewEconomy.com.au, an Australian-based website that provides news and analysis on cleantech, carbon, and climate issues. (Giles Parkinson "How the Solar PV Industry Became a Global Phenomenon" 9/12/13 http://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/12/how-the-solar-pv-industry-became-a-global-phenomenon/) NKG
The recent slew of quarterly reports from the world’s major solar PV manufacturers have delivered
AND
generate a return in the "higher mid teens" for these projects.

Status-quo efforts to provide energy access have failed – millions of rural communities in Mexico face energy poverty that strikes at the heart of human quality of life – the plan alleviates it

Ilaca and Santos 11 (Christiane llaca is Co-Manager Project Ciudad Rural, Puebla Mexico and SEDESO Ministry of Social development, Puebla, Mexico. Carlos Santos has a Masters in Science, Florida Institute of Technology, the U.S.A. and Systems Engineer, UDLA, Mexico. He is also a freelance IT consultant "Sustainable Development as an Aid in Fighting Poverty" 2011  http://www.interpv.net/market/market_view.asp?idx=75326part_code=)//NKG
During the last decade, few projects related to PV technology have been made to
AND
changes; poor people just need the tools to be able to develop.

Specifically, indigenous communities in Mexico are disproportionately affected by water deprivation and elite commodification of nature – allowing resource autonomy sustains indigenous culture and is a pre-requisite to environmental justice

Carruthers, 8 Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at San Diego State University (David V. Carruthers "Environmental Justice in Latin America: Problems, Promise, and Practice" February 2008) NKG
Today we call the ongoing expansion of the capitalist world system "globalization." Globalization
AND
we ought to interpret and interact with nature are constructed by all peoples.

This system of environmental injustice creates disposable populations and threatens an emerging apocalypse that demands challenging short term catastrophe focus - visible violence develops from subterranean structures of inequity

Nixon ’9 ~Rob, Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, "NEOLIBERALISM, SLOW VIOLENCE, AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL PICARESQUE", MFS Modern Fiction Studies, Volume 55 number 3, Fall 2009, http://sustainabilityparadox.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Nixon-Neoliberalism2.pdf~~   
The picaresque proves uncannily effective at dramatizing another critical dimension to the environmentalism of the
AND
and are pursued into their very dreams by the anxiety of a "nuclear
holocaust" . . . Dangerous, hostile substances lie concealed behind the harmless facades
AND
casualties claimed, as at Bhopal, by the forces of slow violence.  

This outweighs any impact on probability and magnitude – risk assessment is epistemologically biased towards white male elites who discount the severity of localized environmental hazards in destroying marginalized communities.

Verchick 96 ~Robert, Assistant Professor, University of Missouri — Kansas City School of Law; J.D., Harvard Law School, 1989, "IN A GREENER VOICE: FEMINIST THEORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE" 19 Harv. Women’s L.J. 23~
Because risk assessment is based on statistical measures of risk, policymakers view it as
AND
military’s poisoning of Indian land as genocide. n330 ~*85~ 3. 

And, focus on underlying structures producing violence outweighs a one shot linear cause for conflict

Hendrick 9 (Diane, University of Bradford, Dept of Peace Studies, "Complexity Theory and Conflict  Transformation: An Exploration of Potential and Implications", Centre for Conflict Resolution, June)
John Paul Lederach, drawing on Wheatley, has found the notion of ?process
AND
of those patterns".  (Senge, 1990; 2006 p. 2) 

Energy decision-making avoids complexity – it facilitates a constantly shifting form of organization that adapts and combats injustice

Gilchrist 2k ~Alison, BA and MS, Regional Links Manager (England) for the Community Develop- ment Foundation, advising the emerging regional authorities on their strat- egies for community involvement in a variety of government funding programmes and policy initiatives, "The well-connected community: networking to the edge of chaos", COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL VOL. 35 NO. 3 July 2000 pp. 264–275~
Organizational studies suggest that network forms of organization provide the most effective means of coping
AND
of contemporary or contested values of social justice. Oppression, prejudice and social
exclusion hinder and distort communication of information across the system and constrain potentially advantageous collaborative
AND
participation in community activities and the strength- ening of local democratic processes.

1AC – Scalar Politics

Contention two is scalar politics

Uncertainty and nonlinearity are inevitable due to inherent complexity within systems

Ramalingam et al 8 ~Ben, Senior Research Associate at the Overseas Development Institute, and Harry jones at ODI, "Exploring the science of complexity: Ideas and Implications for development and humanitarian efforts" http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/833.pdf ~ 10
Concept 4: Nonlinearity5 ’... the darkest corner of science ~is~ the realm
AND
offset by the almost universal complaint that the log frame rests on a very
linear logic, which suggests that if Activity A is done, Output B will result, leading to Outcome C and Impact D. This linear idea of cause and effect is profoundly ill-at-ease with the implications of complexity science and, indeed, the experiences of many development practitioners. The authors of the study sum up the problems of the log frame in a way that is key to our discussion of complexity: ’Unfortunately (for the logical framework approach at least) we are not working with such a selfcontained system and there are so many factors involved which lie beyond the scope of the 27 planned initiative that will change the way things work. Although the LFA makes some attempt to capture these through the consideration of the risks and assumptions, these are limited by the imagination and experience of those involved. As a result the LFA tends to be one-dimensional and fails to reflect the messy realities facing development actors’ (Bakewell and Garbutt, 2005). Nonlinearity also has clear implications for the increased interest in randomised control trials (RCTs). While the implications of nonlinearity for techniques and tools such as the log frame and RCTs are increasingly well understood by many actors within the aid system, the answer to the deeper question as to whether incorporation of nonlinearity will be feasible, given the pressure on donors to justify aid budgets while having to deal with a reducing headcount, is less clear. The distinction between linearity and nonlinearity can be seen in as providing a theoretical underpinning of the frequently cited tension between upward accountability and learning. It also provides a means to re-frame the debate. If the two goals of accountability and learning are also about different mindsets, the degree to which an appropriate balance can be struck – without exploring these mindsets and the assumptions on which they are based – is open to question. Concept 5: Sensitivity to initial conditions Outline of the concept The behaviours of complex systems are sensitive to their initial conditions. Simply, this means that two complex systems that are initially very close together in terms of their various elements and dimensions can end up in distinctly different places. This comes from nonlinearity of relationships – where changes are not proportional, small changes in any one of the elements can result in large changes regarding the phenomenon of interest. Detailed explanation Imagine a small ball dropped onto the edge of a razor blade, as shown in the first image in Figure 4 below. The ball can strike the blade in such a way that it can go off to the left (centre image) or to the right (right-hand image). The condition that will determine whether the ball goes to the left or right is minute. If the ball were initially held centred over the blade (as in the first image), a prediction of which direction the ball would bounce would be impossible to make with certainty. A very slight change in the initial conditions of the ball can result in falling to the right or left of the blade. Figure 4: Sensitivity to initial conditions – ball striking razor blade Source: http://www.schuelers.com/ChaosPsyche/part_1_14.htm. The concept of phase space (Concept 6) allows a more precise understanding of initial conditions. Phase space allows for the analysis of the evolution of systems by considering the evolution process as a sequence of states in time (Rosen, 1991). A state is the position of the system in its phase space at a given time. At any time, the system’s state can be seen as the initial conditions for whatever processes follow. The sensitive dependence on initial conditions, in phase space terms, means that the position of a system in its phase space at a particular moment will have an influence on its future evolution. The interactions that are taking place at any moment in time have evolved from a previous moment in time, that is, all interactions are contingent on an historical process. Put simply, history matters in complex systems. 28 The infamous butterfly effect was a metaphor developed to illustrate this idea in the context of the weather. Edward Lorenz (1972), a meteorologist, used the metaphor of a flapping wing of a butterfly to explain how a minute difference in the initial condition of a weather system leads to a chain of events producing large-scale differences in weather patterns, such as the occurrence of a tornado where there was none before. As more recent thinkers have put it, in relation to complex systems in general, an initial uncertainty in measurement of the state of a system: ’… however small, inevitably grow~s~ so large that long-range prediction becomes impossible … even the most gentle, unaccounted-for perturbation can produce, in short order, abject failure of prediction’ (Peak and Frame, 1998). A large proportion of complex systems are prone to exhibiting the butterfly effect, so much so that some have defined complex behaviour as occurring where the butterfly effect is present (ibid). As no two situations will be exactly alike, the phenomenon will inevitably occur in many settings. As with nonlinearity, many have not used formal models to demonstrate the butterfly effect, but instead have tried to develop a qualitative understanding of the likely quantitative nature of real life situations. Sensitivity to initial conditions also means that ’the generalisation of good practice ~between contexts~ begins to look fragile’ (Haynes, 2003) because initial conditions are never exactly the same, and because the complexity and nonlinearity of behaviour make it extremely difficult to separate the contributions to overall behaviour that individual factors have. Any notion of ’good practice’ requires a detailed local knowledge to understand why the practice in question was good. This concept highlights the importance of understanding what can be forecast in complex systems to what level of certainty, as well as what is comparable across complex systems. It reinforces the point that both of these areas are necessarily restricted by the perspective of the observer. Sensitive dependence on initial conditions suggests that no single perspective can capture all there is to know about a system, that it may be wise to look in detail at how appropriate our solution to a problem is, and that it may be better to work with inevitable uncertainty rather than plan based on flimsy or hopeful predictions. This may mean, to take the example of predictability, that the success of a nation may be best explained not by its population’s virtues, its natural resources and its government’s skills, but rather simply by the position it took in the past, with small historical advantages leading to much bigger advantages later. Another example is how socioeconomic policy can result in a separation of neighbourhoods, driving a large gap between the rich and the poor so that, in short order, a gulf in wealth can result between two families who once had similar wealth (Byrne and Rogers, 1996). This is closely related to the notion of ’path dependence’, which is the idea that many alternatives are possible at some stages of a system’s development, but once one of these alternatives gains the upper hand, it becomes ’locked in’ and it is not possible to go to any of the previous available alternatives. For example, ’… many cities developed where and how they did not because of the "natural advantages" we are so quick to detect after the fact, but because their establishment set off self-reinforcing expectations and behaviours’ (Cronon, cited in Jervis, 1997). In economic development, the term ’path dependence’ is used to describe how standards which are first-to-market can become entrenched ’lock ins’ - such as the QWERTY layout in typewriters still used in computer keyboards (David, 2000). In certain situations, positive feedbacks leading from a small change can lead to such irreversible path dependence (Urry, 2003). Urry gives the example of irreversibility across an entire industry or sector, whereby through sensitive dependence on initial conditions, feedback can set in motion institutional patterns that are hard or impossible to reverse. He cites the example of the domination of steel and petroleum-based fuel models, developed in the late 29 19th century, which have come to dominate over other fuel alternatives, especially steam and electric, which were at the time preferable. The concept of path dependence has received some criticism from exponents of complexity science, because it has imported into economics the view that minor initial perturbations are important while grafting this onto an underlying theory that still assumes that there are a finite number of stable and alternative end-states, one of which will arise based on the particular initial conditions. As will be explained in Concept 7 on attractors and chaos, this is not always the case in complex systems (Margolis and Liebowitz, 1998).  Example: Sensitive dependence on initial conditions and economic growth Economists have generally identified sensitive dependence on initial conditions as one of the important features of the growth process – that is, what eventually happens to an economy depends greatly on the point of departure. There is mounting evidence that large qualitative differences in outcomes can arise from small (and perhaps accidental) differences in initial conditions or events (Hurwicz, 1995). In other words, the scope for and the direction and magnitude of change that a society can undertake depend critically on its prevailing objective conditions and the constellation of sociopolitical and institutional factors that have shaped these conditions. For specific economies, the initial conditions affecting economic growth include levels of per capita income; the development of human capital; the natural resource base; the levels and structure of production; the degree of the economy’s openness and its form of integration into the world system; the development of physical infrastructure; and institutional variables such as governance, land tenure and property rights. One might add here the nature of colonial rule and the institutional arrangements it bequeathed the former colonies, the decolonisation process, and the economic interests and policies of the erstwhile colonial masters. Wrongly specifying these initial conditions can undermine policy initiatives. Government polices are not simply a matter of choice made without historical or socioeconomic preconditions. Further, a sensitive appreciation of the differences and similarities in the initial conditions is important if one is to avoid some of the invidious comparisons one runs into today and the naive voluntarism that policymakers exhibit when they declare that their particular country is about to become the ’new tiger’ of Africa. Such comparisons and self-description actually make the process of learning from others more costly because they start the planning process off on a wrong foot (Mkandawire and Soludo, 1999). Implication: Rethink the scope of learning and the purpose of planning in an uncertain world Sensitivity to initial conditions suggests that there are inevitably degrees of non-comparability across, and unpredictability within, complex systems. Some have argued that this implies that: ’… the map to the future cannot be drawn in advance. We cannot know enough to set forth a meaningful vision or plan productively’ (Tetenbaum, 1998). The general implications for development theory and practice have been highlighted by a previous ODI working paper on participatory approaches, which suggests that this implies the notion of development as planned change is paradoxical. To quote directly, ’… perfect planning would imply perfect knowledge of the future, which in turn would imply a totally deterministic universe in which planning would not make a difference’ (Geyer, cited in Sellamna, 1999). Sellamna goes on: ’For this reason, development planning should abandon prescriptive, goal-oriented decision making and prediction about future states and focus instead on understanding the dynamics of 30 change and promoting a collective learning framework through which concerned stakeholders can constantly, through dialogue, express their respective interests and reach consensus.’ With regards to learning, this poses profound issues for the transferability of ’best practice’, a concept that has taken on increasing meaning within the development sector since the rise of knowledge management and organisational learning strategies (Ramalingam, 2005). While it is possible that, for example, an understanding of the interplay of factors driving urban change in the Philippines may be relevant for analysis of urban change in Guatemala, this is not necessarily the case. The sensitivity to initial conditions gives us a strong reason to suppose that, even if we have a generally useful perspective on urban environments, this may entirely fail to capture the key features of the next situation we look at. This means that the search for ’best practices’ may need to be replaced by the search for ’good principles’. Some have suggested that the most appropriate way to bring the principles of effective approaches from one context to another is for ’… development workers to become facilitators … enabling representatives of other communities … to see first hand what in the successful project they would wish to replicate’ (Breslin, 2004). Moving onto planning, to say that prediction of any kind is impossible may be overstating the case. Complexity does suggest that, in certain kinds of systems, future events cannot be forecasted to a useful level of probability and that, from certain perspectives, it is not possible to offer any firm prediction of the way the future will pan out on certain timescales. However, in other systems, future events can be foreseen in a helpful manner. For example, Geyer (2006) suggests that, with political dynamics, it is fairly safe to predict the short-term dynamics of basic power resources and political structures and that, therefore, there is decent scope for forecasting voting and decision outcomes of policy. On the other hand, examining party and institutional dynamics becomes more difficult, and grasping the potential shifts in contested political and social debates is even harder, while the longterm development of political dynamics is effectively characterised by disorder, as far as our ability to predict is concerned. It is important to clarify that certain levels of uncertainty are unavoidable when looking into the future. Complexity science suggests that it is important to identify and analyse these levels of unpredictability as part of the nature of the systems with which we work, and not treat uncertainty as in some way ’unscientific’ or embarrassing. Rather than rejecting planning outright, there is a need to rethink the purpose and principles of planning. This has two key strands. First, it is necessary to incorporate an acceptance of the inherent levels of uncertainty into planning. The requirement for a certain level of detail in understanding future events should be balanced with the understanding that both simple and intricate processes carry uncertainty of prediction. While improving one’s models of change and analyses of facets of a situation may be worthwhile, it is just as important and often more practical to work with a realistic understanding of this uncertainty and build a level of flexibility and adaptability into projects, allowing for greater resilience. It has been argued that development projects have ’fallen under the enchantment of ~delivering~ clear, specific, measurable outcomes’ (Westley et al., 2006).

The plan’s shifting of the scale of energy decision-making spurs social movements despite complexity

Miller 9 ~Clark, associate director of the Consortium for Science, Policy 26 Outcomes and associate director of the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University. He is also an associate professor in the School of Politics and Global Studies at ASU. He serves on the advisory committee for the Nanotechnology Informal Science Education Network and the Bovay Center for Engineering, Ethics, and Society at the National Academy of Engineering. In 2003, he served as a consultant to the United Nations Environment Programme and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Miller is the co-editor of Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance, "ENERGY JUSTICE", July 21, http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articledetails.aspx?aid=164~~
The fight over Keystone XL is thus as much about justice as it is about
AND
of the future are not only more environmentally friendly but also more just.

Shifting the scale fosters empirically successful grassroots movements against the environmental injustice of elites

Towers 2k ~George, PhD and professor of human geography at Concord University, "Applying the Political Geography of Scale: Grassroots Strategies and Environmental Justice*", Professional Geographer, 52(1) 2000, pages 23–36~
The grassroots environmental movement is defined by geographical scale. The thou- sands of
AND
the landscape taught the community the language of systemic environ- mental justice.

Probability outweighs magnitude – the logic of any risk of extinction outweighs destroys rational risk assessment

Kessler ’8 ~Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld,   "From Insecurity to Uncertainty:  Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics" Alternatives  33 (2008), 211-232~  
If the risk of terrorism is defined in traditional terms by probability and potential loss
AND
prevail than in situations where security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.  

1AC – Plan

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should provide decentralized integrated photovoltaic electrification assistance to Mexico.

1AC – Solvency

Contention three is solvency

The past MREP focused on Solar Home Systems

van Campen et al, 2k Environment and Natural Resources Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Bart Van Campen; Daniele Guidi, Renewable Energy Consultant; Gustavo Best, Environment and Natural Resources Service "Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" 2000 http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar20photovoltaic20for20SARD.pdf) NKG
The Mexico Renewable Energy Programme (MREP) is managed by Sandia National Laboratories (
AND
MREP complements programmes by the Mexican Government mainly focusing on Solar Home Systems.

That’s why integrated PV assistance solves best – it’s distinct from past policies since it goes beyond SHS and promotes local integration

van Campen et al, 2k Environment and Natural Resources Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Bart Van Campen; Daniele Guidi, Renewable Energy Consultant; Gustavo Best, Environment and Natural Resources Service "Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" 2000 http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar20photovoltaic20for20SARD.pdf) NKG
The findings of this study have led the authors to believe that the time is
AND
organizations. PV systems adapt easily to these different types of institutional arrangements.

Multiple mechanisms ensure that the plan solves – it spills over

ASES, 99 leads national efforts to increase the use of solar energy, energy
AND
1999 solar.nmsu.edu/publications/mexicopaper.pdf)NKG
Many of the principles on which the Mexico Renewable Energy Program are based stem from
AND
Mexico for the last five or so years. Its fundamental aspects are:
• Partnerships
• Capacity Building
• Technical Assistance
• Implementation of Pilot Projects
• Replication, and
• Monitoring.
Partnerships
Partnerships, especially with in-country organizations and individuals, are critical to progress
AND
the environment into a coherent set of activities would be impossible without it.
Capacity Building
Building in-country institutional and/or community capacity to deploy, use,
AND
little capacity-building of its own in order to do business internationally.
Technical Assistance
Technical assistance contributes to, but is different from, capacity building. It involves
AND
need less and less assistance and eventually are able to handle everything themselves.
Implementation of Pilot Projects
A key feature of the Mexico Renewable Energy Program is that it uses pilot projects
AND
, the program enters the project replication phase, which is described below.
Project Replication
Project replication, or growing sustainable markets, is the program’s ultimate measure of success
AND
energy projects is established, institutions begin to implement other projects on their own

 in accordance with their programmatic objectives, say, agricultural infrastructure improvement in the
AND
result, the various activities could also be undertaken separately or in sequence.
Monitoring
Monitoring the results of the program is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness, to learn
AND
provides accurate and meaningful information with which to assess and manage the program.

Limited deliberative forums like debate which discuss Latin American specific policies prevent elite domination, develops agency, and promotes epistemological equality

Baxter 10 (Jorge, Education Specialist, Department of Education and Culture in the Organization of American States, Former Coordinator of the Inter-American Program on Education for Democratic Values and Practices at the OAS, PHD in International Comparative Education and Policy from University of Maryland College Park, "Towards a Deliberative and Democratic Model of International Cooperation in Education in Latin America", Inter-American Journal of Education for Democracy, 3(2), 224-254, https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ried/article/viewFile/1016/1307, Accessed: 7/30/13)OG 

In the context of international¶ education cooperation and international¶ development in Latin America
AND
of quality¶ and equity in education at national and local¶ levels.

Tournament: Capitol | Round: 1 | Opponent: Centennial DL | Judge: Ellie Miller
Limited deliberative forums like debate which discuss Latin American specific policies prevent elite domination, develops agency, and promotes epistemological equality
Baxter 10 (Jorge, Education Specialist, Department of Education and Culture in the Organization of American States, Former Coordinator of the Inter-American Program on Education for Democratic Values and Practices at the OAS, PHD in International Comparative Education and Policy from University of Maryland College Park, “Towards a Deliberative and Democratic Model of International Cooperation in Education in Latin America”, Inter-American Journal of Education for Democracy, 3(2), 224-254, https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ried/article/viewFile/1016/1307, Accessed: 7/30/13)OG 

In the context of international¶ education cooperation and international¶ development in Latin America
AND
of quality¶ and equity in education at national and local¶ levels.
They will cause people to think their oppression doesn’t fit under the umbrella of anti-blackness- that was above. They fracture the movement that opposes anti-blackness  because they play the oppression Olympics- including age, gender, class, and sexual orientation in a racial democracy is key.  
Roberts, 2012 (Neil Roberts is Assistant Professor of Africana Studies and Faculty Affiliate in Political Science at Williams College. Political Philosophy  Theory and Event  Volume 15, Issue 3, 2012)
Assessing how we might reimagine discourse on Martin, Hancock’s article situates the deaths of
AND
— however evanescent, however staggered, and however long—to materialize.

Focusing solely on race as the sole determining factor in causes of anti-blackness is totalizing and ignores discrimination in conjunction with the black body like age and gender. It ignores lived experiences of age and race discrimination like the Trayvon Martin case.
Hancock, 2012 (Ange-Marie Hancock is Associate Professor of Political Science and Gender Studies at the University of Southern California. A globally recognized expert in intersectionality, she has published The Politics of Disgust and the Public Identity of the “Welfare Queen” (2004) and Solidarity Politics for Millennials: A Guide to Ending the Oppression Olympics (2011), in addition to articles in several journals, “Trayvon martin, Intersectionality, and the Politics of Disgust” Political Philosophy  Theory and Event  Volume 15, Issue 3, 2012)
Paradigm intersectionality features five distinct, intimately connected, dimensions, which seek to take
AND
its short way to or already arrived at a post-racial future.
The alt’s rejection of the states makes it seem stronger than it actually is. This dooms the alt to reproduce the hierarchal structures we critique.  
Guattari and Rolnik, schitzoanalysts, revolutionaries, 1986
Felix and Suely, Molecular Revolution in Brazil, p. 120-121
Comment: It's good that you mentioned those homosexuals who worked within the system as
AND
as possible to create other territories of life, which are often clandestine.
b) They say every struggle, as long as it isn’t centrally focused on racism, is irrelevant. This is moral absolutism- says there is only one issue we should pay attention to. There is no way for anyone to know that ALL OF THE WORLD IS EQUALLY IMPLICATED IN THE POLITICAL ONTOLOGY OF RACE. Racism is not the defining feature of life- the lived experiences of groups based on 'Race', gender, social class, sexuality and disability and special needs are all multi-dimensional determinants of inequality – absent this recognition, radical politics becomes conservative

Hill and Boxley 7  Dave Hill and Simon Boxley, University College Northampton, UK and University of Winchester, UK, Journal for Critical Education Policy Studies, Critical Teacher Education for Economic, Environmental and Social Justice: an Ecosocialist Manifesto,
Volume 5, Number 2 (November 2007)

6. A commitment to the development of the ethical/moral dimension of critical
AND
, and be informed by, 'anti-classism' and anti-sexism.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: Ryan Nierman
Limited deliberative forums like debate which discuss Latin American specific policies prevent elite domination, develops agency, and promotes epistemological equality
Baxter 10 (Jorge, Education Specialist, Department of Education and Culture in the Organization of American States, Former Coordinator of the Inter-American Program on Education for Democratic Values and Practices at the OAS, PHD in International Comparative Education and Policy from University of Maryland College Park, “Towards a Deliberative and Democratic Model of International Cooperation in Education in Latin America”, Inter-American Journal of Education for Democracy, 3(2), 224-254, https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ried/article/viewFile/1016/1307, Accessed: 7/30/13)OG 

In the context of international¶ education cooperation and international¶ development in Latin America
AND
of quality¶ and equity in education at national and local¶ levels.
The alt’s rejection of the states makes it seem stronger than it actually is. This dooms the alt to reproduce the hierarchal structures we critique.  
Guattari and Rolnik, schitzoanalysts, revolutionaries, 1986
Felix and Suely, Molecular Revolution in Brazil, p. 120-121
Comment: It's good that you mentioned those homosexuals who worked within the system as
AND
as possible to create other territories of life, which are often clandestine.
Buen vivir breaks down modern human-nature dichotomies that drive anthropocentrism, racism, and destruction
Vázquez, 12 (Rolando Vázquez, assistant professor of Sociology at University College Roosevelt of Utrecht University, “Towards a Decolonial Critique of Modernity: Buen Vivir, Relationality and the Task of Listening)

Let us listen to the questions that the notion of buen vivir brings about vis
AND
) "The person is relation" (Panikkar, 2004: 92).
The human-nature dualism is the root of white supremacy

Wise 6   Tim, Wise has provided anti-racism training to teachers nationwide, and has conducted trainings with physicians and medical industry professionals on how to combat racial inequities in health care. He has also trained corporate, government, entertainment, military and law enforcement officials on methods for dismantling racism in their institutions, and has served as a consultant for plaintiff’s attorneys in federal discrimination cases in New York and Washington State. LIP Magazine, 5-23, www.lipmagazine.org

Marimba Ani, in her classic work Yurugu: An African Centered Critique of European
AND
became racialized, with the creation of the concept of the white race.
Buen Vivir in combination with state action creates a new form of state
Fileccia, Caravaggio, Conte ’13 (Costanza M. Fileccia, Nicola Caravaggio, Elena Conte, , “Buen Vivir: Sumak Kawsay and reality”, http://www.eaepeparis2013.com/papers/Full_Paper_Elena-Conte.pdf)//RM
The introduction of Buen Vivir in the Ecuadorian Constitution is a clear intention to create
AND
and human societies, they are all a unique part of ¶ Pachamama.

Tournament: Capitol | Round: 3 | Opponent: Capitol EK | Judge: Allison Harper
Limited deliberative forums like debate which discuss Latin American specific policies prevent elite domination, develops agency, and promotes epistemological equality
Baxter 10 (Jorge, Education Specialist, Department of Education and Culture in the Organization of American States, Former Coordinator of the Inter-American Program on Education for Democratic Values and Practices at the OAS, PHD in International Comparative Education and Policy from University of Maryland College Park, “Towards a Deliberative and Democratic Model of International Cooperation in Education in Latin America”, Inter-American Journal of Education for Democracy, 3(2), 224-254, https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ried/article/viewFile/1016/1307, Accessed: 7/30/13)OG 

In the context of international¶ education cooperation and international¶ development in Latin America
AND
of quality¶ and equity in education at national and local¶ levels.
The alternative’s demand for political purity only helps capitalism. Even if they win some risk of a link, we have to begin with the world we have, not the one we wish we had.
Bryant 12—professor of philosophy at Collin College (Levi, We’ll Never Do Better Than a Politician: Climate Change and Purity, 5/11/12, http://larvalsubjects.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/well-never-do-better-than-a-politician-climate-change-and-purity/) 

However, pointing this out and deriding market based solutions doesn’t get us very far
AND
there’s no way around this, and we do need to act now.
The alt’s rejection of the states makes it seem stronger than it actually is. This dooms the alt to reproduce the hierarchal structures we critique.  
Guattari and Rolnik, schitzoanalysts, revolutionaries, 1986
Felix and Suely, Molecular Revolution in Brazil, p. 120-121
Comment: It's good that you mentioned those homosexuals who worked within the system as
AND
as possible to create other territories of life, which are often clandestine.

Their links are a fantasy. Actual movements against Capitalism require pragmatic issues to organize around, not abstract revolutions.
David Harvey, Professor of Anthropology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 2010 (The Enigma of Capital, and the crises of capitalism 224-228)

The co-revolutionary theory laid out earlier would suggest that there is no way
AND
and the answers that can be shaped into an anti-capitalist programme.
Total rejection fragments resistance –perm solves best
J.K. Gibson-Graham, feminist economist, 96, End of Capitalism

One of our goals as Marxists has been to produce a knowledge of capitalism.  
AND
its unity a fantasy, visible as a denial of diversity and change.
Transition fails
Harris 3 (Lee, Analyst – Hoover Institution and Author of The Suicide of Reason, “The Intellectual Origins of America-Bashing”, Policy Review, January, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/3458371.html)

This is the immiserization thesis of Marx. And it is central to revolutionary Marxism
AND
the social order and all socialist schemes would be reduced to pipe dreams.

The permutation pushes the alternative to the background- allowing it to viewed in anamorphosis
Myers 3 , Professor of English Literature at the University of Stirling and author of numerous articles on postmodernism, psychoanalysis, and politics for lacan dot com, '03 (Tony, December 3 "Slavoj Zizek" p 99-104)
 Looking Through The Fantasy Window Zizek often conceives of fantasy as a kind of
AND
is analogous to fantasy which is a kind of anamorphic frame around reality.  
 Only anamorphosis can solve their critique of social inequity
Zizek 7, Distinguished Fashion Expert for Abercrombie and Fitch Quarterly, Senior Researcher in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Ljubljana, Slovenia and Codirector of the Center for Humanities at Birkbeck College, University of London, 2K7 March 31, Slavoj Zizek on Children of Men, page available online @ http://youtube.com/watch?v=pbgrwNP_gYE, Damien-SH
"For me, Children of Men, I would say that the true focus
AND
dimension, the loss of this substance of meaning is felt much worse."
Perm do the plan and withdraw from all other forms of capital- no reason the plan would derail enough resistance
Stewart, 9 -- Director of the Global Policy Innovations program at the Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs “is Ethical Capitalism Possible?” 1-25-2009. http://vcr.csrwire.com/node/13160

From these developments, one could conclude that the global economic system is inherently flawed
AND
canons—"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you."

Tournament: GBX | Round: 2 | Opponent: U Chigago NY | Judge: Michael Stroud
PS: The Baxter card from 1ac GBX-- RD 2 is usually at the top

The permutation is what the alt is supposed to be - Our localized renewable energy solutions create a synthesis between indigenous understandings of planetary flows and western solar knowledge as forms of Buen Vivir – living well – and degrowth, this creates a transition to alternative development paradigms

Thomson 2010 ~Bob, degrowth activist and writer for Climate and Capitalism, "Pachakuti: Indigenous perspectives, degrowth and ecosocialism" Oct 8^th 2010 http://www.resilience.org/stories/2010-10-08/pachakuti-indigenous-perspectives-degrowth-and-ecosocialism~~

In its efforts to exert some political influence on solutions to the current world financial
AND
means reallocating the trillions destined for war in order to heal Mother Earth.

Perm Do Both

Degrowth solves the western development model – it is a rejection of economic rationality, creating new human identity

Demaria et al. 2013 ~Federico Demaria is an economist working on ecological economics
AND
Barcelona (UAB) Environmental Values 22 (2013): 191–215~

This degrowth source derives from anthropology. Authors within this current ¶ perceive degrowth as
AND
by Mongeau, Schumacher’s apology for ¶ enoughness and Kumarappa’s Economy of Permanence.

The alt’s rejection of the states makes it seem stronger than it actually is. This dooms the alt to reproduce the hierarchal structures we critique.

Guattari and Rolnik, schitzoanalysts, revolutionaries, 1986
~Felix and Suely, Molecular Revolution in Brazil, p. 120-121~
Comment: It’s good that you mentioned those homosexuals who worked within the system as
AND
as possible to create other territories of life, which are often clandestine.

Their links are a fantasy. Actual movements against Capitalism require pragmatic issues to organize around, not abstract revolutions.

David Harvey, Professor of Anthropology at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 2010 (The Enigma of Capital, and the crises of capitalism 224-228)

The co-revolutionary theory laid out earlier would suggest that there is no way
AND
and the answers that can be shaped into an anti-capitalist programme. 

Total rejection fragments resistance –perm solves best

J.K. Gibson-Graham, feminist economist, 96, End of Capitalism

One of our goals as Marxists has been to produce a knowledge of capitalism.  
AND
becomes something that can only be defeated and replaced by a mass collective movement

 (or by a process of systemic dissolution that such a movement might assist
AND
its unity a fantasy, visible as a denial of diversity and change.

Tournament: Capitol | Round: 1 | Opponent: Centennial DL | Judge: Ellie Miller

1AC – Bronx Science DM

1AC – Centralized Injustice

Contention one is centralized injustice

Centralized solar energy is inevitable globally – especially in Mexico

Parkinson 13, founding editor of RenewEconomy.com.au, an Australian-based website that provides news and analysis on cleantech, carbon, and climate issues. (Giles Parkinson "How the Solar PV Industry Became a Global Phenomenon" 9/12/13 http://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/12/how-the-solar-pv-industry-became-a-global-phenomenon/-http://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/12/how-the-solar-pv-industry-became-a-global-phenomenon/) NKG
The recent slew of quarterly reports from the world’s major solar PV manufacturers have delivered
AND
generate a return in the "higher mid teens" for these projects.

Status-quo efforts to provide energy access have failed – millions of rural communities in Mexico face energy poverty that strikes at the heart of human quality of life – the plan alleviates it

Ilaca and Santos 11 (Christiane llaca is Co-Manager Project Ciudad Rural, Puebla Mexico and SEDESO Ministry of Social development, Puebla, Mexico. Carlos Santos has a Masters in Science, Florida Institute of Technology, the U.S.A. and Systems Engineer, UDLA, Mexico. He is also a freelance IT consultant "Sustainable Development as an Aid in Fighting Poverty" 2011  http://www.interpv.net/market/market_view.asp?idx=75326part_code=)//NKG-http://www.interpv.net/market/market_view.asp?idx=75326part_code=)//NKG
During the last decade, few projects related to PV technology have been made to
AND
changes; poor people just need the tools to be able to develop.

Specifically, indigenous communities in Mexico are disproportionately affected by water deprivation and elite commodification of nature – allowing resource autonomy sustains indigenous culture and is a pre-requisite to environmental justice

Carruthers, 8 Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at San Diego State University (David V. Carruthers "Environmental Justice in Latin America: Problems, Promise, and Practice" February 2008) NKG
Today we call the ongoing expansion of the capitalist world system "globalization." Globalization
AND
we ought to interpret and interact with nature are constructed by all peoples.

This system of environmental injustice creates disposable populations and threatens an emerging apocalypse that demands challenging short term catastrophe focus - visible violence develops from subterranean structures of inequity

Nixon ’9 ~Rob, Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, "NEOLIBERALISM, SLOW VIOLENCE, AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL PICARESQUE", MFS Modern Fiction Studies, Volume 55 number 3, Fall 2009, http://sustainabilityparadox.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Nixon-Neoliberalism2.pdf-http://sustainabilityparadox.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Nixon-Neoliberalism2.pdf~~   
The picaresque proves uncannily effective at dramatizing another critical dimension to the environmentalism of the
AND
and are pursued into their very dreams by the anxiety of a "nuclear
holocaust" . . . Dangerous, hostile substances lie concealed behind the harmless facades
AND
casualties claimed, as at Bhopal, by the forces of slow violence.  

This outweighs any impact on probability and magnitude – risk assessment is epistemologically biased towards white male elites who discount the severity of localized environmental hazards in destroying marginalized communities.

Verchick 96 ~Robert, Assistant Professor, University of Missouri — Kansas City School of Law; J.D., Harvard Law School, 1989, "IN A GREENER VOICE: FEMINIST THEORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE" 19 Harv. Women’s L.J. 23~
Because risk assessment is based on statistical measures of risk, policymakers view it as
AND
military’s poisoning of Indian land as genocide. n330 ~*85~ 3. 

And, focus on underlying structures producing violence outweighs a one shot linear cause for conflict

Hendrick 9 (Diane, University of Bradford, Dept of Peace Studies, "Complexity Theory and Conflict  Transformation: An Exploration of Potential and Implications", Centre for Conflict Resolution, June)
John Paul Lederach, drawing on Wheatley, has found the notion of ?process
AND
of those patterns".  (Senge, 1990; 2006 p. 2) 

Energy decision-making avoids complexity – it facilitates a constantly shifting form of organization that adapts and combats injustice

Gilchrist 2k ~Alison, BA and MS, Regional Links Manager (England) for the Community Develop- ment Foundation, advising the emerging regional authorities on their strat- egies for community involvement in a variety of government funding programmes and policy initiatives, "The well-connected community: networking to the edge of chaos", COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL VOL. 35 NO. 3 July 2000 pp. 264–275~
Organizational studies suggest that network forms of organization provide the most effective means of coping
AND
of contemporary or contested values of social justice. Oppression, prejudice and social
exclusion hinder and distort communication of information across the system and constrain potentially advantageous collaborative
AND
participation in community activities and the strength- ening of local democratic processes.

1AC – Scalar Politics

Contention two is scalar politics

Uncertainty and nonlinearity are inevitable due to inherent complexity within systems

Ramalingam et al 8 ~Ben, Senior Research Associate at the Overseas Development Institute, and Harry jones at ODI, "Exploring the science of complexity: Ideas and Implications for development and humanitarian efforts" http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/833.pdf-http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/833.pdf ~ 10
Concept 4: Nonlinearity5 ’... the darkest corner of science ~is~ the realm
AND
offset by the almost universal complaint that the log frame rests on a very
linear logic, which suggests that if Activity A is done, Output B will result, leading to Outcome C and Impact D. This linear idea of cause and effect is profoundly ill-at-ease with the implications of complexity science and, indeed, the experiences of many development practitioners. The authors of the study sum up the problems of the log frame in a way that is key to our discussion of complexity: ’Unfortunately (for the logical framework approach at least) we are not working with such a selfcontained system and there are so many factors involved which lie beyond the scope of the 27 planned initiative that will change the way things work. Although the LFA makes some attempt to capture these through the consideration of the risks and assumptions, these are limited by the imagination and experience of those involved. As a result the LFA tends to be one-dimensional and fails to reflect the messy realities facing development actors’ (Bakewell and Garbutt, 2005). Nonlinearity also has clear implications for the increased interest in randomised control trials (RCTs). While the implications of nonlinearity for techniques and tools such as the log frame and RCTs are increasingly well understood by many actors within the aid system, the answer to the deeper question as to whether incorporation of nonlinearity will be feasible, given the pressure on donors to justify aid budgets while having to deal with a reducing headcount, is less clear. The distinction between linearity and nonlinearity can be seen in as providing a theoretical underpinning of the frequently cited tension between upward accountability and learning. It also provides a means to re-frame the debate. If the two goals of accountability and learning are also about different mindsets, the degree to which an appropriate balance can be struck – without exploring these mindsets and the assumptions on which they are based – is open to question. Concept 5: Sensitivity to initial conditions Outline of the concept The behaviours of complex systems are sensitive to their initial conditions. Simply, this means that two complex systems that are initially very close together in terms of their various elements and dimensions can end up in distinctly different places. This comes from nonlinearity of relationships – where changes are not proportional, small changes in any one of the elements can result in large changes regarding the phenomenon of interest. Detailed explanation Imagine a small ball dropped onto the edge of a razor blade, as shown in the first image in Figure 4 below. The ball can strike the blade in such a way that it can go off to the left (centre image) or to the right (right-hand image). The condition that will determine whether the ball goes to the left or right is minute. If the ball were initially held centred over the blade (as in the first image), a prediction of which direction the ball would bounce would be impossible to make with certainty. A very slight change in the initial conditions of the ball can result in falling to the right or left of the blade. Figure 4: Sensitivity to initial conditions – ball striking razor blade Source: http://www.schuelers.com/ChaosPsyche/part_1_14.htm. The concept of phase space (Concept 6) allows a more precise understanding of initial conditions. Phase space allows for the analysis of the evolution of systems by considering the evolution process as a sequence of states in time (Rosen, 1991). A state is the position of the system in its phase space at a given time. At any time, the system’s state can be seen as the initial conditions for whatever processes follow. The sensitive dependence on initial conditions, in phase space terms, means that the position of a system in its phase space at a particular moment will have an influence on its future evolution. The interactions that are taking place at any moment in time have evolved from a previous moment in time, that is, all interactions are contingent on an historical process. Put simply, history matters in complex systems. 28 The infamous butterfly effect was a metaphor developed to illustrate this idea in the context of the weather. Edward Lorenz (1972), a meteorologist, used the metaphor of a flapping wing of a butterfly to explain how a minute difference in the initial condition of a weather system leads to a chain of events producing large-scale differences in weather patterns, such as the occurrence of a tornado where there was none before. As more recent thinkers have put it, in relation to complex systems in general, an initial uncertainty in measurement of the state of a system: ’… however small, inevitably grow~s~ so large that long-range prediction becomes impossible … even the most gentle, unaccounted-for perturbation can produce, in short order, abject failure of prediction’ (Peak and Frame, 1998). A large proportion of complex systems are prone to exhibiting the butterfly effect, so much so that some have defined complex behaviour as occurring where the butterfly effect is present (ibid). As no two situations will be exactly alike, the phenomenon will inevitably occur in many settings. As with nonlinearity, many have not used formal models to demonstrate the butterfly effect, but instead have tried to develop a qualitative understanding of the likely quantitative nature of real life situations. Sensitivity to initial conditions also means that ’the generalisation of good practice ~between contexts~ begins to look fragile’ (Haynes, 2003) because initial conditions are never exactly the same, and because the complexity and nonlinearity of behaviour make it extremely difficult to separate the contributions to overall behaviour that individual factors have. Any notion of ’good practice’ requires a detailed local knowledge to understand why the practice in question was good. This concept highlights the importance of understanding what can be forecast in complex systems to what level of certainty, as well as what is comparable across complex systems. It reinforces the point that both of these areas are necessarily restricted by the perspective of the observer. Sensitive dependence on initial conditions suggests that no single perspective can capture all there is to know about a system, that it may be wise to look in detail at how appropriate our solution to a problem is, and that it may be better to work with inevitable uncertainty rather than plan based on flimsy or hopeful predictions. This may mean, to take the example of predictability, that the success of a nation may be best explained not by its population’s virtues, its natural resources and its government’s skills, but rather simply by the position it took in the past, with small historical advantages leading to much bigger advantages later. Another example is how socioeconomic policy can result in a separation of neighbourhoods, driving a large gap between the rich and the poor so that, in short order, a gulf in wealth can result between two families who once had similar wealth (Byrne and Rogers, 1996). This is closely related to the notion of ’path dependence’, which is the idea that many alternatives are possible at some stages of a system’s development, but once one of these alternatives gains the upper hand, it becomes ’locked in’ and it is not possible to go to any of the previous available alternatives. For example, ’… many cities developed where and how they did not because of the "natural advantages" we are so quick to detect after the fact, but because their establishment set off self-reinforcing expectations and behaviours’ (Cronon, cited in Jervis, 1997). In economic development, the term ’path dependence’ is used to describe how standards which are first-to-market can become entrenched ’lock ins’ - such as the QWERTY layout in typewriters still used in computer keyboards (David, 2000). In certain situations, positive feedbacks leading from a small change can lead to such irreversible path dependence (Urry, 2003). Urry gives the example of irreversibility across an entire industry or sector, whereby through sensitive dependence on initial conditions, feedback can set in motion institutional patterns that are hard or impossible to reverse. He cites the example of the domination of steel and petroleum-based fuel models, developed in the late 29 19th century, which have come to dominate over other fuel alternatives, especially steam and electric, which were at the time preferable. The concept of path dependence has received some criticism from exponents of complexity science, because it has imported into economics the view that minor initial perturbations are important while grafting this onto an underlying theory that still assumes that there are a finite number of stable and alternative end-states, one of which will arise based on the particular initial conditions. As will be explained in Concept 7 on attractors and chaos, this is not always the case in complex systems (Margolis and Liebowitz, 1998).  Example: Sensitive dependence on initial conditions and economic growth Economists have generally identified sensitive dependence on initial conditions as one of the important features of the growth process – that is, what eventually happens to an economy depends greatly on the point of departure. There is mounting evidence that large qualitative differences in outcomes can arise from small (and perhaps accidental) differences in initial conditions or events (Hurwicz, 1995). In other words, the scope for and the direction and magnitude of change that a society can undertake depend critically on its prevailing objective conditions and the constellation of sociopolitical and institutional factors that have shaped these conditions. For specific economies, the initial conditions affecting economic growth include levels of per capita income; the development of human capital; the natural resource base; the levels and structure of production; the degree of the economy’s openness and its form of integration into the world system; the development of physical infrastructure; and institutional variables such as governance, land tenure and property rights. One might add here the nature of colonial rule and the institutional arrangements it bequeathed the former colonies, the decolonisation process, and the economic interests and policies of the erstwhile colonial masters. Wrongly specifying these initial conditions can undermine policy initiatives. Government polices are not simply a matter of choice made without historical or socioeconomic preconditions. Further, a sensitive appreciation of the differences and similarities in the initial conditions is important if one is to avoid some of the invidious comparisons one runs into today and the naive voluntarism that policymakers exhibit when they declare that their particular country is about to become the ’new tiger’ of Africa. Such comparisons and self-description actually make the process of learning from others more costly because they start the planning process off on a wrong foot (Mkandawire and Soludo, 1999). Implication: Rethink the scope of learning and the purpose of planning in an uncertain world Sensitivity to initial conditions suggests that there are inevitably degrees of non-comparability across, and unpredictability within, complex systems. Some have argued that this implies that: ’… the map to the future cannot be drawn in advance. We cannot know enough to set forth a meaningful vision or plan productively’ (Tetenbaum, 1998). The general implications for development theory and practice have been highlighted by a previous ODI working paper on participatory approaches, which suggests that this implies the notion of development as planned change is paradoxical. To quote directly, ’… perfect planning would imply perfect knowledge of the future, which in turn would imply a totally deterministic universe in which planning would not make a difference’ (Geyer, cited in Sellamna, 1999). Sellamna goes on: ’For this reason, development planning should abandon prescriptive, goal-oriented decision making and prediction about future states and focus instead on understanding the dynamics of 30 change and promoting a collective learning framework through which concerned stakeholders can constantly, through dialogue, express their respective interests and reach consensus.’ With regards to learning, this poses profound issues for the transferability of ’best practice’, a concept that has taken on increasing meaning within the development sector since the rise of knowledge management and organisational learning strategies (Ramalingam, 2005). While it is possible that, for example, an understanding of the interplay of factors driving urban change in the Philippines may be relevant for analysis of urban change in Guatemala, this is not necessarily the case. The sensitivity to initial conditions gives us a strong reason to suppose that, even if we have a generally useful perspective on urban environments, this may entirely fail to capture the key features of the next situation we look at. This means that the search for ’best practices’ may need to be replaced by the search for ’good principles’. Some have suggested that the most appropriate way to bring the principles of effective approaches from one context to another is for ’… development workers to become facilitators … enabling representatives of other communities … to see first hand what in the successful project they would wish to replicate’ (Breslin, 2004). Moving onto planning, to say that prediction of any kind is impossible may be overstating the case. Complexity does suggest that, in certain kinds of systems, future events cannot be forecasted to a useful level of probability and that, from certain perspectives, it is not possible to offer any firm prediction of the way the future will pan out on certain timescales. However, in other systems, future events can be foreseen in a helpful manner. For example, Geyer (2006) suggests that, with political dynamics, it is fairly safe to predict the short-term dynamics of basic power resources and political structures and that, therefore, there is decent scope for forecasting voting and decision outcomes of policy. On the other hand, examining party and institutional dynamics becomes more difficult, and grasping the potential shifts in contested political and social debates is even harder, while the longterm development of political dynamics is effectively characterised by disorder, as far as our ability to predict is concerned. It is important to clarify that certain levels of uncertainty are unavoidable when looking into the future. Complexity science suggests that it is important to identify and analyse these levels of unpredictability as part of the nature of the systems with which we work, and not treat uncertainty as in some way ’unscientific’ or embarrassing. Rather than rejecting planning outright, there is a need to rethink the purpose and principles of planning. This has two key strands. First, it is necessary to incorporate an acceptance of the inherent levels of uncertainty into planning. The requirement for a certain level of detail in understanding future events should be balanced with the understanding that both simple and intricate processes carry uncertainty of prediction. While improving one’s models of change and analyses of facets of a situation may be worthwhile, it is just as important and often more practical to work with a realistic understanding of this uncertainty and build a level of flexibility and adaptability into projects, allowing for greater resilience. It has been argued that development projects have ’fallen under the enchantment of ~delivering~ clear, specific, measurable outcomes’ (Westley et al., 2006).

The plan’s shifting of the scale of energy decision-making spurs social movements despite complexity

Miller 9 ~Clark, associate director of the Consortium for Science, Policy 26 Outcomes and associate director of the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University. He is also an associate professor in the School of Politics and Global Studies at ASU. He serves on the advisory committee for the Nanotechnology Informal Science Education Network and the Bovay Center for Engineering, Ethics, and Society at the National Academy of Engineering. In 2003, he served as a consultant to the United Nations Environment Programme and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Miller is the co-editor of Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance, "ENERGY JUSTICE", July 21, http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articledetails.aspx?aid=164~~
The fight over Keystone XL is thus as much about justice as it is about
AND
of the future are not only more environmentally friendly but also more just.

Shifting the scale fosters empirically successful grassroots movements against the environmental injustice of elites

Towers 2k ~George, PhD and professor of human geography at Concord University, "Applying the Political Geography of Scale: Grassroots Strategies and Environmental Justice*", Professional Geographer, 52(1) 2000, pages 23–36~
The grassroots environmental movement is defined by geographical scale. The thou- sands of
AND
the landscape taught the community the language of systemic environ- mental justice.

Current policies are framed through an elite scale that over codes local struggles with elite interests – the framing of the 1AC around injustice challenges this top-down managerialism

McCan 3 ~Eugene, Professor of Geography – Ohio State University, "FRAMING SPACE AND TIME IN THE CITY: URBAN POLICY AND THE POLITICS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALE" JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Volume 25, Number 2, pages 159–178~
My purpose is to consider how a burgeoning literature in critical human geography can provide
AND
the city has important, if unpredictable, implications for policy and politics.
CONTINUES
Three specific points can be drawn from this literature that relate directly to the politics
AND
these strategies and the use of scale as a framework for political persuasion.
CONTINUES
The first aspect of the politics of scale in Austin revolves around conflicting attempts to
AND
sorts of scalar arguments that were, for instance, exhibited in Austin.

Probability outweighs magnitude – the logic of any risk of extinction outweighs destroys rational risk assessment

Kessler ’8 ~Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld,   "From Insecurity to Uncertainty:  Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics" Alternatives  33 (2008), 211-232~  
If the risk of terrorism is defined in traditional terms by probability and potential loss
AND
prevail than in situations where security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.  

1AC – Plan

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should provide decentralized integrated photovoltaic electrification assistance to Mexico.

1AC – Solvency

Contention three is solvency

The past MREP focused on Solar Home Systems

van Campen et al, 2k Environment and Natural Resources Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Bart Van Campen; Daniele Guidi, Renewable Energy Consultant; Gustavo Best, Environment and Natural Resources Service "Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" 2000 http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar20photovoltaic20for20SARD.pdf-http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar photovoltaic for SARD.pdf) NKG
The Mexico Renewable Energy Programme (MREP) is managed by Sandia National Laboratories (
AND
MREP complements programmes by the Mexican Government mainly focusing on Solar Home Systems.

That’s why integrated PV assistance solves best – it’s distinct from past policies since it goes beyond SHS and promotes local integration

van Campen et al, 2k Environment and Natural Resources Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Bart Van Campen; Daniele Guidi, Renewable Energy Consultant; Gustavo Best, Environment and Natural Resources Service "Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" 2000 http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar20photovoltaic20for20SARD.pdf-http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar photovoltaic for SARD.pdf) NKG
The findings of this study have led the authors to believe that the time is
AND
organizations. PV systems adapt easily to these different types of institutional arrangements.

Multiple mechanisms ensure that the plan solves – it spills over

ASES, 99 leads national efforts to increase the use of solar energy, energy
AND
1999 solar.nmsu.edu/publications/mexicopaper.pdf)NKG
Many of the principles on which the Mexico Renewable Energy Program are based stem from
AND
Mexico for the last five or so years. Its fundamental aspects are:
• Partnerships
• Capacity Building
• Technical Assistance
• Implementation of Pilot Projects
• Replication, and
• Monitoring.
Partnerships
Partnerships, especially with in-country organizations and individuals, are critical to progress
AND
the environment into a coherent set of activities would be impossible without it.
Capacity Building
Building in-country institutional and/or community capacity to deploy, use,
AND
little capacity-building of its own in order to do business internationally.
Technical Assistance
Technical assistance contributes to, but is different from, capacity building. It involves
AND
need less and less assistance and eventually are able to handle everything themselves.
Implementation of Pilot Projects
A key feature of the Mexico Renewable Energy Program is that it uses pilot projects
AND
, the program enters the project replication phase, which is described below.
Project Replication
Project replication, or growing sustainable markets, is the program’s ultimate measure of success
AND
energy projects is established, institutions begin to implement other projects on their own

 in accordance with their programmatic objectives, say, agricultural infrastructure improvement in the
AND
result, the various activities could also be undertaken separately or in sequence.
Monitoring
Monitoring the results of the program is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness, to learn
AND
provides accurate and meaningful information with which to assess and manage the program.

Tournament: Capitol | Round: 3 | Opponent: Capitol EK | Judge: Allison Harper

1AC – Bronx Science DM

1AC – Centralized Injustice

Contention one is centralized injustice

Centralized solar energy is inevitable globally – especially in Mexico

Parkinson 13, founding editor of RenewEconomy.com.au, an Australian-based website that provides news and analysis on cleantech, carbon, and climate issues. (Giles Parkinson "How the Solar PV Industry Became a Global Phenomenon" 9/12/13 http://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/12/how-the-solar-pv-industry-became-a-global-phenomenon/-http://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/12/how-the-solar-pv-industry-became-a-global-phenomenon/) NKG
The recent slew of quarterly reports from the world’s major solar PV manufacturers have delivered
AND
generate a return in the "higher mid teens" for these projects.

Status-quo efforts to provide energy access have failed – millions of rural communities in Mexico face energy poverty that strikes at the heart of human quality of life – the plan alleviates it

Ilaca and Santos 11 (Christiane llaca is Co-Manager Project Ciudad Rural, Puebla Mexico and SEDESO Ministry of Social development, Puebla, Mexico. Carlos Santos has a Masters in Science, Florida Institute of Technology, the U.S.A. and Systems Engineer, UDLA, Mexico. He is also a freelance IT consultant "Sustainable Development as an Aid in Fighting Poverty" 2011  http://www.interpv.net/market/market_view.asp?idx=75326part_code=)//NKG-http://www.interpv.net/market/market_view.asp?idx=75326part_code=)//NKG
During the last decade, few projects related to PV technology have been made to
AND
changes; poor people just need the tools to be able to develop.

Specifically, indigenous communities in Mexico are disproportionately affected by water deprivation and elite commodification of nature – allowing resource autonomy sustains indigenous culture and is a pre-requisite to environmental justice

Carruthers, 8 Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at San Diego State University (David V. Carruthers "Environmental Justice in Latin America: Problems, Promise, and Practice" February 2008) NKG
Today we call the ongoing expansion of the capitalist world system "globalization." Globalization
AND
we ought to interpret and interact with nature are constructed by all peoples.

This system of environmental injustice creates disposable populations and threatens an emerging apocalypse that demands challenging short term catastrophe focus - visible violence develops from subterranean structures of inequity

Nixon ’9 ~Rob, Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, "NEOLIBERALISM, SLOW VIOLENCE, AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL PICARESQUE", MFS Modern Fiction Studies, Volume 55 number 3, Fall 2009, http://sustainabilityparadox.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Nixon-Neoliberalism2.pdf-http://sustainabilityparadox.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Nixon-Neoliberalism2.pdf~~   
The picaresque proves uncannily effective at dramatizing another critical dimension to the environmentalism of the
AND
and are pursued into their very dreams by the anxiety of a "nuclear
holocaust" . . . Dangerous, hostile substances lie concealed behind the harmless facades
AND
casualties claimed, as at Bhopal, by the forces of slow violence.  

This outweighs any impact on probability and magnitude – risk assessment is epistemologically biased towards white male elites who discount the severity of localized environmental hazards in destroying marginalized communities.

Verchick 96 ~Robert, Assistant Professor, University of Missouri — Kansas City School of Law; J.D., Harvard Law School, 1989, "IN A GREENER VOICE: FEMINIST THEORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE" 19 Harv. Women’s L.J. 23~
Because risk assessment is based on statistical measures of risk, policymakers view it as
AND
military’s poisoning of Indian land as genocide. n330 ~*85~ 3. 

And, focus on underlying structures producing violence outweighs a one shot linear cause for conflict

Hendrick 9 (Diane, University of Bradford, Dept of Peace Studies, "Complexity Theory and Conflict  Transformation: An Exploration of Potential and Implications", Centre for Conflict Resolution, June)
John Paul Lederach, drawing on Wheatley, has found the notion of ?process
AND
of those patterns".  (Senge, 1990; 2006 p. 2) 

Energy decision-making avoids complexity – it facilitates a constantly shifting form of organization that adapts and combats injustice

Gilchrist 2k ~Alison, BA and MS, Regional Links Manager (England) for the Community Develop- ment Foundation, advising the emerging regional authorities on their strat- egies for community involvement in a variety of government funding programmes and policy initiatives, "The well-connected community: networking to the edge of chaos", COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL VOL. 35 NO. 3 July 2000 pp. 264–275~
Organizational studies suggest that network forms of organization provide the most effective means of coping
AND
of contemporary or contested values of social justice. Oppression, prejudice and social
exclusion hinder and distort communication of information across the system and constrain potentially advantageous collaborative
AND
participation in community activities and the strength- ening of local democratic processes.

1AC – Scalar Politics

Contention two is scalar politics

Uncertainty and nonlinearity are inevitable due to inherent complexity within systems

Ramalingam et al 8 ~Ben, Senior Research Associate at the Overseas Development Institute, and Harry jones at ODI, "Exploring the science of complexity: Ideas and Implications for development and humanitarian efforts" http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/833.pdf-http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/833.pdf ~ 10
Concept 4: Nonlinearity5 ’... the darkest corner of science ~is~ the realm
AND
offset by the almost universal complaint that the log frame rests on a very
linear logic, which suggests that if Activity A is done, Output B will result, leading to Outcome C and Impact D. This linear idea of cause and effect is profoundly ill-at-ease with the implications of complexity science and, indeed, the experiences of many development practitioners. The authors of the study sum up the problems of the log frame in a way that is key to our discussion of complexity: ’Unfortunately (for the logical framework approach at least) we are not working with such a selfcontained system and there are so many factors involved which lie beyond the scope of the 27 planned initiative that will change the way things work. Although the LFA makes some attempt to capture these through the consideration of the risks and assumptions, these are limited by the imagination and experience of those involved. As a result the LFA tends to be one-dimensional and fails to reflect the messy realities facing development actors’ (Bakewell and Garbutt, 2005). Nonlinearity also has clear implications for the increased interest in randomised control trials (RCTs). While the implications of nonlinearity for techniques and tools such as the log frame and RCTs are increasingly well understood by many actors within the aid system, the answer to the deeper question as to whether incorporation of nonlinearity will be feasible, given the pressure on donors to justify aid budgets while having to deal with a reducing headcount, is less clear. The distinction between linearity and nonlinearity can be seen in as providing a theoretical underpinning of the frequently cited tension between upward accountability and learning. It also provides a means to re-frame the debate. If the two goals of accountability and learning are also about different mindsets, the degree to which an appropriate balance can be struck – without exploring these mindsets and the assumptions on which they are based – is open to question. Concept 5: Sensitivity to initial conditions Outline of the concept The behaviours of complex systems are sensitive to their initial conditions. Simply, this means that two complex systems that are initially very close together in terms of their various elements and dimensions can end up in distinctly different places. This comes from nonlinearity of relationships – where changes are not proportional, small changes in any one of the elements can result in large changes regarding the phenomenon of interest. Detailed explanation Imagine a small ball dropped onto the edge of a razor blade, as shown in the first image in Figure 4 below. The ball can strike the blade in such a way that it can go off to the left (centre image) or to the right (right-hand image). The condition that will determine whether the ball goes to the left or right is minute. If the ball were initially held centred over the blade (as in the first image), a prediction of which direction the ball would bounce would be impossible to make with certainty. A very slight change in the initial conditions of the ball can result in falling to the right or left of the blade. Figure 4: Sensitivity to initial conditions – ball striking razor blade Source: http://www.schuelers.com/ChaosPsyche/part_1_14.htm. The concept of phase space (Concept 6) allows a more precise understanding of initial conditions. Phase space allows for the analysis of the evolution of systems by considering the evolution process as a sequence of states in time (Rosen, 1991). A state is the position of the system in its phase space at a given time. At any time, the system’s state can be seen as the initial conditions for whatever processes follow. The sensitive dependence on initial conditions, in phase space terms, means that the position of a system in its phase space at a particular moment will have an influence on its future evolution. The interactions that are taking place at any moment in time have evolved from a previous moment in time, that is, all interactions are contingent on an historical process. Put simply, history matters in complex systems. 28 The infamous butterfly effect was a metaphor developed to illustrate this idea in the context of the weather. Edward Lorenz (1972), a meteorologist, used the metaphor of a flapping wing of a butterfly to explain how a minute difference in the initial condition of a weather system leads to a chain of events producing large-scale differences in weather patterns, such as the occurrence of a tornado where there was none before. As more recent thinkers have put it, in relation to complex systems in general, an initial uncertainty in measurement of the state of a system: ’… however small, inevitably grow~s~ so large that long-range prediction becomes impossible … even the most gentle, unaccounted-for perturbation can produce, in short order, abject failure of prediction’ (Peak and Frame, 1998). A large proportion of complex systems are prone to exhibiting the butterfly effect, so much so that some have defined complex behaviour as occurring where the butterfly effect is present (ibid). As no two situations will be exactly alike, the phenomenon will inevitably occur in many settings. As with nonlinearity, many have not used formal models to demonstrate the butterfly effect, but instead have tried to develop a qualitative understanding of the likely quantitative nature of real life situations. Sensitivity to initial conditions also means that ’the generalisation of good practice ~between contexts~ begins to look fragile’ (Haynes, 2003) because initial conditions are never exactly the same, and because the complexity and nonlinearity of behaviour make it extremely difficult to separate the contributions to overall behaviour that individual factors have. Any notion of ’good practice’ requires a detailed local knowledge to understand why the practice in question was good. This concept highlights the importance of understanding what can be forecast in complex systems to what level of certainty, as well as what is comparable across complex systems. It reinforces the point that both of these areas are necessarily restricted by the perspective of the observer. Sensitive dependence on initial conditions suggests that no single perspective can capture all there is to know about a system, that it may be wise to look in detail at how appropriate our solution to a problem is, and that it may be better to work with inevitable uncertainty rather than plan based on flimsy or hopeful predictions. This may mean, to take the example of predictability, that the success of a nation may be best explained not by its population’s virtues, its natural resources and its government’s skills, but rather simply by the position it took in the past, with small historical advantages leading to much bigger advantages later. Another example is how socioeconomic policy can result in a separation of neighbourhoods, driving a large gap between the rich and the poor so that, in short order, a gulf in wealth can result between two families who once had similar wealth (Byrne and Rogers, 1996). This is closely related to the notion of ’path dependence’, which is the idea that many alternatives are possible at some stages of a system’s development, but once one of these alternatives gains the upper hand, it becomes ’locked in’ and it is not possible to go to any of the previous available alternatives. For example, ’… many cities developed where and how they did not because of the "natural advantages" we are so quick to detect after the fact, but because their establishment set off self-reinforcing expectations and behaviours’ (Cronon, cited in Jervis, 1997). In economic development, the term ’path dependence’ is used to describe how standards which are first-to-market can become entrenched ’lock ins’ - such as the QWERTY layout in typewriters still used in computer keyboards (David, 2000). In certain situations, positive feedbacks leading from a small change can lead to such irreversible path dependence (Urry, 2003). Urry gives the example of irreversibility across an entire industry or sector, whereby through sensitive dependence on initial conditions, feedback can set in motion institutional patterns that are hard or impossible to reverse. He cites the example of the domination of steel and petroleum-based fuel models, developed in the late 29 19th century, which have come to dominate over other fuel alternatives, especially steam and electric, which were at the time preferable. The concept of path dependence has received some criticism from exponents of complexity science, because it has imported into economics the view that minor initial perturbations are important while grafting this onto an underlying theory that still assumes that there are a finite number of stable and alternative end-states, one of which will arise based on the particular initial conditions. As will be explained in Concept 7 on attractors and chaos, this is not always the case in complex systems (Margolis and Liebowitz, 1998).  Example: Sensitive dependence on initial conditions and economic growth Economists have generally identified sensitive dependence on initial conditions as one of the important features of the growth process – that is, what eventually happens to an economy depends greatly on the point of departure. There is mounting evidence that large qualitative differences in outcomes can arise from small (and perhaps accidental) differences in initial conditions or events (Hurwicz, 1995). In other words, the scope for and the direction and magnitude of change that a society can undertake depend critically on its prevailing objective conditions and the constellation of sociopolitical and institutional factors that have shaped these conditions. For specific economies, the initial conditions affecting economic growth include levels of per capita income; the development of human capital; the natural resource base; the levels and structure of production; the degree of the economy’s openness and its form of integration into the world system; the development of physical infrastructure; and institutional variables such as governance, land tenure and property rights. One might add here the nature of colonial rule and the institutional arrangements it bequeathed the former colonies, the decolonisation process, and the economic interests and policies of the erstwhile colonial masters. Wrongly specifying these initial conditions can undermine policy initiatives. Government polices are not simply a matter of choice made without historical or socioeconomic preconditions. Further, a sensitive appreciation of the differences and similarities in the initial conditions is important if one is to avoid some of the invidious comparisons one runs into today and the naive voluntarism that policymakers exhibit when they declare that their particular country is about to become the ’new tiger’ of Africa. Such comparisons and self-description actually make the process of learning from others more costly because they start the planning process off on a wrong foot (Mkandawire and Soludo, 1999). Implication: Rethink the scope of learning and the purpose of planning in an uncertain world Sensitivity to initial conditions suggests that there are inevitably degrees of non-comparability across, and unpredictability within, complex systems. Some have argued that this implies that: ’… the map to the future cannot be drawn in advance. We cannot know enough to set forth a meaningful vision or plan productively’ (Tetenbaum, 1998). The general implications for development theory and practice have been highlighted by a previous ODI working paper on participatory approaches, which suggests that this implies the notion of development as planned change is paradoxical. To quote directly, ’… perfect planning would imply perfect knowledge of the future, which in turn would imply a totally deterministic universe in which planning would not make a difference’ (Geyer, cited in Sellamna, 1999). Sellamna goes on: ’For this reason, development planning should abandon prescriptive, goal-oriented decision making and prediction about future states and focus instead on understanding the dynamics of 30 change and promoting a collective learning framework through which concerned stakeholders can constantly, through dialogue, express their respective interests and reach consensus.’ With regards to learning, this poses profound issues for the transferability of ’best practice’, a concept that has taken on increasing meaning within the development sector since the rise of knowledge management and organisational learning strategies (Ramalingam, 2005). While it is possible that, for example, an understanding of the interplay of factors driving urban change in the Philippines may be relevant for analysis of urban change in Guatemala, this is not necessarily the case. The sensitivity to initial conditions gives us a strong reason to suppose that, even if we have a generally useful perspective on urban environments, this may entirely fail to capture the key features of the next situation we look at. This means that the search for ’best practices’ may need to be replaced by the search for ’good principles’. Some have suggested that the most appropriate way to bring the principles of effective approaches from one context to another is for ’… development workers to become facilitators … enabling representatives of other communities … to see first hand what in the successful project they would wish to replicate’ (Breslin, 2004). Moving onto planning, to say that prediction of any kind is impossible may be overstating the case. Complexity does suggest that, in certain kinds of systems, future events cannot be forecasted to a useful level of probability and that, from certain perspectives, it is not possible to offer any firm prediction of the way the future will pan out on certain timescales. However, in other systems, future events can be foreseen in a helpful manner. For example, Geyer (2006) suggests that, with political dynamics, it is fairly safe to predict the short-term dynamics of basic power resources and political structures and that, therefore, there is decent scope for forecasting voting and decision outcomes of policy. On the other hand, examining party and institutional dynamics becomes more difficult, and grasping the potential shifts in contested political and social debates is even harder, while the longterm development of political dynamics is effectively characterised by disorder, as far as our ability to predict is concerned. It is important to clarify that certain levels of uncertainty are unavoidable when looking into the future. Complexity science suggests that it is important to identify and analyse these levels of unpredictability as part of the nature of the systems with which we work, and not treat uncertainty as in some way ’unscientific’ or embarrassing. Rather than rejecting planning outright, there is a need to rethink the purpose and principles of planning. This has two key strands. First, it is necessary to incorporate an acceptance of the inherent levels of uncertainty into planning. The requirement for a certain level of detail in understanding future events should be balanced with the understanding that both simple and intricate processes carry uncertainty of prediction. While improving one’s models of change and analyses of facets of a situation may be worthwhile, it is just as important and often more practical to work with a realistic understanding of this uncertainty and build a level of flexibility and adaptability into projects, allowing for greater resilience. It has been argued that development projects have ’fallen under the enchantment of ~delivering~ clear, specific, measurable outcomes’ (Westley et al., 2006).

The plan’s shifting of the scale of energy decision-making spurs social movements despite complexity

Miller 9 ~Clark, associate director of the Consortium for Science, Policy 26 Outcomes and associate director of the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University. He is also an associate professor in the School of Politics and Global Studies at ASU. He serves on the advisory committee for the Nanotechnology Informal Science Education Network and the Bovay Center for Engineering, Ethics, and Society at the National Academy of Engineering. In 2003, he served as a consultant to the United Nations Environment Programme and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Miller is the co-editor of Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance, "ENERGY JUSTICE", July 21, http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articledetails.aspx?aid=164~~
The fight over Keystone XL is thus as much about justice as it is about
AND
of the future are not only more environmentally friendly but also more just.

Shifting the scale fosters empirically successful grassroots movements against the environmental injustice of elites

Towers 2k ~George, PhD and professor of human geography at Concord University, "Applying the Political Geography of Scale: Grassroots Strategies and Environmental Justice*", Professional Geographer, 52(1) 2000, pages 23–36~
The grassroots environmental movement is defined by geographical scale. The thou- sands of
AND
the landscape taught the community the language of systemic environ- mental justice.

Current policies are framed through an elite scale that over codes local struggles with elite interests – the framing of the 1AC around injustice challenges this top-down managerialism

McCan 3 ~Eugene, Professor of Geography – Ohio State University, "FRAMING SPACE AND TIME IN THE CITY: URBAN POLICY AND THE POLITICS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALE" JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Volume 25, Number 2, pages 159–178~
My purpose is to consider how a burgeoning literature in critical human geography can provide
AND
the city has important, if unpredictable, implications for policy and politics.
CONTINUES
Three specific points can be drawn from this literature that relate directly to the politics
AND
these strategies and the use of scale as a framework for political persuasion.
CONTINUES
The first aspect of the politics of scale in Austin revolves around conflicting attempts to
AND
sorts of scalar arguments that were, for instance, exhibited in Austin.

Probability outweighs magnitude – the logic of any risk of extinction outweighs destroys rational risk assessment

Kessler ’8 ~Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld,   "From Insecurity to Uncertainty:  Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics" Alternatives  33 (2008), 211-232~  
If the risk of terrorism is defined in traditional terms by probability and potential loss
AND
prevail than in situations where security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.  

1AC – Plan

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should provide decentralized integrated photovoltaic electrification assistance to Mexico.

1AC – Solvency

Contention three is solvency

The past MREP focused on Solar Home Systems

van Campen et al, 2k Environment and Natural Resources Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Bart Van Campen; Daniele Guidi, Renewable Energy Consultant; Gustavo Best, Environment and Natural Resources Service "Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" 2000 http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar20photovoltaic20for20SARD.pdf-http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar photovoltaic for SARD.pdf) NKG
The Mexico Renewable Energy Programme (MREP) is managed by Sandia National Laboratories (
AND
MREP complements programmes by the Mexican Government mainly focusing on Solar Home Systems.

That’s why integrated PV assistance solves best – it’s distinct from past policies since it goes beyond SHS and promotes local integration

van Campen et al, 2k Environment and Natural Resources Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Bart Van Campen; Daniele Guidi, Renewable Energy Consultant; Gustavo Best, Environment and Natural Resources Service "Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" 2000 http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar20photovoltaic20for20SARD.pdf-http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar photovoltaic for SARD.pdf) NKG
The findings of this study have led the authors to believe that the time is
AND
organizations. PV systems adapt easily to these different types of institutional arrangements.

Multiple mechanisms ensure that the plan solves – it spills over

ASES, 99 leads national efforts to increase the use of solar energy, energy
AND
1999 solar.nmsu.edu/publications/mexicopaper.pdf)NKG
Many of the principles on which the Mexico Renewable Energy Program are based stem from
AND
Mexico for the last five or so years. Its fundamental aspects are:
• Partnerships
• Capacity Building
• Technical Assistance
• Implementation of Pilot Projects
• Replication, and
• Monitoring.
Partnerships
Partnerships, especially with in-country organizations and individuals, are critical to progress
AND
the environment into a coherent set of activities would be impossible without it.
Capacity Building
Building in-country institutional and/or community capacity to deploy, use,
AND
little capacity-building of its own in order to do business internationally.
Technical Assistance
Technical assistance contributes to, but is different from, capacity building. It involves
AND
need less and less assistance and eventually are able to handle everything themselves.
Implementation of Pilot Projects
A key feature of the Mexico Renewable Energy Program is that it uses pilot projects
AND
, the program enters the project replication phase, which is described below.
Project Replication
Project replication, or growing sustainable markets, is the program’s ultimate measure of success
AND
energy projects is established, institutions begin to implement other projects on their own

 in accordance with their programmatic objectives, say, agricultural infrastructure improvement in the
AND
result, the various activities could also be undertaken separately or in sequence.
Monitoring
Monitoring the results of the program is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness, to learn
AND
provides accurate and meaningful information with which to assess and manage the program.

Tournament: Capitol | Round: 6 | Opponent: BCC WS | Judge: Andrew Geathers

1AC – Bronx Science DM

1AC – Centralized Injustice

Contention one is centralized injustice

Centralized solar energy is inevitable globally – especially in Mexico

Parkinson 13, founding editor of RenewEconomy.com.au, an Australian-based website that provides news and analysis on cleantech, carbon, and climate issues. (Giles Parkinson "How the Solar PV Industry Became a Global Phenomenon" 9/12/13 http://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/12/how-the-solar-pv-industry-became-a-global-phenomenon/-http://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/12/how-the-solar-pv-industry-became-a-global-phenomenon/) NKG
The recent slew of quarterly reports from the world’s major solar PV manufacturers have delivered
AND
generate a return in the "higher mid teens" for these projects.

Status-quo efforts to provide energy access have failed – millions of rural communities in Mexico face energy poverty that strikes at the heart of human quality of life – the plan alleviates it

Ilaca and Santos 11 (Christiane llaca is Co-Manager Project Ciudad Rural, Puebla Mexico and SEDESO Ministry of Social development, Puebla, Mexico. Carlos Santos has a Masters in Science, Florida Institute of Technology, the U.S.A. and Systems Engineer, UDLA, Mexico. He is also a freelance IT consultant "Sustainable Development as an Aid in Fighting Poverty" 2011  http://www.interpv.net/market/market_view.asp?idx=75326part_code=)//NKG-http://www.interpv.net/market/market_view.asp?idx=75326part_code=)//NKG
During the last decade, few projects related to PV technology have been made to
AND
changes; poor people just need the tools to be able to develop.

Specifically, indigenous communities in Mexico are disproportionately affected by water deprivation and elite commodification of nature – allowing resource autonomy sustains indigenous culture and is a pre-requisite to environmental justice

Carruthers, 8 Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at San Diego State University (David V. Carruthers "Environmental Justice in Latin America: Problems, Promise, and Practice" February 2008) NKG
Today we call the ongoing expansion of the capitalist world system "globalization." Globalization
AND
we ought to interpret and interact with nature are constructed by all peoples.

This system of environmental injustice creates disposable populations and threatens an emerging apocalypse that demands challenging short term catastrophe focus - visible violence develops from subterranean structures of inequity

Nixon ’9 ~Rob, Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, "NEOLIBERALISM, SLOW VIOLENCE, AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL PICARESQUE", MFS Modern Fiction Studies, Volume 55 number 3, Fall 2009, http://sustainabilityparadox.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Nixon-Neoliberalism2.pdf-http://sustainabilityparadox.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Nixon-Neoliberalism2.pdf~~   
The picaresque proves uncannily effective at dramatizing another critical dimension to the environmentalism of the
AND
and are pursued into their very dreams by the anxiety of a "nuclear
holocaust" . . . Dangerous, hostile substances lie concealed behind the harmless facades
AND
casualties claimed, as at Bhopal, by the forces of slow violence.  

This outweighs any impact on probability and magnitude – risk assessment is epistemologically biased towards white male elites who discount the severity of localized environmental hazards in destroying marginalized communities.

Verchick 96 ~Robert, Assistant Professor, University of Missouri — Kansas City School of Law; J.D., Harvard Law School, 1989, "IN A GREENER VOICE: FEMINIST THEORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE" 19 Harv. Women’s L.J. 23~
Because risk assessment is based on statistical measures of risk, policymakers view it as
AND
military’s poisoning of Indian land as genocide. n330 ~*85~ 3. 

And, focus on underlying structures producing violence outweighs a one shot linear cause for conflict

Hendrick 9 (Diane, University of Bradford, Dept of Peace Studies, "Complexity Theory and Conflict  Transformation: An Exploration of Potential and Implications", Centre for Conflict Resolution, June)
John Paul Lederach, drawing on Wheatley, has found the notion of ?process
AND
of those patterns".  (Senge, 1990; 2006 p. 2) 

Energy decision-making avoids complexity – it facilitates a constantly shifting form of organization that adapts and combats injustice

Gilchrist 2k ~Alison, BA and MS, Regional Links Manager (England) for the Community Develop- ment Foundation, advising the emerging regional authorities on their strat- egies for community involvement in a variety of government funding programmes and policy initiatives, "The well-connected community: networking to the edge of chaos", COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL VOL. 35 NO. 3 July 2000 pp. 264–275~
Organizational studies suggest that network forms of organization provide the most effective means of coping
AND
of contemporary or contested values of social justice. Oppression, prejudice and social
exclusion hinder and distort communication of information across the system and constrain potentially advantageous collaborative
AND
participation in community activities and the strength- ening of local democratic processes.

1AC – Scalar Politics

Contention two is scalar politics

Uncertainty and nonlinearity are inevitable due to inherent complexity within systems

Ramalingam et al 8 ~Ben, Senior Research Associate at the Overseas Development Institute, and Harry jones at ODI, "Exploring the science of complexity: Ideas and Implications for development and humanitarian efforts" http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/833.pdf-http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/833.pdf ~ 10
Concept 4: Nonlinearity5 ’... the darkest corner of science ~is~ the realm
AND
offset by the almost universal complaint that the log frame rests on a very
linear logic, which suggests that if Activity A is done, Output B will result, leading to Outcome C and Impact D. This linear idea of cause and effect is profoundly ill-at-ease with the implications of complexity science and, indeed, the experiences of many development practitioners. The authors of the study sum up the problems of the log frame in a way that is key to our discussion of complexity: ’Unfortunately (for the logical framework approach at least) we are not working with such a selfcontained system and there are so many factors involved which lie beyond the scope of the 27 planned initiative that will change the way things work. Although the LFA makes some attempt to capture these through the consideration of the risks and assumptions, these are limited by the imagination and experience of those involved. As a result the LFA tends to be one-dimensional and fails to reflect the messy realities facing development actors’ (Bakewell and Garbutt, 2005). Nonlinearity also has clear implications for the increased interest in randomised control trials (RCTs). While the implications of nonlinearity for techniques and tools such as the log frame and RCTs are increasingly well understood by many actors within the aid system, the answer to the deeper question as to whether incorporation of nonlinearity will be feasible, given the pressure on donors to justify aid budgets while having to deal with a reducing headcount, is less clear. The distinction between linearity and nonlinearity can be seen in as providing a theoretical underpinning of the frequently cited tension between upward accountability and learning. It also provides a means to re-frame the debate. If the two goals of accountability and learning are also about different mindsets, the degree to which an appropriate balance can be struck – without exploring these mindsets and the assumptions on which they are based – is open to question. Concept 5: Sensitivity to initial conditions Outline of the concept The behaviours of complex systems are sensitive to their initial conditions. Simply, this means that two complex systems that are initially very close together in terms of their various elements and dimensions can end up in distinctly different places. This comes from nonlinearity of relationships – where changes are not proportional, small changes in any one of the elements can result in large changes regarding the phenomenon of interest. Detailed explanation Imagine a small ball dropped onto the edge of a razor blade, as shown in the first image in Figure 4 below. The ball can strike the blade in such a way that it can go off to the left (centre image) or to the right (right-hand image). The condition that will determine whether the ball goes to the left or right is minute. If the ball were initially held centred over the blade (as in the first image), a prediction of which direction the ball would bounce would be impossible to make with certainty. A very slight change in the initial conditions of the ball can result in falling to the right or left of the blade. Figure 4: Sensitivity to initial conditions – ball striking razor blade Source: http://www.schuelers.com/ChaosPsyche/part_1_14.htm. The concept of phase space (Concept 6) allows a more precise understanding of initial conditions. Phase space allows for the analysis of the evolution of systems by considering the evolution process as a sequence of states in time (Rosen, 1991). A state is the position of the system in its phase space at a given time. At any time, the system’s state can be seen as the initial conditions for whatever processes follow. The sensitive dependence on initial conditions, in phase space terms, means that the position of a system in its phase space at a particular moment will have an influence on its future evolution. The interactions that are taking place at any moment in time have evolved from a previous moment in time, that is, all interactions are contingent on an historical process. Put simply, history matters in complex systems. 28 The infamous butterfly effect was a metaphor developed to illustrate this idea in the context of the weather. Edward Lorenz (1972), a meteorologist, used the metaphor of a flapping wing of a butterfly to explain how a minute difference in the initial condition of a weather system leads to a chain of events producing large-scale differences in weather patterns, such as the occurrence of a tornado where there was none before. As more recent thinkers have put it, in relation to complex systems in general, an initial uncertainty in measurement of the state of a system: ’… however small, inevitably grow~s~ so large that long-range prediction becomes impossible … even the most gentle, unaccounted-for perturbation can produce, in short order, abject failure of prediction’ (Peak and Frame, 1998). A large proportion of complex systems are prone to exhibiting the butterfly effect, so much so that some have defined complex behaviour as occurring where the butterfly effect is present (ibid). As no two situations will be exactly alike, the phenomenon will inevitably occur in many settings. As with nonlinearity, many have not used formal models to demonstrate the butterfly effect, but instead have tried to develop a qualitative understanding of the likely quantitative nature of real life situations. Sensitivity to initial conditions also means that ’the generalisation of good practice ~between contexts~ begins to look fragile’ (Haynes, 2003) because initial conditions are never exactly the same, and because the complexity and nonlinearity of behaviour make it extremely difficult to separate the contributions to overall behaviour that individual factors have. Any notion of ’good practice’ requires a detailed local knowledge to understand why the practice in question was good. This concept highlights the importance of understanding what can be forecast in complex systems to what level of certainty, as well as what is comparable across complex systems. It reinforces the point that both of these areas are necessarily restricted by the perspective of the observer. Sensitive dependence on initial conditions suggests that no single perspective can capture all there is to know about a system, that it may be wise to look in detail at how appropriate our solution to a problem is, and that it may be better to work with inevitable uncertainty rather than plan based on flimsy or hopeful predictions. This may mean, to take the example of predictability, that the success of a nation may be best explained not by its population’s virtues, its natural resources and its government’s skills, but rather simply by the position it took in the past, with small historical advantages leading to much bigger advantages later. Another example is how socioeconomic policy can result in a separation of neighbourhoods, driving a large gap between the rich and the poor so that, in short order, a gulf in wealth can result between two families who once had similar wealth (Byrne and Rogers, 1996). This is closely related to the notion of ’path dependence’, which is the idea that many alternatives are possible at some stages of a system’s development, but once one of these alternatives gains the upper hand, it becomes ’locked in’ and it is not possible to go to any of the previous available alternatives. For example, ’… many cities developed where and how they did not because of the "natural advantages" we are so quick to detect after the fact, but because their establishment set off self-reinforcing expectations and behaviours’ (Cronon, cited in Jervis, 1997). In economic development, the term ’path dependence’ is used to describe how standards which are first-to-market can become entrenched ’lock ins’ - such as the QWERTY layout in typewriters still used in computer keyboards (David, 2000). In certain situations, positive feedbacks leading from a small change can lead to such irreversible path dependence (Urry, 2003). Urry gives the example of irreversibility across an entire industry or sector, whereby through sensitive dependence on initial conditions, feedback can set in motion institutional patterns that are hard or impossible to reverse. He cites the example of the domination of steel and petroleum-based fuel models, developed in the late 29 19th century, which have come to dominate over other fuel alternatives, especially steam and electric, which were at the time preferable. The concept of path dependence has received some criticism from exponents of complexity science, because it has imported into economics the view that minor initial perturbations are important while grafting this onto an underlying theory that still assumes that there are a finite number of stable and alternative end-states, one of which will arise based on the particular initial conditions. As will be explained in Concept 7 on attractors and chaos, this is not always the case in complex systems (Margolis and Liebowitz, 1998).  Example: Sensitive dependence on initial conditions and economic growth Economists have generally identified sensitive dependence on initial conditions as one of the important features of the growth process – that is, what eventually happens to an economy depends greatly on the point of departure. There is mounting evidence that large qualitative differences in outcomes can arise from small (and perhaps accidental) differences in initial conditions or events (Hurwicz, 1995). In other words, the scope for and the direction and magnitude of change that a society can undertake depend critically on its prevailing objective conditions and the constellation of sociopolitical and institutional factors that have shaped these conditions. For specific economies, the initial conditions affecting economic growth include levels of per capita income; the development of human capital; the natural resource base; the levels and structure of production; the degree of the economy’s openness and its form of integration into the world system; the development of physical infrastructure; and institutional variables such as governance, land tenure and property rights. One might add here the nature of colonial rule and the institutional arrangements it bequeathed the former colonies, the decolonisation process, and the economic interests and policies of the erstwhile colonial masters. Wrongly specifying these initial conditions can undermine policy initiatives. Government polices are not simply a matter of choice made without historical or socioeconomic preconditions. Further, a sensitive appreciation of the differences and similarities in the initial conditions is important if one is to avoid some of the invidious comparisons one runs into today and the naive voluntarism that policymakers exhibit when they declare that their particular country is about to become the ’new tiger’ of Africa. Such comparisons and self-description actually make the process of learning from others more costly because they start the planning process off on a wrong foot (Mkandawire and Soludo, 1999). Implication: Rethink the scope of learning and the purpose of planning in an uncertain world Sensitivity to initial conditions suggests that there are inevitably degrees of non-comparability across, and unpredictability within, complex systems. Some have argued that this implies that: ’… the map to the future cannot be drawn in advance. We cannot know enough to set forth a meaningful vision or plan productively’ (Tetenbaum, 1998). The general implications for development theory and practice have been highlighted by a previous ODI working paper on participatory approaches, which suggests that this implies the notion of development as planned change is paradoxical. To quote directly, ’… perfect planning would imply perfect knowledge of the future, which in turn would imply a totally deterministic universe in which planning would not make a difference’ (Geyer, cited in Sellamna, 1999). Sellamna goes on: ’For this reason, development planning should abandon prescriptive, goal-oriented decision making and prediction about future states and focus instead on understanding the dynamics of 30 change and promoting a collective learning framework through which concerned stakeholders can constantly, through dialogue, express their respective interests and reach consensus.’ With regards to learning, this poses profound issues for the transferability of ’best practice’, a concept that has taken on increasing meaning within the development sector since the rise of knowledge management and organisational learning strategies (Ramalingam, 2005). While it is possible that, for example, an understanding of the interplay of factors driving urban change in the Philippines may be relevant for analysis of urban change in Guatemala, this is not necessarily the case. The sensitivity to initial conditions gives us a strong reason to suppose that, even if we have a generally useful perspective on urban environments, this may entirely fail to capture the key features of the next situation we look at. This means that the search for ’best practices’ may need to be replaced by the search for ’good principles’. Some have suggested that the most appropriate way to bring the principles of effective approaches from one context to another is for ’… development workers to become facilitators … enabling representatives of other communities … to see first hand what in the successful project they would wish to replicate’ (Breslin, 2004). Moving onto planning, to say that prediction of any kind is impossible may be overstating the case. Complexity does suggest that, in certain kinds of systems, future events cannot be forecasted to a useful level of probability and that, from certain perspectives, it is not possible to offer any firm prediction of the way the future will pan out on certain timescales. However, in other systems, future events can be foreseen in a helpful manner. For example, Geyer (2006) suggests that, with political dynamics, it is fairly safe to predict the short-term dynamics of basic power resources and political structures and that, therefore, there is decent scope for forecasting voting and decision outcomes of policy. On the other hand, examining party and institutional dynamics becomes more difficult, and grasping the potential shifts in contested political and social debates is even harder, while the longterm development of political dynamics is effectively characterised by disorder, as far as our ability to predict is concerned. It is important to clarify that certain levels of uncertainty are unavoidable when looking into the future. Complexity science suggests that it is important to identify and analyse these levels of unpredictability as part of the nature of the systems with which we work, and not treat uncertainty as in some way ’unscientific’ or embarrassing. Rather than rejecting planning outright, there is a need to rethink the purpose and principles of planning. This has two key strands. First, it is necessary to incorporate an acceptance of the inherent levels of uncertainty into planning. The requirement for a certain level of detail in understanding future events should be balanced with the understanding that both simple and intricate processes carry uncertainty of prediction. While improving one’s models of change and analyses of facets of a situation may be worthwhile, it is just as important and often more practical to work with a realistic understanding of this uncertainty and build a level of flexibility and adaptability into projects, allowing for greater resilience. It has been argued that development projects have ’fallen under the enchantment of ~delivering~ clear, specific, measurable outcomes’ (Westley et al., 2006).

The plan’s shifting of the scale of energy decision-making spurs social movements despite complexity

Miller 9 ~Clark, associate director of the Consortium for Science, Policy 26 Outcomes and associate director of the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University. He is also an associate professor in the School of Politics and Global Studies at ASU. He serves on the advisory committee for the Nanotechnology Informal Science Education Network and the Bovay Center for Engineering, Ethics, and Society at the National Academy of Engineering. In 2003, he served as a consultant to the United Nations Environment Programme and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Miller is the co-editor of Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance, "ENERGY JUSTICE", July 21, http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articledetails.aspx?aid=164~~
The fight over Keystone XL is thus as much about justice as it is about
AND
of the future are not only more environmentally friendly but also more just.

Shifting the scale fosters empirically successful grassroots movements against the environmental injustice of elites

Towers 2k ~George, PhD and professor of human geography at Concord University, "Applying the Political Geography of Scale: Grassroots Strategies and Environmental Justice*", Professional Geographer, 52(1) 2000, pages 23–36~
The grassroots environmental movement is defined by geographical scale. The thou- sands of
AND
the landscape taught the community the language of systemic environ- mental justice.

Current policies are framed through an elite scale that over codes local struggles with elite interests – the framing of the 1AC around injustice challenges this top-down managerialism

McCan 3 ~Eugene, Professor of Geography – Ohio State University, "FRAMING SPACE AND TIME IN THE CITY: URBAN POLICY AND THE POLITICS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALE" JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Volume 25, Number 2, pages 159–178~
My purpose is to consider how a burgeoning literature in critical human geography can provide
AND
the city has important, if unpredictable, implications for policy and politics.
CONTINUES
Three specific points can be drawn from this literature that relate directly to the politics
AND
these strategies and the use of scale as a framework for political persuasion.
CONTINUES
The first aspect of the politics of scale in Austin revolves around conflicting attempts to
AND
sorts of scalar arguments that were, for instance, exhibited in Austin.

Probability outweighs magnitude – the logic of any risk of extinction outweighs destroys rational risk assessment

Kessler ’8 ~Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld,   "From Insecurity to Uncertainty:  Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics" Alternatives  33 (2008), 211-232~  
If the risk of terrorism is defined in traditional terms by probability and potential loss
AND
prevail than in situations where security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.  

1AC – Plan

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should provide decentralized integrated photovoltaic electrification assistance to Mexico.

1AC – Solvency

Contention three is solvency

The past MREP focused on Solar Home Systems

van Campen et al, 2k Environment and Natural Resources Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Bart Van Campen; Daniele Guidi, Renewable Energy Consultant; Gustavo Best, Environment and Natural Resources Service "Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" 2000 http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar20photovoltaic20for20SARD.pdf-http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar photovoltaic for SARD.pdf) NKG
The Mexico Renewable Energy Programme (MREP) is managed by Sandia National Laboratories (
AND
MREP complements programmes by the Mexican Government mainly focusing on Solar Home Systems.

That’s why integrated PV assistance solves best – it’s distinct from past policies since it goes beyond SHS and promotes local integration

van Campen et al, 2k Environment and Natural Resources Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Bart Van Campen; Daniele Guidi, Renewable Energy Consultant; Gustavo Best, Environment and Natural Resources Service "Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" 2000 http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar20photovoltaic20for20SARD.pdf-http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar photovoltaic for SARD.pdf) NKG
The findings of this study have led the authors to believe that the time is
AND
organizations. PV systems adapt easily to these different types of institutional arrangements.

Multiple mechanisms ensure that the plan solves – it spills over

ASES, 99 leads national efforts to increase the use of solar energy, energy
AND
1999 solar.nmsu.edu/publications/mexicopaper.pdf)NKG
Many of the principles on which the Mexico Renewable Energy Program are based stem from
AND
Mexico for the last five or so years. Its fundamental aspects are:
• Partnerships
• Capacity Building
• Technical Assistance
• Implementation of Pilot Projects
• Replication, and
• Monitoring.
Partnerships
Partnerships, especially with in-country organizations and individuals, are critical to progress
AND
the environment into a coherent set of activities would be impossible without it.
Capacity Building
Building in-country institutional and/or community capacity to deploy, use,
AND
little capacity-building of its own in order to do business internationally.
Technical Assistance
Technical assistance contributes to, but is different from, capacity building. It involves
AND
need less and less assistance and eventually are able to handle everything themselves.
Implementation of Pilot Projects
A key feature of the Mexico Renewable Energy Program is that it uses pilot projects
AND
, the program enters the project replication phase, which is described below.
Project Replication
Project replication, or growing sustainable markets, is the program’s ultimate measure of success
AND
energy projects is established, institutions begin to implement other projects on their own

 in accordance with their programmatic objectives, say, agricultural infrastructure improvement in the
AND
result, the various activities could also be undertaken separately or in sequence.
Monitoring
Monitoring the results of the program is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness, to learn
AND
provides accurate and meaningful information with which to assess and manage the program.

Tournament: Capitol | Round: 6 | Opponent: BCC WS | Judge: Andrew Geathers
The alt’s rejection of the states makes it seem stronger than it actually is. This dooms the alt to reproduce the hierarchal structures we critique.  
Guattari and Rolnik, schitzoanalysts, revolutionaries, 1986
Felix and Suely, Molecular Revolution in Brazil, p. 120-121
Comment: It's good that you mentioned those homosexuals who worked within the system as
AND
as possible to create other territories of life, which are often clandestine.

The concept of the nomad produces sterile politics and cedes the political.  Because it’s too purist it leaves too many questions, like feasibility, unanswered.

Newman 10 Saul, Reader in Political Theory at Goldsmiths, U of London, Theory and Event Volume 13, Issue 2
At the same time, however, we should be cautious here of too easy
AND
.12 However, we must not concede too much to Badiou here.

And, their politics causes genocide

Barbrook 98 Richard, coordinator of the Hypermedia Research Centre at U of Westminster, The Holy Fools
While the nomadic fantasies of A Thousand Plateaus were being composed, one revolutionary movement
AND
line of flight’ from Stalin had led to Pol Pot. 22

_ Turn – Your authors USE FASCISM AS A REPRESENTATION FOR ALL BAD POLITICS; THEY HARBOR THEIR OWN FASCIST TENDENCIES AND; THEIR ALTERNATIVE - LIBIDINAL MICROPOLITICS  - WOULDN’T HAVE PREVENTED ANY CRISES FOR THE LEFT.

Zizek 04 (Slavoj, Senr Reschr @ Dept of Philosophy, U of Ljubjana, Critical Inquiry, Winter)
However, productive as this Deleuzian approach is, it is time to problematize it
AND
elements that can also be inserted into totally different hegemonic chains of articulation).
FW- Evaluate material consequences
It’s easy to say politics is dead from their authors perspective – grounding politics in experience is key
Bordo ’94 Susan, Professor of English and Gender and Women's Studies and holds the Otis A. Singletary Chair in the Humanities at the University of Kentucky, “Are Mothers Persons?” in Unbearable Weight, pp.96-97
And, finally, there is the currently problematic status of concepts such as authority
AND
we begin to make  philosophy, law, and politics in the public arena

Tournament: GBX | Round: 2 | Opponent: U Chigago NY | Judge: Michael Stroud

It’s easy to say politics is dead from their authors perspective – grounding politics in experience is key

Bordo ’94 ~Susan, Professor of English and Gender and Women’s Studies and holds the Otis A. Singletary Chair in the Humanities at the University of Kentucky, "Are Mothers Persons?" in Unbearable Weight, pp.96-97~
And, finally, there is the currently problematic status of concepts such as authority
AND
in the arena of the current legal and social battle over reproductive control.
Within this battle, we cannot afford, whether in the interests of theoretical avant
AND
is challenged by an embodiment that literally  houses ’’otherness" within the self.
Young’s argument makes us aware of the fact that invoking the authority of marginalized subjects
AND
we begin to make  philosophy, law, and politics in the public arena
 

They claim to question everything, but then demonstrate a naïve faith in the links and impacts to the kritik.  Like all conspiracy theorists, they are radically skeptical about everything but their own bizarre claims.

Bruno Latour 2004
~Critical Inquiry 30.2~
     In which case the danger would no longer be coming from an excessive confidence in ideological arguments posturing as matters of factas we have learned to combat so efficiently in the pastbut from an excessive distrust of good matters of fact disguised as bad ideological biases21 While we spent years trying to detect the real prejudices hidden behind the appearance of objective statements, do we now have to reveal the real objective and incontrovertible facts hidden behind the illusion of prejudices? And yet entire Ph.D. programs are still running to make sure that good American kids are learning the hard way that facts are made up, that there is no such thing as natural, unmediated, unbiased access to truth, that we are always prisoners of language, that we always speak from a particular standpoint, and so on, while dangerous extremists are using the very same argument of social construction to destroy hard-won evidence that could save our lives. Was I wrong to participate in the invention of this field known as science studies? Is it enough to say that we did not really mean what we said? Why does it burn my tongue to say that global warming is a fact whether you like it or not? Why can’t I simply say that the argument is closed for good?       Should I reassure myself by simply saying that bad guys can use any weapon at hand, naturalized facts when it suits them and social construction when it suits them? Should we apologize for having been wrong all along? Or should we rather bring the sword of criticism to criticism itself and do a bit of soul-searching here: what were we really after when we were so intent on showing the social construction of scientific facts? Nothing guarantees, after all, that we should be right all the time. There is no sure ground even for criticism.4 Isn’t this what criticism intended to say: that there is no sure ground anywhere? But what does it mean when this lack of sure ground is taken away from us by the worst possible fellows as an argument against the things we cherish?       Artificially maintained controversies are not the only worrying sign. What has critique become when a French general, no, a marshal of critique, namely, Jean Baudrillard, claims in a published book that the Twin Towers destroyed themselves under their own weight, so to speak, undermined by the utter nihilism inherent in capitalism itselfas if the terrorist planes were pulled to suicide by the powerful attraction of this black hole of nothingness?5 What has become of critique when a book that claims that no plane ever crashed into the Pentagon can be a bestseller? I am ashamed to say that the author was French, too.6 Remember the good old days when revisionism arrived very late, after the facts had been thoroughly established, decades after bodies of evidence had accumulated? Now we have the benefit of what can be called instant revisionism. The smoke of the event has not yet finished settling before dozens of conspiracy theories begin revising the official account, adding even more ruins to the ruins, adding even more smoke to the smoke. What has become of critique when my neighbor in the little Bourbonnais village where I live looks down on me as someone hopelessly naïve because I believe that the United States had been attacked by terrorists? Remember the good old days when university professors could look down on unsophisticated folks because those hillbillies naïvely believed in church, motherhood, and apple pie? Things have changed a lot, at least in my village. I am now the one who naïvely believes in some facts because I am educated, while the other guys are too unsophisticated to be gullible: "Where have you been? Don’t you know that the Mossad and the CIA did it?" What has become of critique when someone as eminent as Stanley Fish, the "enemy of promises" as Lindsay Waters calls him, believes he defends science studies, my field, by comparing the laws of physics to the rules of baseball?7 What has become of critique when there is a whole industry denying that the Apollo program landed on the moon? What has become of critique when DARPA uses for its Total Information Awareness project the Baconian slogan Scientia est potentia? Didn’t I read that somewhere in Michel Foucault? Has knowledge-slash-power been co-opted of late by the National Security Agency? Has Discipline and Punish become the bedtime reading of Mr. Ridge (fig. 1)?  Let me be mean for a second. What’s the real difference between conspiracists and a popularized, that is a teachable version of social critique inspired by a too quick reading of, let’s say, a sociologist as eminent as Pierre Bourdieu (to be polite I will stick with the French field commanders)? In both cases, you have to learn to become suspicious of everything people say because of course we all know that they live in the thralls of a complete illusion of their real motives. Then, after disbelief has struck and an explanation is requested for what is really going on, in both cases again it is the same appeal to powerful agents hidden in the dark acting always consistently, continuously, relentlessly. Of course, we in the academy like to use more elevated causessociety, discourse, knowledge-slash-power, fields of forces, empires, capitalismwhile conspiracists like to portray a miserable bunch of greedy people with dark intents, but I find something troublingly similar in the structure of the explanation, in the first movement of disbelief and, then, in the wheeling of causal explanations coming out of the deep dark below. What if explanations resorting automatically to power, society, discourse had outlived their usefulness and deteriorated to the point of now feeding the most gullible sort of critique?8 Maybe I am taking conspiracy theories too seriously, but it worries me to detect, in those mad mixtures of knee-jerk disbelief, punctilious demands for proofs, and free use of powerful explanation from the social neverland many of the weapons of social critique. Of course conspiracy theories are an absurd deformation of our own arguments, but, like weapons smuggled through a fuzzy border to the wrong party, these are our weapons nonetheless. In spite of all the deformations, it is easy to recognize, still burnt in the steel, our trademark: Made in Criticalland. ====

. Our politics is necessary to celebrating life.  The alternative denies our potential to affirm life and condemns others to unnecessary suffering.

May 05 Todd May, prof at Clemson. "To change the world, to celebrate life," Philosophy 26 Social Criticism 2005 Vol 31 nos 5–6
To change the world and to celebrate life. This, as the theologian Harvey
AND
who would be more than willing to take your world up for you.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: Ryan Nierman
Decentralized energy is key to a transition towards degrowth
Demaria et al. 2013 Federico Demaria is an economist working on ecological economics, political ecology and waste policy. He obtained a full scholarship and an IB certificate in the United World College of the Adriatic in 2003. François Schneider is an industrial ecologist and degrowth researcher Filka Sekulova is a PhD student at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. She holds a Master's degree in Spatial, Transport and Environmental Economics from the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Joan Martinez Alier is a Catalan economist, Professor of Economics and Economic History and researcher at ICTA at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. “What is Degrowth? ¶ From an Activist Slogan to a Social Movement” Research and Degrowth (RandD) and Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia ¶ Ambientals (ICTA)¶ Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Environmental Values 22 (2013): 191–215
Degrowth actors are often engaged in oppositional activism such as campaigners working to stop the
AND
, including the ¶ creation of a local currency (the ‘ECOS’).

Degrowth solves the western development model – it is a rejection of economic rationality, creating new human identity
Demaria et al. 2013 Federico Demaria is an economist working on ecological economics, political ecology and waste policy. He obtained a full scholarship and an IB certificate in the United World College of the Adriatic in 2003. François Schneider is an industrial ecologist and degrowth researcher Filka Sekulova is a PhD student at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. She holds a Master's degree in Spatial, Transport and Environmental Economics from the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Joan Martinez Alier is a Catalan economist, Professor of Economics and Economic History and researcher at ICTA at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. “What is Degrowth? ¶ From an Activist Slogan to a Social Movement” Research and Degrowth (RandD) and Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia ¶ Ambientals (ICTA)¶ Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Environmental Values 22 (2013): 191–215

This degrowth source derives from anthropology. Authors within this current ¶ perceive degrowth as
AND
by Mongeau, Schumacher’s apology for ¶ enoughness and Kumarappa’s Economy of Permanence.

Tournament: Capitol | Round: 6 | Opponent: BCC WS | Judge: Andrew Geathers
YOUR LINK ARGS DON’T ASSUME THE PLAN:
A. The aff is a re-configuring of modernity. 

Miles 9   Malcolm, Professor of Cultural Theory in the School of Architecture, Design and Environment at the University of Plymouth, UK. Aesthetics in a Time of Emergency, Third Text, 23:4, 421-433

The spread of rhizomes is likened to that of critical attitudes in what Ala Plástica
AND
culture not art, but the articulation of shared values in everyday lives. 

B. Community solar enables future grassroots organizing

JURA  no date  Food Coop, Library, and Activist Collective in Jura, Aboriginal Solidarity, Jura Safer Spaces Policy, Womin and Feminism in Jura, Autonomous Organising of Oppressed Groups, http://www.jura.org.au/node/1496
Many people in the Jura community are actively fighting climate change and building the grassroots
AND
valuable step, in transitioning society towards principles like sustainability and decentralised collectivism.
Limited deliberative forums like debate which discuss Latin American specific policies prevent elite domination, develops agency, and promotes epistemological equality
Baxter 10 (Jorge, Education Specialist, Department of Education and Culture in the Organization of American States, Former Coordinator of the Inter-American Program on Education for Democratic Values and Practices at the OAS, PHD in International Comparative Education and Policy from University of Maryland College Park, “Towards a Deliberative and Democratic Model of International Cooperation in Education in Latin America”, Inter-American Journal of Education for Democracy, 3(2), 224-254, https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/ried/article/viewFile/1016/1307, Accessed: 7/30/13)OG 

In the context of international¶ education cooperation and international¶ development in Latin America
AND
of quality¶ and equity in education at national and local¶ levels.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: Ryan Nierman
State ownership of the nuclear industry deters private investment
Jorge Gonzales-Gomez and Peter Hartley, 2008, Rice University, "The global energy market: comprehensive strategies to meet geopolitical and financial risks," http://www.bakerinstitute.org/publications/IEEJnuclear-JorgeHartley.pdf

The state monopoly on the use of nuclear power remains a relatively large ¶ obstacle
AND
in this case can impede the diversification of generating capacity in ¶ Mexico.

Can’t build fast enough
Ferguson, 2k7. (Charles D. Ferguson, Adjunct Senior Fellow for Science and Technology. “Nuclear Power Will Not Play Major Near-Term Role in Countering Climate Change, Concludes New Council Report” Council on Foreign Relations. April 18. Online.) 

Nuclear energy is unlikely to play a major role in the coming decades in countering
AND
country has begun to store waste from commercial power plants in permanent repositories.”

Nuclear is neither necessary nor sufficient to solve climate
Leiter ‘8 (Amanda Leiter, Visiting Associate Professor at Georgetown Univ. “The Perils of a Half-Built Bridge: Risk Perception, Shifting Majorities, and the Nuclear Power Debate” Ecology Law Quarterly, 35 Ecology L.Q. 31. LexisNexis.)   

That said, it would not be feasible to convert 100 of the U
AND
practicable and worthwhile. 3. Scale of the necessary investment in nuclear power  

Nuclear plants irradiate the marginalized populations that live around them
Smith ’11 GAR SMITH—Editor Emeritus of Earth Island Journal, a former editor of Common Ground magazine, a Project Censored Award-winning journalist, and co-founder of Environmentalists Against War, Nuclear Roulette, pp. 26-28

An average 1,000 MW reactor contains approximately 16 billion curies of radioactive material
AND
Windham County has risen 5.7 percent above the national average.135  

Nuclear siting is targeted at communities of color and causes structural violence
Dixon ’10 Bruce, managing Black Agenda Report editor, “Obama's Georgia Nukes Selectively Penalize Black Communities. Is That Environmental Racism?” March 3, http://www.georgiagreenparty.org/Issues/NuclearPower/ Obama_ Props_Up_Nukes_with_Taxpayer_backed_Loan_Guarantees_Is_That_Environmental_org/Issues/NuclearPower/20Obama_20Props_Up_Nukes_with_Taxpayer_backed_Loan_Guarantees_Is_That_Environmental_Racism

The Savannah River, which flows between the nuclear weapons site on the South Carolina
AND
has done so. The president has proven whose side he is on."

Tournament: Capitol | Round: 1 | Opponent: Centennial DL | Judge: Ellie Miller
Immigration reform solidifies exploitation and assimilation into the American Dream of Whiteness
Minhaz 2012
11/22 “Deformists vs Madicals: Reflections on Praxis”
http://dreamersadrift.com/featured1/deformists-vs-madicals-reflections-on-praxis
What does praxis look like under the context of anti-imperialist, anti-capitalist,
AND
white supremacist heteropatriarchal narrative and to never be content with inclusion.
Political capital isn’t key---unforseen events easily change the political calculus---specifically true in the context of immigration---
Hirsch 2/7 Michael Hirsch is a chief correspondent for the National Journal, 2013, “There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital” http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207
The real problem is that the idea of political capital—or mandates, or
AND
change positions to get on the winning side. It’s a bandwagon effect.”
Fiat solves the Link—means plan doesn’t go through the congressional process
CIR Won’t pass the house—Republicans opposed to current Pathway to Citizenship.
Miller 7-6-13( Jake,” What will the House do on immigration reform?” http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-250_162-57592500/what-will-the-house-do-on-immigration-reform/)
Some, however, objected to the bill's immediate provision of an interim legal status
AND
to citizenship, someone has to give, or the process falls apart.
Disad non intrinsic—logical policy maker can do both
Immigration Reform is a ploy to create a slave force of ‘guest workers’ while bolstering imperialist violence home and abroad
Progressive Labor Party 2012
6/22 “Immigration Reform: Dead End for Workers” http://www.plp.org/challenge/2012/6/22/immigration-reform-dead-end-for-workers.html

The new policy is also a significant step toward the passage of “comprehensive immigration
AND
or four years running, the Dream Act would effectively funnel young immigrants into

Tournament: GBX | Round: 2 | Opponent: U Chigago NY | Judge: Michael Stroud

The neg’s understanding of Iran is part of a larger neoconservative agenda that seeks global imperial domination.

Adib-Moghaddam 2007 Arshin. Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Oxford. "Manufacturing War: Iran in the neo-conservative imagination." Third World Quarterly. 28.3.
Although this brief sketch may make the ideas of both thinkers appear commonsensical enough to
AND
in the build-up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003.13
~CONTINUES~
Ultimately, then, neoconservative functionaries inscribe the narrative of war in international relations;
AND
is that it makes us think that it serves the liberation of mankind.

Obama Won’t push Sanctions Bill—waiting till next Month

Klapper 11-21-13(BRADLEY KLAPPER, "Senate Dems to Push Iran Sanctions Next Month", http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/senate-dems-push-iran-sanctions-month-20967058, November 21, 2013)RM
The Democratic-led Senate signaled Thursday it would only give President Barack Obama until
AND
new sanctions while world powers try to conclude an interim agreement with Iran.

Iran sanctions only hurt the population of Iran and further enforce the ruling elite

New York Times 11/20/13
~http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/11/19/sanctions-successes-and-failures/in-iran-sanctions-hurt-the-wrong-people, Beheshteh Farshneshani is an Iranian-American filmmaker and writer. She is also a former associate of the National Iranian American Council and is on Twitter, Updated November 20, 2013, 6:23 PM~ duffee
Sanctions on Iran are severely weakening the middle class, breaking the collective will and
AND
will and marginalizing democratic voices while solidifying the power of the ruling elite.

Tournament: Kaiser | Round: 3 | Opponent: Eastside CE | Judge: Wenbo Wang

1AC – Bronx Science DM

1AC – Centralized Injustice

Contention one is centralized injustice

Centralized solar energy is inevitable globally – especially in Mexico

Parkinson 13, founding editor of RenewEconomy.com.au, an Australian-based website that provides news and analysis on cleantech, carbon, and climate issues. (Giles Parkinson "How the Solar PV Industry Became a Global Phenomenon" 9/12/13 http://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/12/how-the-solar-pv-industry-became-a-global-phenomenon/-http://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/12/how-the-solar-pv-industry-became-a-global-phenomenon/) NKG
The recent slew of quarterly reports from the world’s major solar PV manufacturers have delivered
AND
generate a return in the "higher mid teens" for these projects.

Status-quo efforts to provide energy access have failed – millions of rural communities in Mexico face energy poverty that strikes at the heart of human quality of life – the plan alleviates it

Ilaca and Santos 11 (Christiane llaca is Co-Manager Project Ciudad Rural, Puebla Mexico and SEDESO Ministry of Social development, Puebla, Mexico. Carlos Santos has a Masters in Science, Florida Institute of Technology, the U.S.A. and Systems Engineer, UDLA, Mexico. He is also a freelance IT consultant "Sustainable Development as an Aid in Fighting Poverty" 2011  http://www.interpv.net/market/market_view.asp?idx=75326part_code=)//NKG-http://www.interpv.net/market/market_view.asp?idx=75326part_code=)//NKG
During the last decade, few projects related to PV technology have been made to
AND
changes; poor people just need the tools to be able to develop.

Specifically, indigenous communities in Mexico are disproportionately affected by water deprivation and elite commodification of nature – allowing resource autonomy sustains indigenous culture and is a pre-requisite to environmental justice

Carruthers, 8 Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at San Diego State University (David V. Carruthers "Environmental Justice in Latin America: Problems, Promise, and Practice" February 2008) NKG
Today we call the ongoing expansion of the capitalist world system "globalization." Globalization
AND
we ought to interpret and interact with nature are constructed by all peoples.

This system of environmental injustice creates disposable populations and threatens an emerging apocalypse that demands challenging short term catastrophe focus - visible violence develops from subterranean structures of inequity

Nixon ’9 ~Rob, Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, "NEOLIBERALISM, SLOW VIOLENCE, AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL PICARESQUE", MFS Modern Fiction Studies, Volume 55 number 3, Fall 2009, http://sustainabilityparadox.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Nixon-Neoliberalism2.pdf-http://sustainabilityparadox.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Nixon-Neoliberalism2.pdf~~   
The picaresque proves uncannily effective at dramatizing another critical dimension to the environmentalism of the
AND
and are pursued into their very dreams by the anxiety of a "nuclear
holocaust" . . . Dangerous, hostile substances lie concealed behind the harmless facades
AND
casualties claimed, as at Bhopal, by the forces of slow violence.  

This outweighs any impact on probability and magnitude – risk assessment is epistemologically biased towards white male elites who discount the severity of localized environmental hazards in destroying marginalized communities.

Verchick 96 ~Robert, Assistant Professor, University of Missouri — Kansas City School of Law; J.D., Harvard Law School, 1989, "IN A GREENER VOICE: FEMINIST THEORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE" 19 Harv. Women’s L.J. 23~
Because risk assessment is based on statistical measures of risk, policymakers view it as
AND
military’s poisoning of Indian land as genocide. n330 ~*85~ 3. 

And, focus on underlying structures producing violence outweighs a one shot linear cause for conflict

Hendrick 9 (Diane, University of Bradford, Dept of Peace Studies, "Complexity Theory and Conflict  Transformation: An Exploration of Potential and Implications", Centre for Conflict Resolution, June)
John Paul Lederach, drawing on Wheatley, has found the notion of ?process
AND
of those patterns".  (Senge, 1990; 2006 p. 2) 

Uncertainty and nonlinearity are inevitable due to inherent complexity within systems

Ramalingam et al 8 ~Ben, Senior Research Associate at the Overseas Development Institute, and Harry jones at ODI, "Exploring the science of complexity: Ideas and Implications for development and humanitarian efforts" http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/833.pdf-http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/833.pdf ~ 10
Concept 4: Nonlinearity5 ‘... the darkest corner of science is the realm of non-linear problems
AND
have ‘fallen under the enchantment of delivering clear, specific, measurable outcomes’ (Westley et al., 2006).

Energy decision-making avoids complexity – it facilitates a constantly shifting form of organization that adapts and combats injustice

Gilchrist 2k ~Alison, BA and MS, Regional Links Manager (England) for the Community Develop- ment Foundation, advising the emerging regional authorities on their strat- egies for community involvement in a variety of government funding programmes and policy initiatives, "The well-connected community: networking to the edge of chaos", COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT JOURNAL VOL. 35 NO. 3 July 2000 pp. 264–275~
Organizational studies suggest that network forms of organization provide the most effective means of coping
AND
of contemporary or contested values of social justice. Oppression, prejudice and social
exclusion hinder and distort communication of information across the system and constrain potentially advantageous collaborative
AND
participation in community activities and the strength- ening of local democratic processes.

1AC – Scalar Politics

Contention two is scalar politics

The plan’s shifting of the scale of energy decision-making spurs social movements despite complexity

Miller 9 ~Clark, associate director of the Consortium for Science, Policy 26 Outcomes and associate director of the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University. He is also an associate professor in the School of Politics and Global Studies at ASU. He serves on the advisory committee for the Nanotechnology Informal Science Education Network and the Bovay Center for Engineering, Ethics, and Society at the National Academy of Engineering. In 2003, he served as a consultant to the United Nations Environment Programme and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Miller is the co-editor of Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance, "ENERGY JUSTICE", July 21, http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articledetails.aspx?aid=164~~
The fight over Keystone XL is thus as much about justice as it is about
AND
of the future are not only more environmentally friendly but also more just.

Shifting the scale fosters empirically successful grassroots movements against the environmental injustice of elites

Towers 2k ~George, PhD and professor of human geography at Concord University, "Applying the Political Geography of Scale: Grassroots Strategies and Environmental Justice*", Professional Geographer, 52(1) 2000, pages 23–36~
The grassroots environmental movement is defined by geographical scale. The thou- sands of
AND
the landscape taught the community the language of systemic environ- mental justice.

Current policies are framed through an elite scale that over codes local struggles with elite interests – the framing of the 1AC around injustice challenges this top-down managerialism

McCan 3 ~Eugene, Professor of Geography – Ohio State University, "FRAMING SPACE AND TIME IN THE CITY: URBAN POLICY AND THE POLITICS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALE" JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Volume 25, Number 2, pages 159–178~
My purpose is to consider how a burgeoning literature in critical human geography can provide
AND
the city has important, if unpredictable, implications for policy and politics.
CONTINUES
Three specific points can be drawn from this literature that relate directly to the politics
AND
these strategies and the use of scale as a framework for political persuasion.
CONTINUES
The first aspect of the politics of scale in Austin revolves around conflicting attempts to
AND
sorts of scalar arguments that were, for instance, exhibited in Austin.

1AC – Plan

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should provide decentralized integrated photovoltaic electrification assistance to Mexico.

1AC – Solvency

Contention three is solvency

The past MREP focused on Solar Home Systems

van Campen et al, 2k Environment and Natural Resources Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Bart Van Campen; Daniele Guidi, Renewable Energy Consultant; Gustavo Best, Environment and Natural Resources Service "Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" 2000 http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar20photovoltaic20for20SARD.pdf-http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar photovoltaic for SARD.pdf) NKG
The Mexico Renewable Energy Programme (MREP) is managed by Sandia National Laboratories (
AND
MREP complements programmes by the Mexican Government mainly focusing on Solar Home Systems.

That’s why integrated PV assistance solves best – it’s distinct from past policies since it goes beyond SHS and promotes local integration

van Campen et al, 2k Environment and Natural Resources Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Bart Van Campen; Daniele Guidi, Renewable Energy Consultant; Gustavo Best, Environment and Natural Resources Service "Solar Photovoltaics for Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development" 2000 http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar20photovoltaic20for20SARD.pdf-http://www.fao.org/uploads/media/Solar photovoltaic for SARD.pdf) NKG
The findings of this study have led the authors to believe that the time is
AND
organizations. PV systems adapt easily to these different types of institutional arrangements.

Multiple mechanisms ensure that the plan solves – it spills over

ASES, 99 leads national efforts to increase the use of solar energy, energy
AND
1999 solar.nmsu.edu/publications/mexicopaper.pdf)NKG
Many of the principles on which the Mexico Renewable Energy Program are based stem from
AND
Mexico for the last five or so years. Its fundamental aspects are:
• Partnerships
• Capacity Building
• Technical Assistance
• Implementation of Pilot Projects
• Replication, and
• Monitoring.
Partnerships
Partnerships, especially with in-country organizations and individuals, are critical to progress
AND
the environment into a coherent set of activities would be impossible without it.
Capacity Building
Building in-country institutional and/or community capacity to deploy, use,
AND
little capacity-building of its own in order to do business internationally.
Technical Assistance
Technical assistance contributes to, but is different from, capacity building. It involves
AND
need less and less assistance and eventually are able to handle everything themselves.
Implementation of Pilot Projects
A key feature of the Mexico Renewable Energy Program is that it uses pilot projects
AND
, the program enters the project replication phase, which is described below.
Project Replication
Project replication, or growing sustainable markets, is the program’s ultimate measure of success
AND
result, the various activities could also be undertaken separately or in sequence.
Monitoring
Monitoring the results of the program is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness, to learn
AND
provides accurate and meaningful information with which to assess and manage the program.

Tournament: Lexington | Round: 1 | Opponent: Pine Crest MM | Judge: Ryan Nierman

1AC – Bronx Science DM

1AC – Centralized Injustice

Contention one is centralized injustice

Centralized solar energy is inevitable globally – especially in Mexico

Parkinson 13, founding editor of RenewEconomy.com.au, an Australian-based website that provides news and analysis on cleantech, carbon, and climate issues. (Giles Parkinson "How the Solar PV Industry Became a Global Phenomenon" 9/12/13 http://cleantechnica.com/2013/09/12/how-the-solar-pv-industry-became-a-global-phenomenon/) NKG
The recent slew of quarterly reports from the world’s major solar PV manufacturers have delivered
AND
generate a return in the "higher mid teens" for these projects.

Status-quo efforts to provide energy access have failed – millions of rural communities in Mexico face energy poverty that strikes at the heart of human quality of life – the plan alleviates it

Ilaca and Santos 11 (Christiane llaca is Co-Manager Project Ciudad Rural, Puebla Mexico and SEDESO Ministry of Social development, Puebla, Mexico. Carlos Santos has a Masters in Science, Florida Institute of Technology, the U.S.A. and Systems Engineer, UDLA, Mexico. He is also a freelance IT consultant "Sustainable Development as an Aid in Fighting Poverty" 2011  http://www.interpv.net/market/market_view.asp?idx=75326part_code=)//NKG
During the last decade, few projects related to PV technology have been made to
AND
changes; poor people just need the tools to be able to develop.

Specifically, indigenous communities in Mexico are disproportionately affected by water deprivation and elite commodification of nature – allowing resource autonomy sustains indigenous culture and is a pre-requisite to environmental justice

Carruthers, 8 Associate Professor in the Department of Political Science at San Diego State University (David V. Carruthers "Environmental Justice in Latin America: Problems, Promise, and Practice" February 2008) NKG
Today we call the ongoing expansion of the capitalist world system "globalization." Globalization
AND
we ought to interpret and interact with nature are constructed by all peoples.

This system of environmental injustice creates disposable populations and threatens an emerging apocalypse that demands challenging short term catastrophe focus - visible violence develops from subterranean structures of inequity

Nixon ’9 ~Rob, Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, "NEOLIBERALISM, SLOW VIOLENCE, AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL PICARESQUE", MFS Modern Fiction Studies, Volume 55 number 3, Fall 2009, http://sustainabilityparadox.commons.gc.cuny.edu/files/2010/09/Nixon-Neoliberalism2.pdf~~   
The picaresque proves uncannily effective at dramatizing another critical dimension to the environmentalism of the
AND
and are pursued into their very dreams by the anxiety of a "nuclear
holocaust" . . . Dangerous, hostile substances lie concealed behind the harmless facades
AND
casualties claimed, as at Bhopal, by the forces of slow violence.  

This outweighs any impact on probability and magnitude – risk assessment is epistemologically biased towards white male elites who discount the severity of localized environmental hazards in destroying marginalized communities.

Verchick 96 ~Robert, Assistant Professor, University of Missouri — Kansas City School of Law; J.D., Harvard Law School, 1989, "IN A GREENER VOICE: FEMINIST THEORY AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE" 19 Harv. Women’s L.J. 23~
Because risk assessment is based on statistical measures of risk, policymakers view it as
AND
military’s poisoning of Indian land as genocide. n330 ~*85~ 3. 

And, focus on underlying structures producing violence outweighs a one shot linear cause for conflict

Hendrick 9 (Diane, University of Bradford, Dept of Peace Studies, "Complexity Theory and Conflict  Transformation: An Exploration of Potential and Implications", Centre for Conflict Resolution, June)0
John Paul Lederach, drawing on Wheatley, has found the notion of ?process
AND
of those patterns".  (Senge, 1990; 2006 p. 2) 

1AC – Scalar Politics

Contention two is scalar politics

Uncertainty and nonlinearity are inevitable due to inherent complexity within systems

Ramalingam et al 8 ~Ben, Senior Research Associate at the Overseas Development Institute, and Harry jones at ODI, "Exploring the science of complexity: Ideas and Implications for development and humanitarian efforts" http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/833.pdf ~ 10
Concept 4: Nonlinearity5 ’... the darkest corner of science ~is~ the realm
AND
offset by the almost universal complaint that the log frame rests on a very
linear logic, which suggests that if Activity A is done, Output B will result, leading to Outcome C and Impact D. This linear idea of cause and effect is profoundly ill-at-ease with the implications of complexity science and, indeed, the experiences of many development practitioners. The authors of the study sum up the problems of the log frame in a way that is key to our discussion of complexity: ’Unfortunately (for the logical framework approach at least) we are not working with such a selfcontained system and there are so many factors involved which lie beyond the scope of the 27 planned initiative that will change the way things work. Although the LFA makes some attempt to capture these through the consideration of the risks and assumptions, these are limited by the imagination and experience of those involved. As a result the LFA tends to be one-dimensional and fails to reflect the messy realities facing development actors’ (Bakewell and Garbutt, 2005). Nonlinearity also has clear implications for the increased interest in randomised control trials (RCTs). While the implications of nonlinearity for techniques and tools such as the log frame and RCTs are increasingly well understood by many actors within the aid system, the answer to the deeper question as to whether incorporation of nonlinearity will be feasible, given the pressure on donors to justify aid budgets while having to deal with a reducing headcount, is less clear. The distinction between linearity and nonlinearity can be seen in as providing a theoretical underpinning of the frequently cited tension between upward accountability and learning. It also provides a means to re-frame the debate. If the two goals of accountability and learning are also about different mindsets, the degree to which an appropriate balance can be struck – without exploring these mindsets and the assumptions on which they are based – is open to question. Concept 5: Sensitivity to initial conditions Outline of the concept The behaviours of complex systems are sensitive to their initial conditions. Simply, this means that two complex systems that are initially very close together in terms of their various elements and dimensions can end up in distinctly different places. This comes from nonlinearity of relationships – where changes are not proportional, small changes in any one of the elements can result in large changes regarding the phenomenon of interest. Detailed explanation Imagine a small ball dropped onto the edge of a razor blade, as shown in the first image in Figure 4 below. The ball can strike the blade in such a way that it can go off to the left (centre image) or to the right (right-hand image). The condition that will determine whether the ball goes to the left or right is minute. If the ball were initially held centred over the blade (as in the first image), a prediction of which direction the ball would bounce would be impossible to make with certainty. A very slight change in the initial conditions of the ball can result in falling to the right or left of the blade. Figure 4: Sensitivity to initial conditions – ball striking razor blade Source: http://www.schuelers.com/ChaosPsyche/part_1_14.htm. The concept of phase space (Concept 6) allows a more precise understanding of initial conditions. Phase space allows for the analysis of the evolution of systems by considering the evolution process as a sequence of states in time (Rosen, 1991). A state is the position of the system in its phase space at a given time. At any time, the system’s state can be seen as the initial conditions for whatever processes follow. The sensitive dependence on initial conditions, in phase space terms, means that the position of a system in its phase space at a particular moment will have an influence on its future evolution. The interactions that are taking place at any moment in time have evolved from a previous moment in time, that is, all interactions are contingent on an historical process. Put simply, history matters in complex systems. 28 The infamous butterfly effect was a metaphor developed to illustrate this idea in the context of the weather. Edward Lorenz (1972), a meteorologist, used the metaphor of a flapping wing of a butterfly to explain how a minute difference in the initial condition of a weather system leads to a chain of events producing large-scale differences in weather patterns, such as the occurrence of a tornado where there was none before. As more recent thinkers have put it, in relation to complex systems in general, an initial uncertainty in measurement of the state of a system: ’… however small, inevitably grow~s~ so large that long-range prediction becomes impossible … even the most gentle, unaccounted-for perturbation can produce, in short order, abject failure of prediction’ (Peak and Frame, 1998). A large proportion of complex systems are prone to exhibiting the butterfly effect, so much so that some have defined complex behaviour as occurring where the butterfly effect is present (ibid). As no two situations will be exactly alike, the phenomenon will inevitably occur in many settings. As with nonlinearity, many have not used formal models to demonstrate the butterfly effect, but instead have tried to develop a qualitative understanding of the likely quantitative nature of real life situations. Sensitivity to initial conditions also means that ’the generalisation of good practice ~between contexts~ begins to look fragile’ (Haynes, 2003) because initial conditions are never exactly the same, and because the complexity and nonlinearity of behaviour make it extremely difficult to separate the contributions to overall behaviour that individual factors have. Any notion of ’good practice’ requires a detailed local knowledge to understand why the practice in question was good. This concept highlights the importance of understanding what can be forecast in complex systems to what level of certainty, as well as what is comparable across complex systems. It reinforces the point that both of these areas are necessarily restricted by the perspective of the observer. Sensitive dependence on initial conditions suggests that no single perspective can capture all there is to know about a system, that it may be wise to look in detail at how appropriate our solution to a problem is, and that it may be better to work with inevitable uncertainty rather than plan based on flimsy or hopeful predictions. This may mean, to take the example of predictability, that the success of a nation may be best explained not by its population’s virtues, its natural resources and its government’s skills, but rather simply by the position it took in the past, with small historical advantages leading to much bigger advantages later. Another example is how socioeconomic policy can result in a separation of neighbourhoods, driving a large gap between the rich and the poor so that, in short order, a gulf in wealth can result between two families who once had similar wealth (Byrne and Rogers, 1996). This is closely related to the notion of ’path dependence’, which is the idea that many alternatives are possible at some stages of a system’s development, but once one of these alternatives gains the upper hand, it becomes ’locked in’ and it is not possible to go to any of the previous available alternatives. For example, ’… many cities developed where and how they did not because of the "natural advantages" we are so quick to detect after the fact, but because their establishment set off self-reinforcing expectations and behaviours’ (Cronon, cited in Jervis, 1997). In economic development, the term ’path dependence’ is used to describe how standards which are first-to-market can become entrenched ’lock ins’ - such as the QWERTY layout in typewriters still used in computer keyboards (David, 2000). In certain situations, positive feedbacks leading from a small change can lead to such irreversible path dependence (Urry, 2003). Urry gives the example of irreversibility across an entire industry or sector, whereby through sensitive dependence on initial conditions, feedback can set in motion institutional patterns that are hard or impossible to reverse. He cites the example of the domination of steel and petroleum-based fuel models, developed in the late 29 19th century, which have come to dominate over other fuel alternatives, especially steam and electric, which were at the time preferable. The concept of path dependence has received some criticism from exponents of complexity science, because it has imported into economics the view that minor initial perturbations are important while grafting this onto an underlying theory that still assumes that there are a finite number of stable and alternative end-states, one of which will arise based on the particular initial conditions. As will be explained in Concept 7 on attractors and chaos, this is not always the case in complex systems (Margolis and Liebowitz, 1998).  Example: Sensitive dependence on initial conditions and economic growth Economists have generally identified sensitive dependence on initial conditions as one of the important features of the growth process – that is, what eventually happens to an economy depends greatly on the point of departure. There is mounting evidence that large qualitative differences in outcomes can arise from small (and perhaps accidental) differences in initial conditions or events (Hurwicz, 1995). In other words, the scope for and the direction and magnitude of change that a society can undertake depend critically on its prevailing objective conditions and the constellation of sociopolitical and institutional factors that have shaped these conditions. For specific economies, the initial conditions affecting economic growth include levels of per capita income; the development of human capital; the natural resource base; the levels and structure of production; the degree of the economy’s openness and its form of integration into the world system; the development of physical infrastructure; and institutional variables such as governance, land tenure and property rights. One might add here the nature of colonial rule and the institutional arrangements it bequeathed the former colonies, the decolonisation process, and the economic interests and policies of the erstwhile colonial masters. Wrongly specifying these initial conditions can undermine policy initiatives. Government polices are not simply a matter of choice made without historical or socioeconomic preconditions. Further, a sensitive appreciation of the differences and similarities in the initial conditions is important if one is to avoid some of the invidious comparisons one runs into today and the naive voluntarism that policymakers exhibit when they declare that their particular country is about to become the ’new tiger’ of Africa. Such comparisons and self-description actually make the process of learning from others more costly because they start the planning process off on a wrong foot (Mkandawire and Soludo, 1999). Implication: Rethink the scope of learning and the purpose of planning in an uncertain world Sensitivity to initial conditions suggests that there are inevitably degrees of non-comparability across, and unpredictability within, complex systems. Some have argued that this implies that: ’… the map to the future cannot be drawn in advance. We cannot know enough to set forth a meaningful vision or plan productively’ (Tetenbaum, 1998). The general implications for development theory and practice have been highlighted by a previous ODI working paper on participatory approaches, which suggests that this implies the notion of development as planned change is paradoxical. To quote directly, ’… perfect planning would imply perfect knowledge of the future, which in turn would imply a totally deterministic universe in which planning would not make a difference’ (Geyer, cited in Sellamna, 1999). Sellamna goes on: ’For this reason, development planning should abandon prescriptive, goal-oriented decision making and prediction about future states and focus instead on understanding the dynamics of 30 change and promoting a collective learning framework through which concerned stakeholders can constantly, through dialogue, express their respective interests and reach consensus.’ With regards to learning, this poses profound issues for the transferability of ’best practice’, a concept that has taken on increasing meaning within the development sector since the rise of knowledge management and organisational learning strategies (Ramalingam, 2005). While it is possible that, for example, an understanding of the interplay of factors driving urban change in the Philippines may be relevant for analysis of urban change in Guatemala, this is not necessarily the case. The sensitivity to initial conditions gives us a strong reason to suppose that, even if we have a generally useful perspective on urban environments, this may entirely fail to capture the key features of the next situation we look at. This means that the search for ’best practices’ may need to be replaced by the search for ’good principles’. Some have suggested that the most appropriate way to bring the principles of effective approaches from one context to another is for ’… development workers to become facilitators … enabling representatives of other communities … to see first hand what in the successful project they would wish to replicate’ (Breslin, 2004). Moving onto planning, to say that prediction of any kind is impossible may be overstating the case. Complexity does suggest that, in certain kinds of systems, future events cannot be forecasted to a useful level of probability and that, from certain perspectives, it is not possible to offer any firm prediction of the way the future will pan out on certain timescales. However, in other systems, future events can be foreseen in a helpful manner. For example, Geyer (2006) suggests that, with political dynamics, it is fairly safe to predict the short-term dynamics of basic power resources and political structures and that, therefore, there is decent scope for forecasting voting and decision outcomes of policy. On the other hand, examining party and institutional dynamics becomes more difficult, and grasping the potential shifts in contested political and social debates is even harder, while the longterm development of political dynamics is effectively characterised by disorder, as far as our ability to predict is concerned. It is important to clarify that certain levels of uncertainty are unavoidable when looking into the future. Complexity science suggests that it is important to identify and analyse these levels of unpredictability as part of the nature of the systems with which we work, and not treat uncertainty as in some way ’unscientific’ or embarrassing. Rather than rejecting planning outright, there is a need to rethink the purpose and principles of planning. This has two key strands. First, it is necessary to incorporate an acceptance of the inherent levels of uncertainty into planning. The requirement for a certain level of detail in understanding future events should be balanced with the understanding that both simple and intricate processes carry uncertainty of prediction. While improving one’s models of change and analyses of facets of a situation may be worthwhile, it is just as important and often more practical to work with a realistic understanding of this uncertainty and build a level of flexibility and adaptability into projects, allowing for greater resilience. It has been argued that development projects have ’fallen under the enchantment of ~delivering~ clear, specific, measurable outcomes’ (Westley et al., 2006).

The plan’s shifting of the scale of energy decision-making spurs social movements despite complexity

Miller 9 ~Clark, associate director of the Consortium for Science, Policy 26 Outcomes and associate director of the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University. He is also an associate professor in the School of Politics and Global Studies at ASU. He serves on the advisory committee for the Nanotechnology Informal Science Education Network and the Bovay Center for Engineering, Ethics, and Society at the National Academy of Engineering. In 2003, he served as a consultant to the United Nations Environment Programme and the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Miller is the co-editor of Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance, "ENERGY JUSTICE", July 21, http://www.aucegypt.edu/gapp/cairoreview/pages/articledetails.aspx?aid=164~~
The fight over Keystone XL is thus as much about justice as it is about
AND
of the future are not only more environmentally friendly but also more just.

Shifting the scale fosters empirically successful grassroots movements against the environmental injustice of elites

Towers 2k ~George, PhD and professor of human geography at Concord University, "Applying the Political Geography of Scale: Grassroots Strategies and Environmental Justice*", Professional Geographer, 52(1) 2000, pages 23–36~
The grassroots environmental movement is defined by geographical scale. The thou- sands of
AND
the landscape taught the community the language of systemic environ- mental justice.

Current policies are framed through an elite scale that over codes local struggles with elite interests – the framing of the 1AC around injustice challenges this top-down managerialism

McCan 3 ~Eugene, Professor of Geography – Ohio State University, "FRAMING SPACE AND TIME IN THE CITY: URBAN POLICY AND THE POLITICS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALE" JOURNAL OF URBAN AFFAIRS, Volume 25, Number 2, pages 159–178~
My purpose is to consider how a burgeoning literature in critical human geography can provide
AND
the city has important, if unpredictable, implications for policy and politics.
CONTINUES
Three specific points can be drawn from this literature that relate directly to the politics
AND
these strategies and the use of scale as a framework for political persuasion.
CONTINUES
The first aspect of the politics of scale in Austin revolves around conflicting attempts to
AND
sorts of scalar arguments that were, for instance, exhibited in Austin.

Probability outweighs magnitude – the logic of any risk of extinction outweighs destroys rational risk assessment

Kessler ’8 ~Oliver Kessler, Sociology at University of Bielefeld,   "From Insecurity to Uncertainty:  Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics" Alternatives  33 (2008), 211-232~  
If the risk of terrorism is defined in traditional terms by probability and potential loss
AND
prevail than in situations where security problems can be assessed with relative certainty.  

1AC – Plan

Thus the plan: The United States federal government should provide decentralized photovoltaic electrification assistance to Mexico.

1AC – Solvency

Contention three is solvency

Our localized renewable energy solutions create a synthesis between indigenous understandings of planetary flows and western solar knowledge as forms of Buen Vivir – living well – and degrowth, this creates a transition to alternative development paradigms

Thomson 2010 ~Bob, degrowth activist and writer for Climate and Capitalism, "Pachakuti: Indigenous perspectives, degrowth and ecosocialism" Oct 8^th 2010 http://www.resilience.org/stories/2010-10-08/pachakuti-indigenous-perspectives-degrowth-and-ecosocialism~~

In its efforts to exert some political influence on solutions to the current world financial
AND
means reallocating the trillions destined for war in order to heal Mother Earth.

Decentralized solar successfully creates community ties

Bulman 12 ~Elana, Urban Studies at The New School University, "Community Solar Models Nationwide and Possibilities for New York City", May~
Solar co-­?ops spread the message that there are a variety of economic options
AND
cut costs. They see solar as a means to make ends meet.

Multiple mechanisms ensure that the plan solves – it spills over

ASES, 99 leads national efforts to increase the use of solar energy, energy
AND
1999 solar.nmsu.edu/publications/mexicopaper.pdf)NKG
Many of the principles on which the Mexico Renewable Energy Program are based stem from
AND
Mexico for the last five or so years. Its fundamental aspects are:
• Partnerships
• Capacity Building
• Technical Assistance
• Implementation of Pilot Projects
• Replication, and
• Monitoring.
Partnerships
Partnerships, especially with in-country organizations and individuals, are critical to progress
AND
the environment into a coherent set of activities would be impossible without it.
Capacity Building
Building in-country institutional and/or community capacity to deploy, use,
AND
little capacity-building of its own in order to do business internationally.
Technical Assistance
Technical assistance contributes to, but is different from, capacity building. It involves
AND
need less and less assistance and eventually are able to handle everything themselves.
Implementation of Pilot Projects
A key feature of the Mexico Renewable Energy Program is that it uses pilot projects
AND
, the program enters the project replication phase, which is described below.
Project Replication
Project replication, or growing sustainable markets, is the program’s ultimate measure of success
AND
result, the various activities could also be undertaken separately or in sequence.
Monitoring
Monitoring the results of the program is necessary to evaluate its effectiveness, to learn
AND
provides accurate and meaningful information with which to assess and manage the program.

Global expansion of renewables means NOW is key to ensure decentralized power for community organization rather than centralized energy favoring Elites – the USFG is necessary to create a global "take off" of decentralized energy to challenge Status Quo development

Abramsky no date ~Kolya Abramsky (UK) is a freelance educator, organizer, and researcher on the global energy sector. He focuses on the sector’s land, labour and ownership struggles, viewing energy as a key means of production and subsistence, he worked in South Africa with the National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa’s education department, co-organizing an International Seminar on Climate Change and Class Struggle during COP 17, and an International Conference on Building a Socially-owned Renewable Energy Sector in South Africa. In 2010, he organized, with a regional Educational Institute of the Austrian Communist Party, an international seminar on Energy, Work, Crisis and Resistance. Kolya edited two books: Sparking a Worldwide Energy Revolution: Social Struggles in the Transition to a Postpetrol World (2010), and Restructuring and Resistance: Diverse Voices of Struggle in Western Europe (2001). In 2006, he worked at the Nordic Folkecenter for Renewable Energy, in Denmark. He was active in "anti-globalization" movements from 1996 -2004. "Beyond Copenhagen: ¶ Common Ownership, Reparations, Degrowth and Renewable ¶ Energy Technology Transfer" http://www.folkecenter.net/mediafiles/folkecenter/pdf/beyond-copenhagen-degrowth-reparations.pdf~~

The Division of Labour in the Renewable Energy Sector ¶ A rapid global expansion of
AND
¶ important resources are under some form of collective and ¶ decommodified control.

Tournament: Capitol | Round: 1 | Opponent: Centennial DL | Judge: Ellie Miller
No internal link – Madero not key to reform
Dudley Althaus, 7/7/13 "Mexican elections take wild turn with assassins and animal candidates", http://www.elpasotimes.com/newupdated/ci_23614316/mexican-elections-take-wild-turn-assassins-and-animal
But other analysts think Madero's fate won't necessarily affect the reforms. They point out
AND
most remembered for "narco-violence and vote rigging," he said.
No Link – the plan only requires US action. No quid pro quo means no risk of a link.
Election fraud allegations kill compromise
Bloomberg 7/8 (Nacha Cattan, “Mexico Parties to Evaluate Pact for Reforms After Election”, http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-07-08/mexico-parties-to-evaluate-pact-for-reforms-after-election)//lm
Mexico’s opposition parties said they’re evaluating the future of a multi-party accord to
AND
the parties” to decide how reform negotiations will progress, she said.
Nieto cooperation with the US economically now
Excelsior 6/18 (“NEP states that Mexico is ready to see bilateral agenda with the U.S.”, Translated via Google Translate, http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2013/06/18/904704)//lm
President Enrique Pena Nieto said his U.S. counterpart, Barack Obama,
AND
will share information automatically, from 2014, to thereby prevent tax avoidance.
No impact – the DA does not turn the aff – their ev says reform would result in economic Deregulation which would result in INCREASED energy poverty.

Continued support of Nieto ensures regressive reforms, economic collapse and instability – civil dialogue is coming now but it’s precarious
Ackerman, 5/1  John M. Ackerman is a professor at the Institute for Legal Research of the National Autonomous University of Mexico and a visiting scholar at American University. He is the editor-in-chief of the Mexican Law Review and a columnist for La Jornada newspaper and Proceso magazine. “The Mexico Bubble,” http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/05/01/the_mexico_bubble_enrique_pena_nieto?page=0,1
According to the hype, Peña Nieto has already transformed the political landscape in Mexico
AND
and into the eyes of their Mexican neighbors, colleagues, and family members

Tournament: Capitol | Round: 6 | Opponent: BCC WS | Judge: Andrew Geathers
Some state action is necessary
Escobar 2012 Arturo Escobar, Kenan Distinguished Professor anthropology department of UNC Chapel Hill, “‘Alternatives To Development’: An Interview With Arturo Escobar” interviewed by Rob Hopkins, October 4th 2012 http://www.countercurrents.org/escobar041012.htm

Probably not. I think it has to be a level, certainly a lot
AND
Ecuador where there has been more closeness between the state and the movements.
Our conception of debate produces an agonistic politics – finding the hardest debate and trying to win is critical to personal growth.
Yovel, Assistant professor, Faculty of Law, and coordinator of the law and philosophy program, University of Haifa, Israel, in ‘3
Jonathan, Cardozo Law Review, January, 24 Cardozo L. Rev. 635
While reactive forces respond to their context and in this way are dictated by them
AND
the will to cast itself in the world, both natural and social.
2. Agonistic politics demands that ground be based on tradition. Otherwise our political community becomes meaningless
Arendt, The New School for Social Research, in ‘5
Hannah, The Promise of Politics, pg. 41-2
It lies in the nature of a tradition to be accepted and absorbed as it
AND
shallowness which spreads a veil of meaninglessness over all spheres of modern life.
3. Switch side debate breaks down the ideology and prevents the slide into totalitarianism.
Roberts-Miller, University of Texas, in ‘2
Patricia, “Fighting Without Hatred: Hannah  Arendt's Agonistic Rhetoric”, JAC, Vol. 22 No. 3
Arendt does not mean that group behavior is impossible in the realm of the social
AND
but not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric

Tournament: GBX | Round: 2 | Opponent: U Chigago NY | Judge: Michael Stroud

Economic engagement can be non-governmental

Haass and O’Sullivan, 2k - *Vice President and Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND a Fellow with the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution (Richard and Meghan, "Terms of Engagement: Alternatives to Punitive Policies" Survival _{vol. 42, no. 2, Summer 2000, http://www.brookings.edu/~~/media/research/files/articles/2000/6/summer20haass/2000survival.pdf
The provision of economic incentives to the private sector of a target country can be
AND
a multitude of possible partners for unconditional engagement with non-state actors.}

Its means belonging to or associated with

Dictionary.com, 9 (based on Collins English Dictionary, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/its?s=t)
its  (?ts)
— determiner
a. of, belonging to, or associated in some way with it: its left rear wheel
  b. ( as pronoun ): each town claims its is the best

Tournament: Capitol | Round: 1 | Opponent: Centennial DL | Judge: Ellie Miller
(_) Counter interpretation – Economic engagement doesn’t have to be conditional
Shirk, 9 –  Director, Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC) Ho Miu Lam Professor, School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego (Susan, “North Korea Inside Out: The Case for Economic Engagement” December, http://asiasociety.org/files/pdf/North_Korea_Inside_Out.pdf)

While some engagement should continue to be conditioned on progress on the nuclear and other
AND
without any conditionality, as first steps in a process of phased engagement.
Toward means ‘in the direction of’
American Heritage, 9 (‘toward’, http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/toward)

to•ward    (tôrd, trd, t-wôrd) KEY
PREPOSITION:
also to•wards  (tôrdz, trdz, t-wôrdz) KEY
In the direction of: driving toward home.