1AC IFFs 1NC T-Toward Shunning Debt Ceiling DA Drugs DA Mexico CP Neolib K NAFTA Bad Block Drugs DA Mexico CP NAFTA Bad Debt Ceiling DA 2NR Mexico CP Debate Ceiling Da
New Trier
3
Opponent: Barstow MW | Judge: Dominic Jose
1NC T-Categories China DA Neolib K Dedev Block T Dedev 2NR Dedev
New Trier
5
Opponent: Pine Crest GJ | Judge: Martin Osborn
1NC Aspec Anthro Preemption Bad Spivak News Affs Bad Block Anthro Preemption Bad Spivak 2NR Preemption Bad Anthro
New Trier
Quarters
Opponent: Barstow DN | Judge: Gabe Murillo, Patrick Kennedy, Martin Osborn
1NC T Security Block T Security 2NR Security
New Trier
Semis
Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Patrick Kennedy, Shawn Kennedy, Nate Bennett
1NC T Security Block Security 2NR Security
Notre Dame
2
Opponent: Brophy MS | Judge: Brock Hanson
1NC Maoism Anthro Preemption Bad Block Preemption Bad Anthro Maoism 2NR Preemption Bad Anthro
Notre Dame
3
Opponent: St Vincent de Paul CD | Judge: Gene Chien
1NC T Security Case Block Security Case 2NR Security Case
Notre Dame
6
Opponent: Meadows CN | Judge: Joel Lemuel
1NC T Security Case Block Security Case 2NR Security Case
Notre Dame
Quarters
Opponent: Juan Diego WF | Judge: Clara Purk, Roger Copenhaver, John Kephart
1NC T Security Case Block Security Case 2NR Security Case
Notre Dame
Finals
Opponent: Damien MR | Judge: Joel Lemuel, Clara Purk, Alyssa Lucas-Bolin
1NC T Security Case Block Security Case 2NR Security Case
Ohio Valley
2
Opponent: University School of Nashville KW | Judge: Adam Grellinger
1NC Security Case Block Security Case 2NR Security Case
Ohio Valley
3
Opponent: New Trier BK | Judge: Dustin Meyers-Levy
1NC Security Case Block Security Case 2NR Security CAse
Ohio Valley
6
Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Matt Struth
1NC Security Case Block Security Case 2NR Security Case
St Marks
1
Opponent: Liberal Arts and Science SY | Judge: Derek Liles
1NC T Security Block Security 2NR Security
St Marks
4
Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Matt Reichle
1NC Spivak Dialectical Materialism K Block Spivak DM 2NR Spivak
St Marks
6
Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Bill Batterman
1NC T Security Block Security 2NR Security
St Marks
Quarters
Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Bill Batterman, Sarah Topp, Eric Oddo
1NC Security Block Security 2NR Security
St Marks
Semis
Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Colin Quinn, Ryan Galloway, Sarah Spring
1NC Security Block Security 2NR Security
Wake Forest
6
Opponent: River Hill DD | Judge: Keenan Harris
1NC Presumption Inherency ASPEC Spivak Case turns 2NC Spivak 1NR Case turns 2NR Spivak
Wake Forest
Doubles
Opponent: Niles West KC | Judge: Bennett Clifford, Michael McGrath, Evan Hebert
1NC T-Economic Means Security Case 2NC Security 1NR T Case 2NR Security and case
Wake Forest
4
Opponent: Atholton SA | Judge: Tyler Salathe
1NC T Shunning Neolib Oil DA Politics DA and drugs good 2NC T Oil DA Drugs Good 1NR Politics 2NR Oil DA and drugs good
To modify or delete round reports, edit the associated round.
Cites
Entry
Date
Blake Doubles vs Homewood Flossmoore
Tournament: Blake | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Homewood Flossmoore RF | Judge: Matt Malia, Kevin Hirn, Tyler Snelling 1NC
Off
Text: We advocate the entirety of the aff sans the plan
It’s net beneficial – it solves better because it doesn’t start at the place of the state or include the pretended fiated action we will get links to.
It’s legit – they get 100 of the plan to generate offense versus the cp, this is a necessary test against critical affirmatives.
There is no internal link between the plan text and the solvency. Schlag, 90 (Pierre Schlag, professor of law@ univ. Colorado, stanford law review, november, page lexis)
In fact, normative … advice into effect.
The assumption of 1AC solvency papers over the rough edges of the world with warm and fuzzy normative legal talk, emotionally disconnecting them from the implications of the speech act Delgado 91 (richard delgado , colorado law professor, 139 pa. L. Rev. 933, april)
But what is … with subsistence claims.
They are more interested in playing hermeneutic games than engaging in politics, the preoccupation with pretending to be policymakers traps them in a spectator position and bars them from recognizing the bureaucratic violence of legal praxis. Schlag, 90 (Pierre Schlag, professor of law@ univ. Colorado, stanford law review, november, page lexis) All of this can … academic and otherwise. Off
Since World War I, violence has been normalized by the globalization of the state of exception when the law justifies its own suspension, transforming itself into a killing machine, and ushering in global civil war. Return to the legal normal authorizes such violent international aggression Agamben, 5. Giorgio Agamben, famous philosopher, The State of Exception, pg. 85
It is perhaps … global civil war.
Refuse attempts to reform the legal system and doom it to its own nihilistic destruction—we must refuse all conceptual apparatuses of capture Prozorov, 10 Sergei Prozorov, professor of political and economic studies at the University of Helsinki, “Why Giorgio Agamben is an optimist,” Philosophy Social Criticism 2010 36: pg. 1065
In a later work, … the following section.¶
The impact is the sovereign’s ability to exploit fundamental flaws in the legal system and continue the global biopolitical war—the ballot should side with the global countermovement against such violence Gulli, 13 Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 1
We live in an … and police brutality¶
Framing
The affirmative’s preemptive logic is based off of constructing the other as an enemy, which not only excludes people from the community but also results in endless wars and violence. Jabri, 6 Professor of International Politics and the Director of the Centre for International Relations at the King’s College London Vivienne, “War, Security and the Liberal State” Security Dialogue http://sdi.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/37/1/47 The practices of … internal and external.
Case
Economic engagement is an imperialist tool used to forward US geopolitical dominance – economic influence perpetuates the North/South geographical divide which makes war inevitable Jones, Jones, and Woods, 4 (Martin Jones* - PhD in Human Geography from the University of Manchester, Rhys Jones; Professor of Human Geography at the University of Wales Aberystwyth - Professor in Human Geography @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, Michael Woods* - PhD in Human Geography from Bristol University; Professor of Human Geography and Director of the Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, 2004, “AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Space, place and politics”, http://118.97.161.124/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Geography/Geografi20manusia/Pengantar20Geografi20Politik.pdf) MD Political domination can … (see Agnew and Corbridge¶ 1995).¶
Economic engagement is a vehicle for neoliberal expansion – the aff is a tool for security interests and economic exploitation of Latin America – turns case Jacobs 4 (Jamie Elizabeth, Assistant Prof of Polisci at West Virginia U, "Neoliberalism and Neopanamericanism: The View from Latin America," Latin American Politics and Society 46.4 (2004) 149-152, MUSE) The advance of neoliberalism … in the South. End Page 150
2NC
2NC ROB
The critique allows us to enter into a practice of studying the law for more than just ends—it is part of a slow unraveling of normative legality that will create a better vocabulary to discuss sovereign violence Agamben 05. Giorgio Agamben, famous philosopher, The State of Exception, pg. 63
In the Kafka essay, … made juridical (Benjamin 1992, 41).
AT: Perm
The only ethical position is to refuse the sovereign fiction of lines between inside and outside. Edkins and Pin-Fat 05. Jenny Edkins, professor of international politics at Prifysgol Aberystwyth University (in Wales) and Veronique Pin-Fat, senior lecturer in politics at Manchester Universit, “Through the Wire: Relations of Power and Relations of Violence,” Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2005 34: pg. 14
One potential form … sciences and jurisprudence.60
Link
Drawing lines – the affirmatives affirms the ability of the sovereign to draw lines – that is the inclusion of Cuba into the Western political order – this power to facilitate inclusion and exclusion, protection and destruction is the foundation of modern violence Duarte, 5 – professor of Philosophy at Universidade Federal do Paraná (André, “Biopolitics and the dissemination of violence: the Arendtian critique of the present,” April 2005, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017andcontext=andre_duarte)//bghs-BI These historic transformations … solidarity towards others.
2. Reform – it maintains the fluid nature of sovereign power – that’s Prozorov – their attempt to correct the harms of imperialism through piece-meal reform and economic integration makes global civil war inevitable Agamben 98. Giorgio Agamben, professor of philosophy at the University of Verona, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 179
In this sense, … the cities of the earth.
Investing in the law as a marker and method for alleviating violence reifies a liberal understanding of freedom which has empirically amplified and cloaked racist violence. Kandaswamy 2012 /Priya, Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Mills College “SYMPOSIUM ON EXPLORING POWER, AGENCY and ACTION IN A WORLD OF MOVING FRONTIERS: ARTICLE: THE OBLIGATIONS OF FREEDOM AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL EQUALITY,” 41 Sw. L. Rev. 265/
Despite a vast … rubric of equality.¶ n.
1NR
2NC Overview
The CP solves best – criticizing their normative form opens up a space for reflection where true solvency becomes impossible. Winter 91 (Steven L. June, Prof of Law @ U. of Miami, Texas Law Review ”On Building Houses”)
As this last … dependent on law." A/T: Perm
Cooption DA – the perms force us to down the path of bureaucratic tyranny, once we’ve been assimilated escape is impossible. Delgado 93 (Richard, June 1993, Prof. of Law @ U. of Colorado, New York University Law Review, “Rodrigo’s Sixth Chronicle”) "Normative discourse is … weakening the movement."
Nesting DA – the perms conceals normative legal thought by presenting the illusion of compromise. Schlag 91 (Pierre, April 1991, Prof. of Law @ Colorado U., University of Pennsylvania Law Review “Normativity and the Politics of Form” p. L/N) One of the classic … any new approach. _ AT: Roleplaying Good
They destroy agency and absolve individual responsibility for violence, ensuring it’s inevitability Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11) War does not … of war and violence.
The role of the academic is to speak truth to power, not tell the government what they should do – they shut down critical thinking and deliberation Steele, 10 – Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Kansas (Brent, Defacing Power: The Aesthetics of Insecurity in Global Politics pg 130-132, dml) gender/ableist language modified with brackets When facing these … habitation” (1964 2006: 233).
First, the 1AC is an instance of market commodification –
Racial capitalism engages in a process of commodification which denies the possibility of continuous conception of the self for non-whites. This process of alienation cedes all power to whites and the market. The AFF exchanges non-white identity for a ballot in the market of debate reducing people to fungible objects upon which gratuitous violence can be practice without defense. Leong 2012 /Nancy, Assistant Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, “Racial Capitalism,” Harvard Law Review, http://www.utexas.edu/law/colloquium/papers-public/2012-2013/09-20-12_Leong20~-~-20Racial20Capitalism.pdf/
Racial identity245 is … described in market terms.
The impact is trophies for suffering –
Racial capitalism is an unethical system of exploitation which turns the suffering of non-whites into trophies and enjoyment. The 1AC’s commodification of non-whites for the ballot reinforces a system of slavery which makes the world unethical. Leong, 12 /Nancy, Assistant Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, “Racial Capitalism,” Harvard Law Review, http://www.utexas.edu/law/colloquium/papers-public/2012-2013/09-20-12_Leong20~-~-20Racial20Capitalism.pdf/ The irony, then, is … relations in America.
Second, the 1AC results in a status leak –
The 1AC allows white institutions and individuals to enhance their social position at the expense of non-white individuals. The AFF is merely a market exchange in the political economy of debate which covers over the contradictions of racial capitalism. Leong, 12 /Nancy, Assistant Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, “Racial Capitalism,” Harvard Law Review, http://www.utexas.edu/law/colloquium/papers-public/2012-2013/09-20-12_Leong20~-~-20Racial20Capitalism.pdf/ The exchange mechanism … of white society.123
Third, the Maoist--- ? Within the affirmative project, the ballot functions as a politics of self-subalternization, where the judges are encouraged to found a vacuous solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing the material deprivation portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis. Chow, 93 – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11)
The Orientalist has a … enables her rhetoric.
The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.) In the “cultural studies” … our consciousnesses “raised.” Off
The aff is a sentimental politics which promises an empathetic identification will suddenly reshape the debate community and the world through the actualization of an ethics of care – they imagine their presentation of pain as a prophylactic against the resurgence of violence which ignores that liberal moralism is the motor of modern oppression – they call on victims to bargain for a more just world by exposing their wounds for academic consumption – this act of politicization relies on a victim economy where bodies are forced to dance for an infinitely deferred freedom – this vampirically drains the oppressed of life while extracting institutional advancement for academics Berlant, 98 /Lauren, George M. Pullman Professor, Department of English, University of Chicago, “Poor Eliza,” American Literature, Vol. 70, No. 3, No More Separate Spheres! (Sep., 1998), Duke University Press, pg. 635-668/ What distinguishes these … of the stereotypical image.
This creates a marketplace of trauma which transforms wounds into a commodity for western consumption – their politics of mourning turns the other into a dead object through which a sentimental economy of pleasure and pacification becomes actualized – the aff’s empathetic identification is a process of deathmaking which greases the wheels for imperialism Berlant 1999 /Lauren, George M. Pullman Professor, Department of English, University of Chicago, “The Subject of True Feeling: Pain, Privacy and Politics” in Cultural Pluralism, Identity Politics and the Law ed. Sarat and Kearns, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, Pg. 49-54/ Ravaged wages and … the hegemonic field.9
Their grounding of the ballot as a tool for redeeming suffering merely replicates economics of victimhood – the ballot is not a tool of emancipation, but serves as a palliative that attempts to deny their investment in oppression as a means by which to claim the power of victory. This mode of politics results in passivity and is teeming in ressentiment and guilt Enns 12—Professor of Philosophy at McMaster University (Dianne, The Violence of Victimhood, 28-30) WE REJECT THE GENDERED LANGUAGE IN THIS EVIDENCE Guilt and Ressentiment We … of this third outcome.
We must refuse the politics of liberalism and the economization of injury and suffering. Nothing short of an outright rejection of the entirety of liberalism ethics, aesthetics and politics will be sufficient. Our politics does not ignore the violence of the world, it refuses a particular set of representations and values which enframe said suffering against the movement of becoming, of life. The alternative does not wish away suffering, nor can it resolve all of the violence of modernity, but it can open us up to experiencing the world, not as zombies or vampires, but as creatures of sensuous life. Abbas 2010 /Asma, Professor and Division Head in Social Studies, Political Science, Philosophy at the Liebowitz Center for International Studies at Bard College at Simon’s Rock, Liberalism and Human Suffering: Materialist Reflections on Politics, Ethics, and Aesthetics, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pg. Pg. 183 - 187/
In Martha Nussbaum’s … desire, hope, and life itself.
An affirmative ballot integrates non-whiteness into the political economy of debate in an exploitive way. The AFF becomes a commodity whereby the debate community can assuage their guilt for racism. As a Judge you should refuse to commodify non-whiteness. Leong 2012 /Nancy, Assistant Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, “Racial Capitalism,” Harvard Law Review, http://www.utexas.edu/law/colloquium/papers-public/2012-2013/09-20-12_Leong20~-~-20Racial20Capitalism.pdf/
A white person or … epithet for white people.133
An AFF ballot is a form of showcasing which gives the illusion of change while allowing anti-blackness to remain the same. Showcasing non-whites is a form of tokenism which scapegoats failure onto the oppressed while usurping success from those very same individuals. Leong 2012 /Nancy, Assistant Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, “Racial Capitalism,” Harvard Law Review, http://www.utexas.edu/law/colloquium/papers-public/2012-2013/09-20-12_Leong20~-~-20Racial20Capitalism.pdf/
Yet showcasing a … in fact preferred.204
1NR
Perm
The permutation is nonsensical –
The attempt to include a rejection and problematization of liberalism and still endorse the AFF reaffirms a belief in a responsible agent that reduces politics to morality and still relies on a venomous and imperial compassion. We must reject liberalism writ large if we are to avoid its ability to co-opt criticism and reduce it to a footnote. Abbas 2010 /Asma, Professor and Division Head in Social Studies, Political Science, Philosophy at the Liebowitz Center for International Studies at Bard College at Simon’s Rock, Liberalism and Human Suffering: Materialist Reflections on Politics, Ethics, and Aesthetics, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pg. Pg. 38-39/ The dizzying back … as the only options. Link
The AFF assumes the role of the ascetic priest who suffers in their role as the savior of the herd. In their attempt to master and banish suffering, ressentiment is turned inward as feelings of guilt flourish. The drive to resolve the suffering of the world is rooted in a will to self-protection. Liberalism’s management of suffering is a life denying will to nothingness which attempts to sterilize existence and freeze the movement/becoming which is constitutive of life’s meaning. Abbas, 10 /Asma, Professor and Division Head in Social Studies, Political Science, Philosophy at the Liebowitz Center for International Studies at Bard College at Simon’s Rock, Liberalism and Human Suffering: Materialist Reflections on Politics, Ethics, and Aesthetics, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pg. Pg. 68-71/ We are told … and unwanted subjects? AT: DSRB
Trading autobiographical narrative for the ballot commodifies one’s identity and has limited impact on the culture that one attempt’s to reform – when autobiographical narrative “wins,” it subverts its own most radical intentions by becoming an exemplar of the very culture under indictment Coughlin 95—associate Professor of Law, Vanderbilt Law School. (Anne, REGULATING THE SELF: AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL PERFORMANCES IN OUTSIDER SCHOLARSHIP, 81 Va. L. Rev. 1229) Although Williams is quick … and make it too." n205
The affirmative’s hegemony impact is reminiscent of the Algonquian monster, the Wendigo – insatiable and bloodthirsty, its only purpose is endless destruction as it struggles to maintain itself – in a similar way, hegemony is a constant process of enemy-creation – a paranoid politics towards the impossible telos of world domination – this politics is responsible both for every atrocity in the 20th century as well as the exacerbation of every modern geopolitical crisis Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 3-11-13, “US Creates Nuclear Armed Cyber-attack Retaliation Force. Psychotic Superpower on a Hair Trigger,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/03/11/us-creates-nuclear-armed-cyberattack-retaliation-force-psychotic-superpower-on-a-hair-trigger/) gz Since at least … against the entire world.
This politics is maintained by a farce of legitimacy which justifies endless destruction Gulli 13 Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5 I think that … lost their hegemony.
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops … rule of the political.
Vote neg to overdetermine the ontological by exposing the contradictions of imperial knowledge production – this dissident act fractures hegemonic thought Spanos, 8 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, 2008, “American Exceptionalism in the Age of Globalization: The Specter of Vietnam,” pp 27-30) On the other … of the Pax Romana.
Every affirmation is a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – neutralizing that moment before a decision is in and of itself violent Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, … in continental thought. Transition
Lifting the embargo isn’t necessary Jorge, 2000 (Dr. Antonio, Professor of Political Economy at Florida International University, "The U.S. Embargo and the Failure of the Cuban Economy" (2000).Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies Occasional Papers.Paper 28. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/iccaspapers/28) Under the real … financed his Revolution
Despite these advances, … scant economic offerings.
No risk of nuclear terror – assumes every warrant Mueller 10 (John, professor of political science at Ohio State, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science and Technology, Winter, http://www.issues.org/26.2/mueller.html) Politicians of all … billion per attempt.
Their terrorism advantage is epistemologically suspect – legitimizes global violence Raphael 9—IR, Kingston University (Sam, Critical terrorism studies, ed. Richard Jackson, 49-51) ellipses in orig. Over the past … for the US state.
No Mid East escalation Fettweis, Asst Prof Poli Sci – Tulane, Asst Prof National Security Affairs – US Naval War College, ‘7 (Christopher, “On the Consequences of Failure in Iraq,” Survival, Vol. 49, Iss. 4, December, p. 83 – 98) Without the US presence, …than outright warfare.
North Korean apocalyptic threat discourse utilizes Manichean dichotomies to serve the American hegemonic project – the aff’s representations are militaristic attempts to stifle political dissent and exert coercive control over the orient – a strategy like the affirmative’s can only lead to napalm and radioactive ash Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 4-1-13, “US Protection Racket Root of Korea Conflict,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/04/01/us-protection-racket-root-of-korea-conflict/) gz The conflict emanates … Washington’s Mafia regime.
The affirmative’s discourse of Iran is not only patently false but plays into a larger structure of militarism dominating the modern public sphere – this economy of gratuitous violence actualizes their apocalyptic rhetoric and perpetuates endless genocide Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 4-23-13, “Hagel on Middle East Tour; US Steps Up Regime Change Bid on Iran,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/04/23/hagelC2B4s-middle-east-tour-us-steps-up-regime-change-bid-on-iran/) gz Hagel’s cozying up … economic and military war. Multilat
1AC lake evidence concludes the plan fails and that public backlash takes out solvency Lake, their author 10 (Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego, David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG At the same time, … new multilateral compact.
More 1AC ev says there’s a litany of alt causes Burgsdorff, their author 9 (Ph. D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf)//NG As a matter of fact, … towards effective multilateralism.
Their conception of the power triangle between India, US, and China is steeped in ahistorical, hypermasculine and inaccurate models of power that push out more accurate and peaceful understandings of the relationships between peoples of the countries they describe—reject their discourse Banerjee and Ling, 6 Payal, (PhD, Syracuse University, Sociology) is an Assistant Professor in Sociology @ Syracuse AND L. H. M., Associate Professor in the Graduate Program in International Affairs (GPIA) at The New School in New York City “Hypermasculine War Games: Triangulating US-India-China” http://www.gpia.info/files/u1/wp/2006-12.pdf This paper examines … contemporary world politics.
2NC framework
situated position underpins political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, … of decision making.
Moreover, representations and the affective field of images are the basis and motivation for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war. The AFF’s discourse is enmeshed in a form of affective securitization that makes war inevitable. As scholars, we have an obligation to refuse and problematize the cultural grammar of security. Elliott 2012 /Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online/
In a 1991 interview … they see and hear.
4) ceding imagination to the state effaces agency and unlocks atrocity – choose to confront your role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not … war and violence.
H-triv
Rejecting Holocaust rhetoric depoliticizes it which causes mass violence Zizek 2001 Slavoj, Go away, Did Somebody Say Totalitarianism?, 2001, New York: Verso, 2001, 67-8
Are these not … on to other targets).
Heg
even if they win hegemony is real, the universalization of hegemonic ontology makes violence through backlash the only possible response – they’re in a double bind Mouffe 7 Chantal Mouffe, Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, 2007, “Carl Schmitt’s warning on the dangers of a unipolar world,” in The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt, Edited by: Odysseos and Petito, p. 152 I submit that … in fact, contributing.
Cuba
Slater 97 (David, Ph.D from London School of Economics and Professor Emeritus of Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitical imaginations across the North-South divide: issues of difference, development and power,” Political Geography Vol. 16 Issue 8, November 1997, pp. 631-653, Muse, slim_)
By the beginning … and the child black.27
1NR
Perm
Perm fails Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4) These frameworks are … wards off critique.
Disease
No extinction Malcolm Gladwell, writer for The New Yorker and best-selling author The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32
Util Util bad Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, “The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza,” pp 8-10) The theological origins … in this impossibility.17 Multilat Linearity fails Bernstein et al 2000 Steven Bernstein, Richard Ned Lebow, Janice Gross Stein and Steven Weber, University of Toronto, The Ohio State University, University of Toronto and University of California at Berkeley. “God Gave Physics the Easy Problems” European Journal of International Relations 2000; 6; 43 A deep irony is … of international relations.
Transition
Even if any single step is possible, terrorists have to succeed at every step – it’s statistically impossible Mueller 9 - John Mueller, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies, Mershon Center Professor of Political Science 30 April 2009 “THE ATOMIC TERRORIST?” http://www.icnnd.org/research/Mueller_Terrorism.pdf
In an article on … even more prohibitive.
12/26/13
Blake Round 4 vs New Trier
Tournament: Blake | Round: 4 | Opponent: New Trier OW | Judge: Tyler Snelling 1NC Off
The affirmative’s claims to how China will act and react to certain policies like the plan depends on a rationalization of China – this flawed positivist epistemology seeks to render all of the international arena knowable and predictable – the result is the inevitable emergence of a ‘China threat’ based on orientalization Pan 4 – prof school of international and political studies, Deakin U. PhD in pol sci and IR, (Chengxin, “The "China threat" in American self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics,” 1 June 2004, http://www.articlearchives.com/asia/northern-asia-china/796470-1.html) Having examined how … U.S. foreign policy.
Discourse of Chinese aggression is a neoliberal ploy masking the paranoiac fear of the decline of dollar hegemony – their discourse becomes a justification for further militarism and aggression Cunningham 12/1 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 12-1-13, “Dollar survival behind US-China tensions,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/12/01/dollar-survival-behind-us-china-tensions/) gz The escalation of … clench an iron fist.
This drive for ontological certainty causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops … rule of the political.
Vote neg to overdetermine the ontological by exposing the contradictions of imperial knowledge production – this dissident act fractures hegemonic thought Spanos, 8 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, 2008, “American Exceptionalism in the Age of Globalization: The Specter of Vietnam,” pp 27-30) On the other hand, … of the Pax Romana.
Every affirmation is a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – neutralizing that moment before a decision is in and of itself violent Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, … in continental thought. Environment
No risk of a spill – safety coop now, emergency authority and there is so little recoverable oil there won’t be much drilling Cardenas, 12 – former senior official at the U.S. State Department (Jose, “The phony Cuba embargo debate”, Foreign Policy, March 21, 2012, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/03/21/the_phony_cuba_embargo_debate)//eek In recent weeks, … the Castro dictatorship.
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; “From Apocalypse To Way of Life,” pg. 185-186) Looked at critically, … clearly terminal “nature.” Relations
Cuba won’t pursue an alliance with the U.S. – anti-Americanism outweighs Suchlicki 13 (Jaime Suchlicki, Emilio Bacardi Moreau Distinguished Professor and Director, Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami, “Why Cuba Will Still Be Anti-American After Castro” http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/03/why-cuba-will-still-be-anti-american-after-castro/273680/ 3-4-13) Similarly, any serious … change it policies.
Zero chance of Taiwan war --- China’s cooperating with them --- most recent evidence Jiao and Wanli, 10/6 Wu Jiao and Yang Wanli, reporters for China Daily, citing Ni Yongjie, deputy director of the Shanghai Institute of Taiwan Studies, AND Wang Yingjin, professor at the School of International Studies of Renmin University of China, AND Vincent Siew, honourary chairman of the Taiwan-based Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation, AND Zhang Zhijun, the mainland’s Taiwan affairs top official, AND Xi Jinping, current leader of China; “Direction charted to resolve disputes,” 10/6/2013, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-10/06/content_17011582.htmbghs-ms
Political disputes between … in the mainland.
No nuclear escalation and outside powers will stay out Cliff and Shlapak, 7 – Ph.D. in international relations, Princeton, M.A. in history (Chinese studies), University of California, San Diego, Assistant for Strategy Development, Office of the Secretary of Defense, and David A. Shlapak, Ph.D., senior international policy analyst, RAND Project Air Force Report, 2007 This situation would … China’s use of force.
No risk of nuclear terror – assumes every warrant Mueller 10 (John, professor of political science at Ohio State, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science and Technology, Winter, http://www.issues.org/26.2/mueller.html)
Politicians of all … billion per attempt.
The presumption of exclusive non-state terror that can be objectively studied is suspect – it’s a self-fulfilling prophecy constructed through speech and accumulation of data Jackson 9 (Richard Jackson is Reader in the Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, and a Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence (CSRV). He is the founding editor of the journal, Critical Studies on Terrorism, and the author of Writing the War on Terrorism: Language, Politics and Counterterrorism (2005). “Knowledge, power and politics in the study of politsical terrorism” in Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, ed. Richard Jackson, Marie Breen Smyth and Jeroen Gunning, Routledge)
As explained earlier, … and political projects.
Oil
Economic threat predictions will cause the US to manipulate regimes in a non-democratic fashion---link turns the whole case and empirically kills millions Neocleous, 8 Prof of Gov Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, Critique of Security, p95- In other words, … security strategy proposed.111
situated position underpins political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we … of decision making.
Moreover, representations and the affective field of images are the basis and motivation for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war. The AFF’s discourse is enmeshed in a form of affective securitization that makes war inevitable. As scholars, we have an obligation to refuse and problematize the cultural grammar of security. Elliott 2012 /Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online/
In a 1991 interview … they see and hear.
4) ceding imagination to the state effaces agency and unlocks atrocity – choose to confront your role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not suddenly … of war and violence.
t/enviro
their politics is guilt assuaging which ignores personal complicity in environmental crisis Bobertz, 95 (Bradley, Nebraska Law, Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 711)
A routine pattern in … be cause for concern.
Rey Chow 06
Orientalist academia is incredibly dangerous—debate will continue to produce war-inspired knowledge that makes violence and war inevitable Chow 06 (Rey Chow – Andrew W. Mellon professor of the humanities at Brown, 2006, “The Age of the World Target”, pg. 38-41)
In the decades since 1945, whether … the vanishing object."55
1NR
Perm
The permutation is a teleological knee jerk which blocks out critique Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4) These frameworks are … wards off critique.
If we're talking about … while lying in bed. Space The aff is an elaborate expression of the unconconscious fantasies that motivate and sustain pro-space activism---attention to what the 1AC takes for granted reveals that their project is saturated in fantasies of omnipotence and narcissism Ormrod 9 James S. Ormrod, Lecturer in Sociology at Univ. of Brighton, 2009 “Phantasy and Social Movements: An Ontology of Pro-Space Activism”, Social Movement Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2, 115–129, April 2009
The centrality of … universe was oriented. Util Utilitarian problem solving justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, “The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza,” pp 8-10) The theological origins … in this impossibility.17 Environment
Securitization undermines cooperation – turns the environment Trombetta 8 (Maria Julia Trombetta, postdoctoral researcher at the department of Economics of Infrastructures, Delft University of Technology; “Environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse,” Outh Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 21, Number 4, December 2008)
Opponents were quick … discourses respectively. Relations
Linearity in IR fails Bernstein et al 2000 Steven Bernstein, Richard Ned Lebow, Janice Gross Stein and Steven Weber, University of Toronto, The Ohio State University, University of Toronto and University of California at Berkeley. “God Gave Physics the Easy Problems” European Journal of International Relations 2000; 6; 43 A deep irony is … of international relations.
Their terrorism advantage is epistemologically suspect---the ballot is crucial to reject state-sponsored knowledge that legitimizes global violence Raphael 9—IR, Kingston University (Sam, Critical terrorism studies, ed. Richard Jackson, 49-51) ellipses in orig.
Over the past thirty … serves for the US state.
12/26/13
Blake Round 5 vs Kent Denver
Tournament: Blake | Round: 5 | Opponent: Kent Denver BJ | Judge: Matt Malia 1NC Off
A role of the ballot calling for the liberation of the oppressed is symptomatic of heroism – the ballot becomes a symbol of the prize of Otherness while ontologically erasing the subaltern – the affirmative distances themselves from those they invoke – they view the subaltern through a kaleidoscopic lens while sitting comfortably in this air conditioned simulacra we call the debate round - their simultaneous advocacy of assisting the other and defending the system that bombs them regularly proves their distance. This knowledge production is not just useless neutrality but rather the lynchpin of the Western intellectual subject – any argument the affirmative makes about how the subaltern would totally be on-board with their project relies on the same logic that reinforces conceptions of the inferior Other – a ballot for the affirmative is giving the subaltern a cordectomy Spivak 88 (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian literary theorist, philosopher and University Professor at Columbia University, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, 1988 “Can the Subaltern Speak?,” Online, azp) SOME OF THE … can the subaltern speak? . . .
Isn’t it off-putting that the affirmative merely expresses solidarity with the oppressed yet does little to nothing to actually relieve their oppression? – What do you think their endless theories, intellectual movements, and speech acts actually DO to resolve anything? – the answer is absolutely nothing – they aren’t subversive, nor radical, nor even that interesting – their speech act is an intellectual façade designed to avoid having to resolve oppression Raskin 99 (Marcus Raskin, Professor of Public Policy at George Washington University, 1999, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Fall) As I have noted, … few, demands recognition.
The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.) In the “cultural studies” … our consciousnesses “raised.”
This knowledge production is merely an attempt to map out the coordinates of alterity for the targeting computers of our death machines Chow, 6 (Rey Chow, Humanities and Modern Culture and Media Studies at Brown University, 2006 The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work, 40-1) Often under the … the vanishing object.”
The alternative is to vote negative to engage in academic exile – rather than examining structures external to this round, we should question our privilege to speak in the first place – our rejection of the academy is a precondition for any semblance of solvency Biswas, 7 (Shampa BISWAS, Politics @ Whitman, “Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist,” Millennium 36)
Said has written … has extinguished his.
Heg
Air power serves to construct a global police system that blurs the line between civilian and target—a failure to strategically reverse aerial power relations causes extinction Neocleous 13—Department of Politics and History, Brunel University (Mark, “Air power and police power”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2013, volume 31, pages 578 – 593, dml) Moreover, and more … victory of perpetual police.
Data disproves hegemony impacts Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO It is perhaps …view on faith alone.
The study your Owen evidence cites concludes the opposite way – hegemonic stability is nonsensical Mack 10 (Andrew Mack, literally the person that they cite in their card, the guy who doesn’t like heg, “The Causes of Peace”) gz As with other realist … will inexorably increase.
The affirmative’s hegemony impact is reminiscent of the Algonquian monster, the Wendigo – insatiable and bloodthirsty, its only purpose is endless destruction as it struggles to maintain itself – in a similar way, hegemony is a constant process of enemy-creation – a paranoid politics towards the impossible telos of world domination – this politics is responsible both for every atrocity in the 20th century as well as the exacerbation of every modern geopolitical crisis Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 3-11-13, “US Creates Nuclear Armed Cyber-attack Retaliation Force. Psychotic Superpower on a Hair Trigger,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/03/11/us-creates-nuclear-armed-cyberattack-retaliation-force-psychotic-superpower-on-a-hair-trigger/) gz Since at least …against the entire world.
Liberal commercial peace is a mask for a cult of violence Neocleous 11 (Mark Neocleous, professor of the critique of the political economy (yes that is a thing) at Brunel University, PhD in philosophy, November 2011, “’O Effeminacy! Effeminacy!’ War, Masculinity and the Myth of Liberal Peace,” European Journal of International Relations Volume 19 Issue 1, GENDER MODIFIED OR IN CONTEXT) gz
‘O Effeminacy! Effeminacy! … of the liberal spirit. Poverty
Erased from the history of hegemony is its resurgence through the neoliberal shock treatment in Chile which eliminated the people’s culture, freedom and livelihood to set up an authoritarian regime willing to reduce their country to a lab for the Chicago Boys. In the wake of the US defeat in Vietnam and the subsequent stagnation of growth, the US turned to the neoimperialism of neoliberal reforms abroad and at home to secure its future. These reforms served to roll back all protections in place which insulated the poor from the worst excesses of capitalism. Neoliberalism relies on the creation of crises, bubbles and eventually collapses; neoliberalism is predicated on imperialism, colonialism, classism and racism. We must retell the story of hegemony to include those discontinuities which are buried by the official history of liberal hegemony Barder, 13 /Alexander D., Department of Political Studies and Public Administration, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, PhD in Political Theory from John Hopkins, “American Hegemony Comes Home: The Chilean Laboratory and the Neoliberalization of the United States” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 2013 38: 103 originally published online 22 April 2013, DOI: 10.1177/0304375413486331/ As I argued above, … normalized and legitimized.
2NC
OV
Their failure to recognize privilege as speaking subjects takes out any solvency and means there’s only a risk of a link. Chow 93 (Rey Chow, professor of English and comparative literature and director of the comparative literature program at the University of California, Writing Diaspora: tactics of intervention in contemporary cultural studies, p. 118-9)
For "third world" … wretched of the earth.
Your role as a judge is to interrogate how we should deal with our privileged positions which allow us to speak in the first place. Chow 1993 /Rey, Professor Comparative Lit at Brown, “Writing Diaspora” p 15-17 google books/ While the struggle … in the academic sense?
A2: Framework
Ceding imagination to the state effaces agency and unlocks atrocity – choose to confront your role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not … values of war and violence.
Roleplaying = passivity Antonio 95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, “Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1, GENDER MODIFIED)
According to Nietzsche, … pp. 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).
1NR
Finished from 1NC Barder, 13 /Alexander D., Department of Political Studies and Public Administration, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, PhD in Political Theory from John Hopkins, “American Hegemony Comes Home: The Chilean Laboratory and the Neoliberalization of the United States” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 2013 38: 103 originally published online 22 April 2013, DOI: 10.1177/0304375413486331/ As I argued above, … normalized and legitimized.
We’ll begin with a story from Meinzerin, Kuhn, and Klausmann in 1997 (Marion Meinzerin, professor of history at Cambridge University, Gabriel Kuhn, Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Innsbruck, Ulrike Klausman, freelance journalist, “Woman Pirates and the politics of the Jolly Roger”, Pg 18-22, azp)
Medusa is the … and swallowing seafarers.
The affirmative’s view of the Other is that of Perseus’s perception of women – the Other is dangerous yet alluring – something to be mapped yet radically unknowable – something to be defeated yet something to be won – a role of the ballot calling for the liberation of the oppressed is symptomatic of the masculine heroism Perseus is engrained in – the ballot becomes a symbol of the prize of Otherness while ontologically erasing the subaltern – the affirmative’s distancing of themselves from those they invoke is like Perseus’s shield – they view the subaltern through a kaleidoscopic lens while sitting comfortably in this air conditioned simulacra we call the debate round – this knowledge production is not just useless neutrality but rather the lynchpin of the Western intellectual subject – any argument the affirmative makes about how the subaltern would totally be on-board with their project relies on the same logic that reinforces conceptions of the inferior Other – a ballot for the affirmative is giving the subaltern a cordectomy Spivak 88 (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian literary theorist, philosopher and University Professor at Columbia University, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, 1988 “Can the Subaltern Speak?,” Online, azp) SOME OF THE … the subaltern speak? . . .
Isn’t it off-putting that the affirmative merely expresses solidarity with the oppressed yet does little to nothing to actually relieve their oppression? – What do you think their endless theories, intellectual movements, and speech acts actually DO to resolve anything? – the answer is absolutely nothing – they aren’t subversive, nor radical, nor even that interesting – their speech act is an intellectual façade designed to avoid having to resolve oppression Raskin 99 (Marcus Raskin, Professor of Public Policy at George Washington University, 1999, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Fall)
As I have noted, … few, demands recognition.
It is a form of self-subalternization, where the judge is encouraged to found solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing suffering portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis. Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11)
The Orientalist has a …enables her rhetoric.
The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.)
In the “cultural studies” … our consciousnesses “raised.”
This knowledge production is merely an attempt to map out the coordinates of alterity for the targeting computers of our death machines Chow, 6 (Rey Chow, Humanities and Modern Culture and Media Studies at Brown University, 2006 The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work, 40-1)
Often under the … the vanishing object.”
The alternative is the judge should vote negative to engage in academic exile – rather than examining structures external to this round, we should question our privilege to speak in the first place – our rejection of the academy is a precondition for any semblance of solvency Biswas 07 (Shampa BISWAS, Politics @ Whitman, “Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist,” Millennium 36)
Said has written … has extinguished his.
Off
Against the affirmative’s paralyzing discursive politics, it is more important than ever to emphasize Marx’s insight that transformations in consciousness can never lead to social transformations – only struggling to transform the real material conditions that structure social relations can bring about social change Marx, 1845 (Karl, The German Ideology, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm) This conception of … men make circumstances.
Unfortunately, Marx’s insight has been all but discarded by the new left, with its emphasis on being postmodern, postcolonial, poststructural, postMarxist, or post-anything. This post-al politics of the contemporary left focuses on discourse and language at the expense of analyzing real material conditions. This post-al logic is complicit with capitalism, especially insofar as it obscures the operation of political economy and the material reality of capitalism Zavarzadeh, 94 – Dept English @ Syracuse (Mas’ud, “The Stupidity that Consumption is Just as Productive as Production”, The Alternative Orange, V 4, Fall/Winter 1994, http://www.etext.org/Politics/AlternativeOrange/4/v4n1_cpp.html) The task of … a tropological description.5
Capitalism exacerbates structural violence Brown 5 (Charles Brown, Professor of Economics and Research Scientist at the University of Michigan; “Capitalism, Exploitation, and Oppression,” 5/13/2005, http://archives.econ.utah.edu/archives/pen-l/2005w15/msg00062.html) The capitalist class … of life in the U.S.
Reject their assertion that discourse and performance can change material social realities
We must return to Marx, recognizing that the only hope for human survival is a politics which engages in struggles to change material social relations rather than discursive attempts to change assumptions—any attempt to work within the system of capitalism is doomed to failure—our alternative is the only hope for human survival Harman, 7 – Editor of the Socialst Worker, 97 (Chris, Economics of the madhouse, Pg 99-100) ‘A reprise in … of the mass of people
2NC
OV
Their failure to recognize privilege as speaking subjects takes out any solvency and means there’s only a risk of a link. Chow 93 (Rey Chow, professor of English and comparative literature and director of the comparative literature program at the University of California, Writing Diaspora: tactics of intervention in contemporary cultural studies, p. 118-9)
For "third world" intellectuals, … wretched of the earth.
Your role as a judge is to interrogate how we should deal with our privileged positions which allow us to speak in the first place. Chow 1993 /Rey, Professor Comparative Lit at Brown, “Writing Diaspora” p 15-17 google books/ While the struggle … in the academic sense?
Situatedness shapes knowledge – the myth of a neutral subject is the foundation of epistemic colonialism Grosfoguel 11 (Ramon Grosfoguel – PhD in sociology and associate professor in Ethnics studies and Chicano/Latino studies at UC Berkeley, 2011, “Decolonizing Post-Colonial Studies and Paradigms of Political-Economy: Transmodernity,¶ Decolonial Thinking, and Global Coloniality, http://www.dialogoglobal.com/granada/documents/Grosfoguel-Decolonizing-Pol-Econ-and-Postcolonial.pdf)MD
The first point to … which the subject speaks.
1NR
AT: Perm
They cannot stray from their 1ac performance – the choice to exclude certain discussions is not value neutral but a consequence of narrative framing – the 1ac is a static artifact and their attempt to escape that initial framing is in itself a form of violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne Kappeler, Associate Prof @ Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, 1995, pg. 69-71)
The choice of … of power in society.
Impacts
4. Colonialism – Postmodernist critiques reproduce colonial knowledge – their politics locates theory in the North and subjects to be studied in the South – this is epistemic colonialism Grosfoguel 11 (Ramon Grosfoguel – PhD in sociology and associate professor in Ethnics studies and Chicano/Latino studies at UC Berkeley, 2011, “Decolonizing Post-Colonial Studies and Paradigms of Political-Economy: Transmodernity,¶ Decolonial Thinking, and Global Coloniality, http://www.dialogoglobal.com/granada/documents/Grosfoguel-Decolonizing-Pol-Econ-and-Postcolonial.pdf)MD
In October 1998, … coloniality ¶ of power/knowledge.
12/26/13
Blake Semis vs Stratford
Tournament: Blake | Round: Semis | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Bryan Rubaie, Scott Brown, Dustin Meyers-Levy 1NC
Off
Acts of sovereign violence due to the normalization of the state of emergency have made hegemony impossible forever for the United States—any exercise of US force in the future is only domination without hegemony that is doomed to fail Gulli 13 Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5
I think that we … and financial shift.
American hegemony is dead—the only thing that remains is a racist sovereign violence that makes all their impacts and the destruction of American polity only a matter of inevitability Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 14
It is then important … and murder” (ibid.).
The impact is the sovereign’s ability to exploit fundamental flaws in the legal system and continue the global biopolitical war—the ballot should side with the global countermovement against such violence Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 1
We live in an … and police brutality
The alternative is to base demands for care and rights on the concept of dignity – an individualizing and anti-universal approach to life – anything less makes resort to violent sovereign action inevitable Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 8
The agricultural revolution … promote food sovereignty.
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; “From Apocalypse To Way of Life,” pg. 185-186)
Looked at critically, … clearly terminal “nature.”
Environmental alarmism is unfounded and not a justification for taking action Kaleita, 7 – PHD, Assistant Professor Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (Amy, “Hysteria’s History” Environmental Alarmism in Context”, http://www.pacificresearch.org/docLib/20070920_Hysteria_History.pdf)
Apocalyptic stories about … reality, not hysteria.
Food security pays lip service to the hungry while serving as a justification for the violent expansion of global governance Alcock 9 (Rupert, graduated with a distinction in the MSc in Development and Security from the Department of Politics, University of Bristol in 2009, MSc dissertation prize joint winner 2009, “Speaking Food: A Discourse Analytic Study of Food Security” 2009, pdf available online, p. 10-14 MT)
Since the 1970s, … its governmental rationale.
Their discourse of “resource conflicts” is a militartized justification for unending liberal violence and intervention ---example : Iraqi invasion of Kuwaiti oilfields, to civil wars fuelled by diamonds in West Africa, Ugandan or Zimbabwean military deployment in the Democratic Republic of Congo over issues like diamonds with the Ugandan or Zimbabwean military deployment in the Democratic Republic of Congo Le Billon, 4 a geographer, author and Associate Professor at the University of British Columbia, and a researcher at the Liu Institute for Global Issues, PhD from Oxford (Philippe, “The Geopolitical Economy of 'Resource Wars,” 2004 http://www.neiu.edu/~dgrammen/2004LEBILLON.pdf Natural resources have …of global strategic importance.17
Cred
Cooperation will not be value neutral – American foreign policy is overdetermined by the logic of liberal integration which will view the plan as a concession and expect compliance with whatever our next foreign policy goal is – if the countries they cooperate with don’t follow US command they will suffer the consequences Campbell, 7 - International Boundaries Research Unit, Geography Department, Durham University (David, “Performing security: The imaginative geographies of current US strategy” 2007) It is important to … geographies of exclusion.
The affirmative’s hegemony impact is reminiscent of the Algonquian monster, the Wendigo – insatiable and bloodthirsty, its only purpose is endless destruction as it struggles to maintain itself – in a similar way, hegemony is a constant process of enemy-creation – a paranoid politics towards the impossible telos of world domination – this politics is responsible both for every atrocity in the 20th century as well as the exacerbation of every modern geopolitical crisis Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 3-11-13, “US Creates Nuclear Armed Cyber-attack Retaliation Force. Psychotic Superpower on a Hair Trigger,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/03/11/us-creates-nuclear-armed-cyberattack-retaliation-force-psychotic-superpower-on-a-hair-trigger/) gz Since at least World War II, … against the entire world.
Hegemonic stability is nonsensical Mack 10 (Andrew Mack, literally the person that they cite in their card, the guy who doesn’t like heg, “The Causes of Peace”) gz As with other … will inexorably increase.
2NC
OV
We control the root cause of modern violence – the operation of inclusion/exclusion makes extermination inevitable Duarte, 5 – professor of Philosophy at Universidade Federal do Paraná (André, “Biopolitics and the dissemination of violence: the Arendtian critique of the present,” April 2005, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017andcontext=andre_duarte) These historic transformations … solidarity towards others.
Alt
Refusing attempts to reform the legal system dooms it to its own nihilistic destruction—we must refuse all conceptual apparatuses of capture Prozorov 10. Sergei Prozorov, professor of political and economic studies at the University of Helsinki, “Why Giorgio Agamben is an optimist,” Philosophy Social Criticism 2010 36: pg. 1065
In a later work, … in the following section.¶
FW
3) Representations and the affective field of images are the basis and motivation for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war. The AFF’s discourse is enmeshed in a form of affective securitization that makes war inevitable. As scholars, we have an obligation to refuse and problematize the cultural grammar of security. Elliott 2012 /Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online/
In a 1991 interview … they see and hear.
4) ceding imagination to the state effaces agency and unlocks atrocity – choose to confront your role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not … war and violence.
5. This evidence is comparative – The role of the academic is to speak truth to power, not tell the government what they should do – they shut down critical thinking and deliberation Steele, 10 – Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Kansas (Brent, Defacing Power: The Aesthetics of Insecurity in Global Politics pg 130-132, dml) gender/ableist language modified with brackets When facing these … habitation” (1964 2006: 233).
AT: Perm
The only ethical position is to refuse the sovereign fiction of lines between inside and outside. Edkins and Pin-Fat 05. Jenny Edkins, professor of international politics at Prifysgol Aberystwyth University (in Wales) and Veronique Pin-Fat, senior lecturer in politics at Manchester Universit, “Through the Wire: Relations of Power and Relations of Violence,” Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2005 34: pg. 14
One potential form … sciences and jurisprudence.60
AT: Neolib good
The current crisis has shaken neoliberal economics at the core – the status quo leads to system-wide collapse and extinction Öni? and Güven 11 (Ziya Öni? is professor of international relations and director of the Center for Research on Globalization and Democratic Governance (GLODEM) at Koç University. Ali Burak Güven is GLODEM research fellow in the Department of International Relations at Koç University. “The Global Economic Crisis and the Future of Neoliberal Globalization: Rupture Versus Continuity.” Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, October 2011, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 469-488.
This article highlights … to the drawing board.
1NR
Disease
The affirmative’s discourse of disease securitizes the alien body of the infected – justifies ethnic cleansing in pursuit of the “perfect human” Gomel 2000 (Elana Gomel, English department head at Tel Aviv University, Winter 2000, published in Twentieth Century Literature Volume 46, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_4_46/ai_75141042) In the secular … the apocalyptic body.
Util
Only the possibility of death make life worth living and their life-affirmation culminates in fundamentalist violence McGowan 13 (Todd, Prof @ U of Vermont, Enjoying What We Don’t Have: The Political Project of Psychoanalysis, p. 224-7)LA On the level of …modernity necessarily forecloses.
Tournament: Emory | Round: Doubles | Opponent: GBS CK | Judge: Nick Miller, Mary Gregg, Maggie Baethiaume
1NC
Off
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; "From Apocalypse To Way of Life," pg. 185-186) Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of liabilities AND give up, or even cut off ties to clearly terminal "nature."
That causes mass wars Brzoska 8 (Michael Brzoska, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg; "The securitization of climate change and the power of conceptions of security," Paper prepared for the International Studies Association Convention, 2008) In the literature on securitization it is implied that when a problem is securitized it AND military preparedness against the other major powers, thus leading to arms races.
Their apocalyptic warming focus trades off with environmentalism – turns its own end Crist, 7 (Eileen Crist, 2007, "Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse", http://journal.telospress.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/content/2007/141/29.full.pdf+html) While the dangers of climate change are real, I argue that there are even AND to—will barely address—the ongoing destruction of life on Earth.
The system is collapsing around us – climate change, resource scarcity, militarization of society, etc. are all a result of state-centric security discourse and the failure of IR to recognize the complexity of the global system – it’s try or die to shift the frame or ensure human extinction Ahmed 12 (Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, PhD in international relations from the School of Global Studies at Sussex University, executive director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development, former professor of international relations at Sussex, writer for the Guardian, 2012, "The International Relations of Crisis and the Crisis of International Relations: From the Securitisation of Scarcity to the Militarisation of Society," Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23 Issue 3) Unfortunately, orthodox IR approaches are ill-equipped to understand the complexity of these AND , effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.
This shift away from traditional militaristic discourse makes room for an individual and ethical approach to environmental politics Deudney, 90 (Daniel Deudney, assistant professor of political science at John Hopkins’; "The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security," Millenium – Journal of International Studies 1990, http://people.reed.edu/~~ahm/Courses/Reed-POL-372-2011-S3_IEP/Syllabus/EReadings/07.2/07.2.Deudney1990The-Case.pdf, pg. 469) Fortunately, environmental awareness need not depend upon co-opted national security thinking. AND and fresh way to conceptualize environmental protection as the practice of national security.
Case
This advantage is nonsensical – the embargo only prohibits trade with the US – if other countries haven’t adopted, that’s because they don’t think it’s profitable – if they have, the squo solves
They also don’t have a card that says the US is to exporting it
The agricultural revolution in Cuba has ignited the imaginations of people all over the world AND policies that promote oligopolistic corporate control over agriculture and to promote food sovereignty.
Even if their evidence says ag reductions are necessary, there’s no evidence that says they are sufficient –
That means that don’t solve because transportation is key – comparatively outweighs the aff’s internal link
U.S. transportation is responsible for a significant share—30 to 85 AND population. Transportation pricing will be necessary to make this shift in behavior.
Environmental alarmism is unfounded and not a justification for taking action
Apocalyptic stories about the irreparable, catastrophic damage that humans are doing to the natural AND real problem exists, solutions should be based on reality, not hysteria.
China makes the impact inevitable and they don’t model
Downs, 8 Eric, Fellow @ Brookings, China Energy Fellow, Foreign Policy, John L. Thornton China Center U.S.-China Economic 26 Security Review Commission, China’s Energy Policies and Their Environmental Impacts, http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0813_china_downs.aspx China suffers from a disconnect between the increasingly prominent position of energy issues on its AND bend other actors, notably firms and local governments, to its will. China key to solving emissions Chen et al., 10 Chen, Qian, Peridas, Qiu, Ho: Natural Resources Defense Council, Friedmann: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Li, Wei: Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sung, Fowler: Clean Air Task Force, Seligsohn, Liu, Forbes: World Resources Institute, Zhang: China Tsinghua University, Zhao: Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Jason Chen, Jingjing Qian, George Peridas, Yueming Qiu, Bruce Ho, Julio Friedmann, Xiaochun Li, Ning Wei, S. Ming Sung, Mike Fowler, Deborah Seligsohn, Yue Liu, Sarah Forbes, Dongjie Zhang, Lifeng Zhao, December 2010, "Identifying Near-Term Opportunities For Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in China," http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR-http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR. H Coal—the most carbon-laden of the three major fossil fuels (i AND global effort to prevent the worst impacts of global warming from occurring.11
Framing
Representation of violence as physical desensitizes us to everyday manifestations of neo-colonialism and racism—educational resistance is key
Green and Shahjahan 13 (Qiana and Riyad A., Profs @ Michigan State U, Unpacking Desensitization, Whiteness, and Violence, Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy 10(2), p. 130-3)LA *Clarity edits to this text marked by |||. As we, two scholars of color, learned about the Boston marathon bombings recently AND and experiences will become equitable and valuable knowledge producers in the learning environment.
Thesis claim: desire lacks as a result of the structure of language on the speaking organism – the aff is an attempt at providing a palliative to the ills of the social order which results only in scapegoating and political failure
Edkins 3 (Jenny, U of Wales Aberystwyth, Trauma and the Memory of Politics, p. 11-14)LA *Pronoun replacements by ||| in the text. In the psychoanalytic account the subject is formed around a lack, and in the AND subject and the non-existence of any complete, closed social order.
This only perpetuates university discourse – actually prevents action to "solve" warming, whatever that means
The link turn is empirically denied - alarmism is high now and responses to warming are low Foust and Murphy 2009 (Christina R. Foust is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver. William O’Shannon Murphy is a doctoral student in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver. "Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse" , Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture, 3:2, 151-167 ) Since the release of Al Gore’s award-winning documentary, An Inconvenient Truth, AND to sound the alarm with increasing urgency (Moser 26 Dilling, 2004).
No long run solvency from fear appeals - best studies prove O’Neill and Nicholson-Cole 2009 (Saffron O’Neill is a tutor at the University of East Anglia, and a research fellow with the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. Sophie Nicholson-Cole is a senior research associate in the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia, United Kingdom. "Fear Won’t Do It" Promoting Positive Engagement With Climate Change Through Visual and Iconic Representations) The laboratory studies reviewed by Hastings et al. (2004) often tell nothing AND of urgency had substantially diminished by the time the focus groups took place.
2nc fw
Representations come first in the context of climate change Foust et al. 8 (Christina R. Foust, Assistant Professor in the AND in San Diego, 11/20, p. 22-23)
Along with critiquing the misinformation created through poorly educated reporters, "balance-as AND apocalyptic frame in elite and popular press accounts of global warming is warranted.
Environmental reformism is merely an exercise in blame shifting and assuaging guilt, shielding us from ever having to take responsibility for our own personal complicity in the environmental crisis Bobertz, 95 (Bradley, Nebraska Law, Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 711) A routine pattern in environmental lawmaking is a tendency to blame environmental problems on easily AND we create to solve them, this phenomenon should be cause for concern.
Personal responsibility outweighs Nayar, 99 (Jayan, Warwick Law, Transnational Law 26 Contemporary Problems, Fall) Rightly, we are concerned with the question of what can be done to alleviate AND critique, it is necessary to consider the "technologies" of ordering.
2nc authoritarianism
Furthermore, political scapegoating ensures targeting of the third world Gilbert 12 Emily Gilbert, Canadian Studies and Geography University of Toronto, 2012, "The Militarization of Climate Change," ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 11 (1), 1-14 7
First, the military’s interest in climate change resurrects a narrow concept of security. AND national security impact of environmental change in other parts of the world.6 The bifurcation of domestic security and external threat reinforces a fiction of territorial and nationalist AND what are the costs when militarization becomes necessary to legitimize climate change action? The upshot is that the military is also legitimized, to the detriment of formal AND military ’encroachment’ on civilian-sponsored development (Hartmann 2010: 240).
t/
Securitization undermines cooperation – turns the environment Trombetta 8 (Maria Julia Trombetta, postdoctoral researcher at the department of Economics of Infrastructures, Delft University of Technology; "Environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse," Outh Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 21, Number 4, December 2008)
Opponents were quick to warn that the term ’security’ evokes a set of confrontational practices AND , environmental degradation as a security issue (United Nations Security Council 2007). The divide between those who oppose the use of the term environmental security by arguing AND security have developed and ’conditioned the possibility of thought and action’ (181). The article is presented in three parts. The first explores why the environment has AND framework to explore the development of environmental security and climate security discourses respectively.
AT: policy key
THIS IS A NEG CARD – TRY OR DIE FOR THE ALT BECAUSE WE CAN ONLY CHANGE OURSELVES – (YELLOW)
McCormack 10 (Tara, is Lecturer in International Politics at the University of Leicester and has a PhD in International Relations from the University of Westminster. 2010, (Critique, Security and Power: The political limits to emancipatory approaches, page 59-61) In chapter 7 I engaged with the human security framework and some of the problematic AND Values must be joined with engagement with the material circumstances of the time.
1NR
Critique
AT: Perm
====B. Use of security reps is a strategic political choice – they already shifted the focus of the debate away from the reality of environmental impacts when they chose to represent them in apocalyptic terms==== Trennel 6 (Paul Trennel, Ph. D from the University of Wales, Department of International Politics; "The (Im)possibility of Environmental Security," September 2006, http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/410/trenellpaulipm0060.pdf?sequence=2) With the understanding of security as a performative rather than descriptive act in place the AND can be seen as beneficial to the attempt to develop effective environmental policy.
The alt cannot incorporate environmental threat construction – rethinking has to come before policy deliberation to ensure the new politics of the alt are effective
Dalby 99 (Simon Dalby, Asst Prof Intl Affairs @ Carleton; "Contested Grounds: Security and Conflict in the New Environmental Politics," pg. 158-9) But there is much more than an academic research agenda involved in these discussions. AND thinking often obscures by its focus solely on states as political actors.13
Framing the environment in terms of the economy makes collapse inevitable – we control terminal uniqueness Weiskel 97 (Timothy - Research Director @ the Cambridge Climate Research Associates – PhD in Anthropology from Oxford, "Selling Pigeons in the Temple: The Danger of Market Metaphors in an Ecosystem", Harvard Seminar on Environmental Values, http://www.ecoethics.net/OPS-008.HTM-http://www.ecoethics.net/OPS-008.HTM)MD
The natural order of the world and our role within it is affirmed by market AND may well constitute our last, best hope for survival as a species.
Ag
Util
Utilitarian calculability justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end
Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, "The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza," pp 8-10) The theological origins of the lesser evil argument cast a long shadow on the present AND so. The demand of his ethics are grounded in this impossibility.17
2/12/14
Emory Finals vs Stratford
Tournament: Emory | Round: Finals | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: All of them
1NC
Off
Their affirmative’s hegemonic strategy is not benign – it creates a self-fulfilling prophecy where the threats that the seek to prevent occur because of the US attempt to maintain a political order SAMIR AMIN director of the African office (in Dakar, Senegal) of the Third World Forum, an international nongovernmental association for research and debate, and chair of the World Forum for Alternatives. He is the author of numerous books and articles including Beyond U.S. Hegemony 25 FEB 2003 ("The Alternative to the neoliberal system of globalization and militarism Imperialism Today and the Hegemonic Offensive of the United States.")
28. The hegemonic strategy of the United States is articulated on the collective character AND sub?continent, intervening in the Amazon (Plan Colombia), etc.
construction of threats by the affirmative is an example of biased research informed by the military which ensures we misunderstand how tensions arise in the international arena, creating war Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war — and thus aims to AND more sustainable, peaceful and non-violent global rule of the political.
THE ALTERNATIVE IS TO VOTE NEGATIVE BECAUSE THE 1AC IS NOT TRUE – THE 1AC CONSTRUCTS THREATS AND MISREPRESENTS REALITY – PRESUME NEGATIVE Krause and Williams 97 (Keith Krause, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute on International and Development Studies, Michael C Williams, professor of international relations at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, "From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies," chapter 2 of Critical Security Studies, p 49-50)
The challenges to the conventional understanding of security and the object to be secured also AND grounded in reflexive practices rather than as the outcome of timeless structures.56
Case
There is no uniqueness to this advantage – there is no evidence that indicates multilateralism is declining now – here’s evidence that says the opposite
Walt 11 (Stephen, Professor of International Relations – Harvard University, "Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?" Foreign Policy, 12-5, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem, GDI File) —threats to our cred are always exaggerated —nobody can overtake us A perennial preoccupation of U.S. diplomacy has been the perceived need to AND about it, but in most cases little incentive to actually do it.
Multilateralism empirically doesn’t solve anything – leaders refuse to comply, states won’t cooperate, and it creates a cost for allies
- state leaders refuse to comply with multilat requirements 26 aren’t afraid of the consequences - actors fall outside constraints imposed by global norms 26 as they refuse to comply the US and other major powers will revert back to unilateral security threats as well - states all have different motivations concerning security so they won’t act cooperatively or with any urgency in a multilat FW - multilat incurs some costs to allies – Iraq proves this deters broader coop - predictive of future multilat probs Harvey, 4 – University Research Professor of International Relations, professor in the Department of Political Science, and the director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University (Frank, Smoke And Mirrors: Globalized Terrorism And The Illusion Of Multilateral Security, p. 43-45) bghs-ms
The typical argument favouring multilateralism is a simple one, sum- marized by Ramesh AND threats virtually guarantees that similar conflicts will plague multilateral institutions in the future.
The plan fails and public backlash means it cannot solve in the long-term
Lake 10 (Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego, David A., "Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority", http://dss.ucsd.edu/~~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG
At the same time, if any organization is to be an effective restraint on AND the idea of tying their hands more tightly in a new multilateral compact.
Guantanamo Bay, failure to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, and joining the ICC are other roadblocks to multilateralism that the affirmative doesn’t resolve
As a matter of fact, together with other measures such as closing Guantanamo, signing up to the Kyoto Protocol and putting into practice the succeeding agreement under the Bali conference, and possibly, joining the International Criminal Court as well as ratifying further international human rights treaties such as the 1990 Convention on the Rights of the Child, it would be interpreted by the international community as steps towards effective multilateralism.
There is no impact to hegemony – statistics indicate there is no causal relation between US power and global peace
Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship AND global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.
The affirmative assumption that the international order would fall apart without a strong US lead is wrong – countries would not start fighting for no reason
Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO Assertions that without the combination of U.S. capabilities, presence and commitments AND their security is all but assured, with or without the United States.
There is no impact to US credibility MacDonald and Parent 2011 - *Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College, Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami (Paul and Joseph, International Security, 35.4, "Graceful decline? The surprising success of great power retrenchment", http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ISEC_a_00034-MacDonald_proof2.pdf, WEA) These arguments have a number of limitations. First, opponents of retrenchment exaggerate the AND of relative decline rarely justifies inviting the hazards of war in the present.
North Korea is indeed a dangerous rogue state that has, in the recent past AND 100 artillery shells at Yeonpyeong Island, killing two civilians and wounding 19. But is North Korea really an irrational nation on the brink of launching "all-out war," a mad dog of East Asia? Is Pyongyang ready to sacrifice it all? Probably not. The North Korean regime, for all its cruelty, has also shown itself to be shrewd, calculating, and single-mindedly obsessed with its own self-preservation. The regime’s past behavior suggests pretty strongly that these threats are empty. But they still matter. For years, North Korea has threatened the worst and, despite all of its AND to bear the costs of preventing its outbursts from sparking an unwanted war. Starting World War III or a second Korean War would not serve any of Pyongyang’s AND United States, it would almost certainly end with the regime’s total destruction. Still, provocations and threats do serve Pyongyang’s interests, even if no one takes AND death that Kim had made up for North Korea’s weakness with canny belligerence: The shtick of apparent madness flowed from his country’s fundamental weakness as he, like AND nuclear reactor construction, hard cash-earning tourist enclaves and investment zones. At the risk of insulting Kim Jong Eun, it helps to think of North AND because he deserves it, but because you want the tantrum to stop.
2NC
APOCALYTPIC PREDICTIONS AS FORWARDED BY THE 1AC SUCH AS ~ ~ ENSURE THAT POLICY ANALYSIS FAILS Kurasawa 4 – Professor of Sociology, York University of Toronto, Fuyuki, "Cautionary Tales: The Global Culture of Prevention and the Work of Foresight", Constellations Volume 11, No 4, http://www.yorku.ca/kurasawa/Kurasawa20Articles/Constellations20Article.pdf
Up to this point, I have tried to demonstrate that transnational socio-political AND well suited to grounding these tasks: the precautionary principle and global justice.
1NR
No cards
2/12/14
Emory Quarters vs Pine Crest
Tournament: Emory | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Pine Crest GJ | Judge: Ryan Wash, Scott Brown, Adam Grellinger
1NC
Off
Reject the 1AC’s call for the ballot –
It is a moment of interest convergence between the Affirmative and the judge – This rhetorical alliance with alterity is a technology of political demand that repeats the strategic attitude of the system it seeks to overturn – The guilty solidarity of the 1AC masks the privilege that prevents the AFF project from directly changing the lives of the people they invoke to warrant a ballot. Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17) While the struggle for hegemony remains necessary for many reasons-especially in cases where AND off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?
It is a form of self-subalternization, where the judge is encouraged to found solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing suffering portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis. Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11)
The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her AND the main a rhetorical renunciation of the material power that enables her rhetoric.
The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.)
In the "cultural studies" of the American academy in the 1990s. The AND is no longer distinguishable from those who have had our consciousnesses "raised."
Off
The affirmative’s critical pedagogy is change in the service of human freedom, taking for granted human/animal opposition – belief that language elevates biological value normalizes violence Bell and Russell, 2000 (Anne and Constance, Canadian journal of education, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)
Take, for example, Freire’s (1990) statements about the differences¶ between AND resonance that we¶ share with all expressive bodies (p. 80).
And the affirmative’s assertion that Homeland Security Act permanently endowed the state with the power to determine life is ahistorical – humanism is the original hierarchy—we need politics that can respect more than human life. Their politics dooms us to a future that endlessly repeats the oppression of the status quo Best, 7 (Steven – Chair of Philosophy @ University of Texas – El Paso, Review of Charles Patterson’s "The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust", Journal for Critical Animal Studies, http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf-http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf)MD
While a welcome advance over the anthropocentric conceit that only humans shape human actions, AND and stewardship, which however was Judaic moral baggage official Christianity left behind.¶
Our alternative is to endorse the thought experiment of the voluntary global suicide of humanity – that solves Kochi and Ordan, 8 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law 26 International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, "An argument for the global suicide of humanity," Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf-http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf)
For some, guided by the pressure of moral conscience or by a practice of AND no matter how hard we try to forget, suppress or repress it.
The affirmative’s struggle for universal "human rights" is not natural – it is explicitly anthropocentric and is the foundation of the dichotomy between "human" and the "environment" Burdon 12 (Peter Burdon – PhD in Earth Jurisprudence and lecturer at Alelaide Law School, August 10, 2010, "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE LIMITS OF RIGHTS TALK", http://rightnow.org.au/topics/environment/environmental-protection-and-the-limits-of-rights-talk/**)MD
The rise of environmental human rights During the 1970s the language of human rights began to make sense to broad communities AND lead to a radical displacement of capitalist growth economics is a serious error.
Case
Postmodernist critiques reproduce colonial knowledge – their politics locates theory in the North and subjects to be studied in the South – this is epistemic colonialism Grosfoguel 11 (Ramon Grosfoguel – PhD in sociology and associate professor in Ethnics studies and Chicano/Latino studies at UC Berkeley, 2011, "Decolonizing Post-Colonial Studies and Paradigms of Political-Economy: Transmodernity,¶ Decolonial Thinking, and Global Coloniality, http://www.dialogoglobal.com/granada/documents/Grosfoguel-Decolonizing-Pol-Econ-and-Postcolonial.pdf)MD
In October 1998, there was a conference/dialogue at Duke University ¶ between AND thought and practice a particular form of coloniality ¶ of power/knowledge.
2NC
2NC Impact – OV
Anthropocentrism outweighs Gottlieb 94 — Roger S. Gottlieb, Professor of Humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Brandeis University, 1994 ("Ethics and Trauma: Levinas, Feminism, and Deep Ecology," Crosscurrents: A Journal of Religion and Intellectual Life, Summer, Available Online at http://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm, Accessed 07-26-2011)
Here I will at least begin in agreement with Levinas. As he rejects an AND
neither for ourselves nor for the other, but for us all.
A2 Pugliese thinks bioptx
root cause (card I cut)===
Paragraph after their card concludes that the alt solves and anthro is the root cause
Pugliese 13 Joseph Pugliese, Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University specializing in social justice; "State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites," 2013, pg. 97 bghs-ms
In order to short-circuit this machine, a deconstructive move is needed, AND – without having to think ’in terms of guilt or innocence.’
They have it backwards – anthropocentrism is the ORIGINAL HIERARCHY which predated biopolitics – here is specific evidence
Calarco, 8 (Matthew, Asst. Prof of Phil at CSUF, Zoographies: The Question of the Animal From Heidegger to Derrida, June, p. 92-94Shree)
Agamben gives the name "anthropological machine" (a concept he borrows from the AND might eventually, be able to stop them" (O, 38).
Link
Dichotomizing humans and nature turns the case – anthropocentrism ensures the dominant conception of "human rights" will only recreate violence Lucas-Rose 06 (Rebecca Garcia Lucas-Rose – Trinity College, University of Melbourne, 2006, "Human Rights: ¶ An Earth-based Ethics", http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/colloquy/download/colloquy_issue_12_november_2006/rose.pdf)MD
At present, the extremity of environmental destruction is grossly and ¶ dangerously demonstrating the AND others, a relation that originates in part from the environment itself."21
To discuss oppression as "dehumanizing" only reasserts dominate forms of hierarchy in hidden ways and furthers anthropocentric thought. Adams 94 (Carol, feminist scholar and animal rights theorist. M.Div. from Yale Divinity School, B.A. from Rochester University. Neither Beast nor Man, P. 77 http://books.google.com/books?id=CinU6Vy_sYMC)
It is conventionally said that oppression dehumanizes, that it reduces humans to animal status AND , and thus inscribe as well the hierarchy that positions animals as lower?
2/12/14
Emory Round 2 vs Johns Creek
Tournament: Emory | Round: 2 | Opponent: Johns Creek DB | Judge: Jeremy Hammond 1NC
Off Acts of sovereign violence due to the normalization of the state of emergency have made hegemony impossible forever for the United States—any exercise of US force in the future is only domination without hegemony that is doomed to fail Gulli 13 Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5
I think that we … and financial shift. American hegemony is dead—the only thing that remains is a racist sovereign violence that makes all their impacts and the destruction of American polity only a matter of inevitability Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 14
It is then important … and murder” (ibid.). The impact is the sovereign’s ability to exploit fundamental flaws in the legal system and continue the global biopolitical war—the ballot should side with the global countermovement against such violence Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 1
We live in an … and police brutality. The alternative is to base demands for care and rights on the concept of dignity – an individualizing and anti-universal approach to life – anything less makes resort to violent sovereign action inevitable Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 8
Power as care … of life itself.
Competitiveness Data disproves hegemony impacts Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO It is perhaps worth … view on faith alone. Decline is smooth Preble 12 (Christopher Preble, vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, PhD in history from Temple University, former professor of history at St Cloud University and Temple University, 6-28-12, “The Critique of Pure Kagan,” http://nationalinterest.org/bookreview/the-critique-pure-kagan-7061) GZ
The world is both … even less supportive. Hegemonic stability theory is nonsensical Mack 10 (Andrew Mack, literally the person that they cite in their card, the guy who doesn’t like heg, “The Causes of Peace”) gz
As with other realist … will inexorably increase. Their reading of Ikenberry is a paradigm of the American tendency to paper over numerous failures of American hegemony – US imperialism has set up neo-imperial regimes which eliminated natives’ culture, freedom, and livelihood. The aff’s impacts are predicated on imperialism, colonialism, classism, and racism Barder, 13 /Alexander D., Department of Political Studies and Public Administration, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, PhD in Political Theory from John Hopkins, “American Hegemony Comes Home: The Chilean Laboratory and the Neoliberalization of the United States” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 2013 38: 103 originally published online 22 April 2013, DOI: 10.1177/0304375413486331/
As I argued above, … normalized and legitimized. No naval impact – deterrence fails Daniel 2 Donald C.F. “The Future of American Naval Power: Propositions and Recommendations,” Globalization and American Power. Chapter 27. Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/Books/Books_2002/Globalization_and_Maritime_Power_Dec_02/0 1_toc.htm In sum, there … of naval forces.
When the global … the Internet is for. Royal concludes neg – the next page says decline disincentives saber rattling Royal, their author, 10—director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, published in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 217, google books)
There is, however, … 2006, p. 130). Economic threat predictions will cause the US to manipulate regimes in a non-democratic fashion---link turns the whole case and empirically kills millions Neocleous, Prof of Gov, 08 Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, Critique of Security, p95-
In other words, … security strategy proposed.111 Their impacts rely on the concept of the homo calculan – this creates a sadistic necro-economy that makes their impacts inevitable and turns us into slaves Bifo 11 – (Franco, “After the Future,” ed. Genesko and Thoburn, AKPress, p. 141-7)Loyola
More than ever, … language and imagination.
2NC
2NC OV
We control the root cause of modern violence – the operation of inclusion/exclusion makes extermination inevitable Duarte, 5 – professor of Philosophy at Universidade Federal do Paraná (André, “Biopolitics and the dissemination of violence: the Arendtian critique of the present,” April 2005, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017andcontext=andre_duarte)//bghs-BI These historic transformations … solidarity towards others.
2NC AT: FW
3) Representations and the affective field of images are the basis and motivation for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war. The AFF’s discourse is enmeshed in a form of affective securitization that makes war inevitable. As scholars, we have an obligation to refuse and problematize the cultural grammar of security. Elliott 2012 /Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online/
In a 1991 … they see and hear.
5. This evidence is comparative – The role of the academic is to speak truth to power, not tell the government what they should do – they shut down critical thinking and deliberation Steele, 10 – Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Kansas (Brent, Defacing Power: The Aesthetics of Insecurity in Global Politics pg 130-132, dml) gender/ableist language modified with brackets When facing these … (1964 2006: 233).
The only ethical position is to refuse the sovereign fiction of lines between inside and outside. Edkins and Pin-Fat 05. Jenny Edkins, professor of international politics at Prifysgol Aberystwyth University (in Wales) and Veronique Pin-Fat, senior lecturer in politics at Manchester Universit, “Through the Wire: Relations of Power and Relations of Violence,” Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2005 34: pg. 14
One potential form … sciences and jurisprudence.60
2NC Alt
Refusing attempts to reform the legal system dooms it to its own nihilistic destruction—we must refuse all conceptual apparatuses of capture Prozorov 10. Sergei Prozorov, professor of political and economic studies at the University of Helsinki, “Why Giorgio Agamben is an optimist,” Philosophy Social Criticism 2010 36: pg. 1065
In a later work, … the following section.¶
1NR
Predictions
Linearity fails Bernstein et al 2000 Steven Bernstein, Richard Ned Lebow, Janice Gross Stein and Steven Weber, University of Toronto, The Ohio State University, University of Toronto and University of California at Berkeley. “God Gave Physics the Easy Problems” European Journal of International Relations 2000; 6; 43 A deep irony is … of international relations.
Util Utilitarian calculability justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, “The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza,” pp 8-10) The theological origins … in this impossibility.17 Barder
Expanding neolib is the internal link to all impact scenarios Nhanenge 7 (Jytte Masters @ U South Africa, “ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT) There is today … purpose. (Ekins 1992: 1).
2/12/14
Emory Round 4 vs Lexington
Tournament: Emory | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lexington FK | Judge: Mary Gregg 1NC
Off
Environmental reformism is merely an exercise in blame shifting and assuaging guilt, shielding us from ever having to take responsibility for our own personal complicity in the environmental crisis Bobertz, 95 (Bradley, Nebraska Law, Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 711) A routine pattern … cause for concern. Additionally, the Affirmative’s production centered focus impoverishes our understanding of the environmental crisis, diminishing our ability to understand and respond to the consumptive practices that create pollution. Princen, 3 (Thomas, Global Environmental Politics, February) Research within the … such a focus. Consumption is the root cause of the Affirmative harms and constitutes a systemic harm that not only outweighs the case, but creates the possibility of extinction Dauvergne, 5 (Peter, “Dying of Consumption: Accidents or Sacrifices of Global Morality?” Global Environmental Politics, August) Private consumption expenditures … of consumptive prosperity. Reject the way the 1AC frames the problem in favor of an interrogation of consumptive practices — before we can go about fixing the world, we have to start off with an examination of the self, and how we are all personally implicated. Nayar, 99 (Jayan, Warwick Law, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Fall) Rightly, we are … "technologies" of ordering.?
Manufacturing The economic nationalism of the aff’s competitiveness impact makes possible the sacrifice of populations deemed impure Whyte 7 – PHD and reader in Soc iology at the University of Liverpool School of Sociology and Social policy (Dave Whyte, “Market Patriotism and the "War on Terror"”, in Social Justice, vol 34 iss 3/4, Proquest)
It is doubtful whether … bulwarks against terrorists Zero chance of Taiwan war --- China’s cooperating with them --- most recent evidence Jiao and Wanli, 13 Wu Jiao and Yang Wanli, reporters for China Daily, citing Ni Yongjie, deputy director of the Shanghai Institute of Taiwan Studies, AND Wang Yingjin, professor at the School of International Studies of Renmin University of China, AND Vincent Siew, honourary chairman of the Taiwan-based Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation, AND Zhang Zhijun, the mainland’s Taiwan affairs top official, AND Xi Jinping, current leader of China; “Direction charted to resolve disputes,” 10/6/2013, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-10/06/content_17011582.htmbghs-ms Political disputes between … in the mainland. No nuclear escalation and outside powers will stay out Roger Cliff, Ph.D. in international relations, Princeton, M.A. in history (Chinese studies), University of California, San Diego, Assistant for Strategy Development, Office of the Secretary of Defense, and David A. Shlapak, Ph.D., senior international policy analyst, RAND Project Air Force Report, 2007 This situation would … China’s use of force. The affirmative’s claims to how China will act and react to certain policies like the plan depends on a rationalization of China – this flawed positivist epistemology seeks to render all of the international arena knowable and predictable – the result is the inevitable emergence of a ‘China threat’ based on orientalization Pan 4 – prof school of international and political studies, Deakin U. PhD in pol sci and IR, (Chengxin, “The "China threat" in American self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics,” 1 June 2004, http://www.articlearchives.com/asia/northern-asia-china/796470-1.html) Having examined how … U.S. foreign policy. Air power this serves to construct a global police system that blurs the line between civilian and target—a failure to strategically reverse aerial power relations causes extinction Neocleous 13—Department of Politics and History, Brunel University (Mark, “Air power and police power”, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2013, volume 31, pages 578 – 593, dml) Moreover, and more … of perpetual police.
American hegemony is dead—the only thing that remains is a racist sovereign violence that makes all their impacts and the destruction of American polity only a matter of inevitability Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 14
It is then important … and murder” (ibid.). Deterrence theory is wrong Wilson 8 (Ward Wilson, senior fellow at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, director of the Rethinking Nuclear Weapons Project, November 2008, “The Myth of Nuclear Deterrence,” published in the Nonproliferation Review Volume 15 Number 3, http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/153_wilson.pdf) gz Some people try … to it still apply. Linearity fails in IR fails Bernstein et al 2000 Steven Bernstein, Richard Ned Lebow, Janice Gross Stein and Steven Weber, University of Toronto, The Ohio State University, University of Toronto and University of California at Berkeley. “God Gave Physics the Easy Problems” European Journal of International Relations 2000; 6; 43 A deep irony is … of international relations. Warming Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; “From Apocalypse To Way of Life,” pg. 185-186) Looked at critically, … clearly terminal “nature.” That causes mass wars Brzoska 8 (Michael Brzoska, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg; “The securitization of climate change and the power of conceptions of security,” Paper prepared for the International Studies Association Convention, 2008) In the literature on … leading to arms races. Their apocalyptic warming focus trades off with environmentalism – turns its own end Crist, 7 (Eileen Crist, 2007, “Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse”, http://journal.telospress.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/content/2007/141/29.full.pdf+html) While the dangers … of life on Earth. China makes the impact inevitable and they don’t model Downs, 8 Eric, Fellow @ Brookings, China Energy Fellow, Foreign Policy, John L. Thornton China Center U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, China’s Energy Policies and Their Environmental Impacts, http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0813_china_downs.aspx China suffers from … to its will. China key to solving emissions Chen et al., 10 Chen, Qian, Peridas, Qiu, Ho: Natural Resources Defense Council, Friedmann: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Li, Wei: Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sung, Fowler: Clean Air Task Force, Seligsohn, Liu, Forbes: World Resources Institute, Zhang: China Tsinghua University, Zhao: Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Jason Chen, Jingjing Qian, George Peridas, Yueming Qiu, Bruce Ho, Julio Friedmann, Xiaochun Li, Ning Wei, S. Ming Sung, Mike Fowler, Deborah Seligsohn, Yue Liu, Sarah Forbes, Dongjie Zhang, Lifeng Zhao, December 2010, “Identifying Near-Term Opportunities For Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in China,” http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR. H Coal—the most …warming from occurring.11 Only by rejecting security can we reconstitute our relationship to the environment through ethical and local justifications Deudney 90 (Daniel Deudney, assistant professor of political science at John Hopkins’; “The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security,” Millenium – Journal of International Studies 1990, http://people.reed.edu/~ahm/Courses/Reed-POL-372-2011-S3_IEP/Syllabus/EReadings/07.2/07.2.Deudney1990The-Case.pdf, pg. 469) Fortunately, environmental awareness … practice of national security.
2NC
K
2NC AT: FW
Focusing on policy-making first absolves individual contribution and cedes the political – ensures their impacts are inevitable and provides an independent reason to vote negative Trennel 6 (Paul Trennel, Ph. D from the University of Wales, Department of International Politics; “The (Im)possibility of Environmental Security,” September 2006, http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/410/trenellpaulipm0060.pdf?sequence=2)
Thirdly, it can be … a security framework.
Affirmative cannot win that they have any practical effects Schlag 90 (Pierre, Stanford LR, November, Lexis) In fact, normative … advice into effect.
2NC AT: CTP
They ignore all of the other avenues for social change in a myopic rush to seek state-centered solutions Weissberg 4 (Professor of Political Science Emeritus at the University of Illinois-Urbana Robert Weissberg is., Society “Abandoning Politics,” May/June,http://transactionpub. metapress.com/app/home/content.asp) The conventional wisdom … quietly moves rightward.
2NC AT: Econ good
Framing the environment in terms of the economy makes collapse inevitable Weiskel 97 (Timothy - Research Director @ the Cambridge Climate Research Associates – PhD in Anthropology from Oxford, “Selling Pigeons in the Temple: The Danger of Market Metaphors in an Ecosystem”, Harvard Seminar on Environmental Values, http://www.ecoethics.net/OPS-008.HTM)MD
The natural order … survival as a species.
Case
2nc motivation fails
The link turn is empirically denied - alarmism is high now and responses to warming are low Foust and Murphy 2009 (Christina R. Foust is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver. William O’Shannon Murphy is a doctoral student in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver. "Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse" , Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture, 3:2, 151-167 ) Since the release … urgency (Moser and Dilling, 2004).
t/ case
Securitization undermines cooperation – turns the environment Trombetta 8 (Maria Julia Trombetta, postdoctoral researcher at the department of Economics of Infrastructures, Delft University of Technology; “Environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse,” Outh Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 21, Number 4, December 2008)
Opponents were quick … security discourses respectively.
1NR
Competitiveness The economic nationalist project implodes the economy and guarantees protectionist violence Patrick, 9 13 March 2009, Stewart Patrick, senior fellow and director of the Program on International Institutions and Global Governance at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Protecting Free Trade,” http://nationalinterest.org/article/protecting-free-trade-3060, AZhang President Obama and … of the global crisis Weizman Utilitarian calculability justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, “The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza,” pp 8-10) The theological origins … in this impossibility.17 China Defense No China-Taiwan war – empirics McCarthy 4 (Daniel McCarthy, lawyer in Salt Lake City, Utah, former resident of Taiwan, China traveler, US-Chinese businessman, and student of military affairs and of US-China-Taiwan relations; “Ignore the rhetoric, China won't attack Taiwan,” 2004, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FB11Ad06.html)
Over the past … China's four conditions. Cuomo Don’t evaluate apocalypse – replace your view of war as event with war as presence – otherwise the militarization of society will consume the planet Cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and … of war and militarism.
Bernstein Linearity fails in IR fails Bernstein et al 2000 Steven Bernstein, Richard Ned Lebow, Janice Gross Stein and Steven Weber, University of Toronto, The Ohio State University, University of Toronto and University of California at Berkeley. “God Gave Physics the Easy Problems” European Journal of International Relations 2000; 6; 43 A deep irony is … analysis of international relations.
Off Environmental reformism is merely an exercise in blame shifting and assuaging guilt, shielding us from ever having to take responsibility for our own personal complicity in the environmental crisis Bobertz, 95 (Bradley, Nebraska Law, Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 711) A routine pattern in environmental lawmaking is a tendency to blame environmental problems on easily AND we create to solve them, this phenomenon should be cause for concern. Additionally, the Affirmative’s production centered focus impoverishes our understanding of the environmental crisis, diminishing our ability to understand and respond to the consumptive practices that create pollution. Princen, 3 (Thomas, Global Environmental Politics, February) Research within the economic strands of social science disciplines such as political science, sociology AND substitutabilities. n3 Global water management illustrates the need for such a focus. Consumption is the root cause of the Affirmative harms and constitutes a systemic harm that not only outweighs the case, but creates the possibility of extinction Dauvergne, 5 (Peter, "Dying of Consumption: Accidents or Sacrifices of Global Morality?" Global Environmental Politics, August) Private consumption expenditures are now more than 4 times higher than in 1960. The AND look at the guts of global morality in an era of consumptive prosperity. Reject the way the 1AC frames the problem in favor of an interrogation of consumptive practices — before we can go about fixing the world, we have to start off with an examination of the self, and how we are all personally implicated. Nayar, 99 (Jayan, Warwick Law, Transnational Law 26 Contemporary Problems, Fall) Rightly, we are concerned with the question of what can be done to alleviate AND of critique, it is necessary to consider the "technologies" of ordering Warming No solvency—Cuba can’t displace emissions—1AC author Specht ’13 (Jonathan, Louisiana State University, "Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States" April 24, 2013, http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf-http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf) It must be stressed that sugarcane-based ethanol, from Cuba or anywhere else AND sugarcane can, and should, be part of the solution to both problems China makes the impact inevitable and they don’t model Downs, 8 Eric, Fellow @ Brookings, China Energy Fellow, Foreign Policy, John L. Thornton China Center U.S.-China Economic 26 Security Review Commission, China’s Energy Policies and Their Environmental Impacts, http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0813_china_downs.aspx China suffers from a disconnect between the increasingly prominent position of energy issues on its AND bend other actors, notably firms and local governments, to its will. China key to solving emissions Chen et al., 10 Chen, Qian, Peridas, Qiu, Ho: Natural Resources Defense Council, Friedmann: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Li, Wei: Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sung, Fowler: Clean Air Task Force, Seligsohn, Liu, Forbes: World Resources Institute, Zhang: China Tsinghua University, Zhao: Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Jason Chen, Jingjing Qian, George Peridas, Yueming Qiu, Bruce Ho, Julio Friedmann, Xiaochun Li, Ning Wei, S. Ming Sung, Mike Fowler, Deborah Seligsohn, Yue Liu, Sarah Forbes, Dongjie Zhang, Lifeng Zhao, December 2010, "Identifying Near-Term Opportunities For Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in China," http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR-http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR. H Coal—the most carbon-laden of the three major fossil fuels (i AND global effort to prevent the worst impacts of global warming from occurring.11 Increased sugarcane production causes massive deforestation and warming Biofuelwatch, et. Al (Various) 2007 ~Agrofuels: Towards a Reality Check in Nine Key Areas, Published by: Biofuelwatch, Carbon Trade Watch/TNI, Corporate Europe Observatory, Econexus, Ecoropa, Grupo de Reflexión Rural, Munlochy Vigil, NOAH (Friends of the Earth Denmark), Rettet Den Regenwald, Watch Indonesia June 2007loghry~ Climate change: A primary concern is the potential for agrofuels to accelerate climate change AND so much remains unknown, a precautionary approach to developing agrofuels is necessary. GMOs turn the aff – cause overuse of herbicides causing environmental destruction Lehtonen, 9 Author Dr Markku Lehtonen , Sussex Energy Group University of Sussex, UK - PhD in environmental economics University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France, 19 December 2009, Ethical-sugar (An organization that monitors the ethical use of pesticides in the sugar cane industry), "Status report on sugar cane agrochemicals management", http://www.sucre-ethique.org/IMG/pdf/agrochemicals_1_.pdf-http://www.sucre-ethique.org/IMG/pdf/agrochemicals_1_.pdf However, the public opinion in Brazil remains divided on the issue of GMOs. AND varieties, and the weeds that respond by developing their own herbicide resistance.
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; "From Apocalypse To Way of Life," pg. 185-186) Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of liabilities AND give up, or even cut off ties to clearly terminal "nature." That causes mass wars Brzoska 8 (Michael Brzoska, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg; "The securitization of climate change and the power of conceptions of security," Paper prepared for the International Studies Association Convention, 2008) In the literature on securitization it is implied that when a problem is securitized it AND military preparedness against the other major powers, thus leading to arms races. Their apocalyptic warming focus trades off with environmentalism – turns its own end Crist, 7 (Eileen Crist, 2007, "Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse", http://journal.telospress.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/content/2007/141/29.full.pdf+html) While the dangers of climate change are real, I argue that there are even AND to—will barely address—the ongoing destruction of life on Earth. Only by rejecting security can we reconstitute our relationship to the environment through ethical and local justifications Deudney 90 (Daniel Deudney, assistant professor of political science at John Hopkins’; "The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security," Millenium – Journal of International Studies 1990, http://people.reed.edu/~~ahm/Courses/Reed-POL-372-2011-S3_IEP/Syllabus/EReadings/07.2/07.2.Deudney1990The-Case.pdf, pg. 469) Fortunately, environmental awareness need not depend upon co-opted national security thinking. AND and fresh way to conceptualize environmental protection as the practice of national security.
The affirmative’s understanding of Cuba reduces it to an object of American desire. The affective depiction of Cuba as an indispensable tool for American interests has create a relationship defined by domination Pérez 8 (Louis A., Ph.D. University of New Mexico, Professor of History at University of North Carolina, "Cuba in the American Imagination: Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos,")
Cuba came to the attention of the world at large principally by way of figurative AND Catherine Marshall described as "mutual knowledge based on com- munity membership?"
Renewables can’t solve warming – they supplement, not replace, dirty energy. Angus 12 – ecosocialist advocate, citing an extensive study by Richard York, professor at the University of Oregon with an MS in Environmental Studies from Bemidji State University (Iran, "Green energy won’t save the earth without social change", 3/21/12; http://climateandcapitalism.com/2012/03/21/green-energy-alone-wont-save-the-earth/)//Beddow The most popular techno-fix for global warming is green energy. If energy AND ignore the inherent destructiveness of the current system of unsustainable development – capitalism." 2NC Warming Defense
t/ offense Deforestation turns biodiversity and warming Watson 6 Captain Paul Watson, Founder and President of Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. 9/17/06, ìThe Politics of Extinction.î http://www.eco-action.org/dt/beerswil.html The destruction of forests and the proliferation of human activity will remove more than 20 AND and with it the horrendous and mind numbing specter of massive human destruction. Turn—sugarcane burning causes massive emissions Tsao et al. ’11 (C-C Tsao1, J. E. Campbell1*, M. Mena-Carrasco2, S. N. Spak3, G. R. Carmichael3 and Y. Chen1, 1School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, California 95343, USA, 2Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidad Andres Belo, Santiago, 8370251, Chile, 3Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, "Increased estimates of air-pollution emissions from Brazilian sugar-cane ethanol", 11 December 2011, http://www.ucmerced.edu/sites/www/files/public/documents/brazil.pdf) Accelerating biofuel production has been promoted as an opportunity to enhance energy security, offset AND have larger impacts on regional climate forcing and human health than previously thought.
The plan destroys livelihoods and Cuban environment Armando H. Portela, Ph.D. and Benigno E. Aguirre, Ph.D. July 27, 2007 (Armando H. Portela, Ph.D., a geographer from Miami and Benigno E. Aguirre, Ph.D., a sociologist from College Station, Texas "Air and Water Pollution in Cuba" July 27, 2013 http://havanajournal.com/culture/entry/air-and-water-pollution-in-cuba/-http://havanajournal.com/culture/entry/air-and-water-pollution-in-cuba/) Elsewhere, the Cauto River basin is also severely impacted¶ by pollution and environmental AND most¶ popular tourist destination in Matanzas province (CubaNews,¶ March 1999). Sugarcane production causes soil degradation—turns the grasslands I/L Zuurbier and Vooren ’08 Peter Zuurbier and Jos Van De Vooren. "Contributions to Climate Change Mitigation and the Environment." Sugarcane Ethanol. Wageningen Academic P U B L I S H E R S, 2008. Web. 6 July 2013. http://www.baff.info/english/rapporter/SugarcaneBook_Wageningen.pdf. Soil degradation through erosion and compaction are also considered a problem in sugarcane fields, AND chemical residues that directly compromise water quality (Corbi et al., 2006). Sugarcane ethanol generates more pollution than previously thought Campbell et al 11 (J. E. Campbell, S.N. Spak, G. R. Carmichael, UI College of Engineering alumni, an assistant professor with joint appointments in the UI Public Policy Center, School of Urban and Regional Planning, and the UI College of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, "Sugarcane ethanol in Brazil a substantial pollution source", Western Farm Press, an industry trade magazine that provides growers and agribusiness with in-depth coverage of the region’s major crops plus the legislative, environmental and regulatory issues that affect their businesses, 12/29/11, http://westernfarmpress.com/government/sugarcane-ethanol-brazil-substantial-pollution-source//-http://westernfarmpress.com/government/sugarcane-ethanol-brazil-substantial-pollution-source//) University of Iowa researchers and their colleagues have shown that ethanol fuel producers in Brazil AND , and the UI College of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Warming Offense
2nc motivation fails
The link turn is empirically denied - alarmism is high now and responses to warming are low Foust and Murphy 2009 (Christina R. Foust is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver. William O’Shannon Murphy is a doctoral student in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver. "Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse" , Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture, 3:2, 151-167 ) Since the release of Al Gore’s award-winning documentary, An Inconvenient Truth, AND to sound the alarm with increasing urgency (Moser 26 Dilling, 2004).
Apocalyptic warming rhetoric depoliticizes the issue and makes it impossible for effective action to ever mobilize - particularly in the social sphere that debate attempts to create Foust and Murphy 09 Christina R. Foust, Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, 26 William O’Shannon Murphy, doctoral student in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, 12 Jun 2009 "Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse" Special Issue: Discursive Constructions of Climate Change: Practices of Encoding and Decoding Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture, Volume 3, Issue 2, 2009, pages 151-167
While frames "cannot guarantee how a reader will interpret or comprehend" an issue AND let alone individual human efforts), that there seems little hope for intervention.
Apocalyptic warming rhetoric makes action impossible and emboldens naysayers Foust and Murphy 09 Christina R. Foust, Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, 26 William O’Shannon Murphy, doctoral student in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, 12 Jun 2009 "Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse" Special Issue: Discursive Constructions of Climate Change: Practices of Encoding and Decoding Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture, Volume 3, Issue 2, 2009, pages 151-167
Framing global warming as an apocalyptic event has several implications. Tragic apocalyptic framing in AND sides because they were not given more nuanced options for addressing the issue.
No long run solvency from fear appeals - best studies prove O’Neill and Nicholson-Cole 2009 (Saffron O’Neill is a tutor at the University of East Anglia, and a research fellow with the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. Sophie Nicholson-Cole is a senior research associate in the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia, United Kingdom. "Fear Won’t Do It" Promoting Positive Engagement With Climate Change Through Visual and Iconic Representations) The laboratory studies reviewed by Hastings et al. (2004) often tell nothing AND of urgency had substantially diminished by the time the focus groups took place.
2nc t/ case
Securitization undermines cooperation – turns the environment Trombetta 8 (Maria Julia Trombetta, postdoctoral researcher at the department of Economics of Infrastructures, Delft University of Technology; "Environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse," Outh Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 21, Number 4, December 2008)
Opponents were quick to warn that the term ’security’ evokes a set of confrontational practices AND , environmental degradation as a security issue (United Nations Security Council 2007). The divide between those who oppose the use of the term environmental security by arguing AND security have developed and ’conditioned the possibility of thought and action’ (181). The article is presented in three parts. The first explores why the environment has AND framework to explore the development of environmental security and climate security discourses respectively.
2nc authoritarianism Furthermore, political scapegoating ensures targeting of the third world Gilbert 12 Emily Gilbert, Canadian Studies and Geography University of Toronto, 2012, "The Militarization of Climate Change," ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 11 (1), 1-14 7
First, the military’s interest in climate change resurrects a narrow concept of security. AND national security impact of environmental change in other parts of the world.6 The bifurcation of domestic security and external threat reinforces a fiction of territorial and nationalist AND what are the costs when militarization becomes necessary to legitimize climate change action? The upshot is that the military is also legitimized, to the detriment of formal AND military ’encroachment’ on civilian-sponsored development (Hartmann 2010: 240).
1NR
K 2NC AT: FW
Interp: judge is an intellectual who role is to evaluate the best way for students to engage the environment issue
Focusing on policy-making first absolves individual contribution and cedes the political – ensures their impacts are inevitable and provides an independent reason to vote negative Trennel 6 (Paul Trennel, Ph. D from the University of Wales, Department of International Politics; "The (Im)possibility of Environmental Security," September 2006, http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/410/trenellpaulipm0060.pdf?sequence=2)
Thirdly, it can be claimed that the security mindset channels the obligation to address AND the top-down, state oriented focus supplied by a security framework.
Affirmative cannot win that they have any practical effects Schlag 90 (Pierre, Stanford LR, November, Lexis) In fact, normative legal thought is so much in a hurry that it will AND in a position to put any of its wonderful normative advice into effect.
Representations come first in the context of climate change Foust et al. 8 (Christina R. Foust, Assistant Professor in the AND in San Diego, 11/20, p. 22-23)
Along with critiquing the misinformation created through poorly educated reporters, "balance-as AND apocalyptic frame in elite and popular press accounts of global warming is warranted.
2NC Must read – Bobertz
Environmental reformism seeks to pacify our collective guilt over the destruction of the environment—it is ultimately futile because it deflects attention away from resolving the real reason why environmental problems exist, which is individual consumption Bobertz 95 (Bradley, Nebraska Law, Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 711) *gender modified noted by ~ ~ To date, explanations for the intellectual bedlam of environmental law have included analyses of AND an existing state of affairs while simultaneously creating the appearance of reforming it.
2NC AT: CTP
They ignore all of the other avenues for social change in a myopic rush to seek state-centered solutions Weissberg 4 (Professor of Political Science Emeritus at the University of Illinois-Urbana Robert Weissberg is., Society "Abandoning Politics," May/June,http://transactionpub. metapress.com/app/home/content.asp) The conventional wisdom tells us that Americans are generally politically apathetic and, judging by AND dominate policy-making while the nation as a whole quietly moves rightward.
2/12/14
Glenbrooks Round 1 vs Dowling
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Dowling WZ | Judge: Courtney Schauer 1NC Off
Text: We advocate the entirety of the aff sans the plan
It’s net beneficial – it solves better because it doesn’t start at the place of the state or include the pretended fiated action we will get links to.
It’s legit – they get 100 of the plan to generate offense versus the cp, this is a necessary test against critical affirmatives.
There is no internal link between the plan text and the solvency. Schlag, 90 (Pierre Schlag, professor of law@ univ. Colorado, stanford law review, november, page lexis)
In fact, normative … advice into effect.
The assumption of 1AC solvency papers over the rough edges of the world with warm and fuzzy normative legal talk, emotionally disconnecting them from the implications of the speech act Delgado 91 (richard delgado , colorado law professor, 139 pa. L. Rev. 933, april)
But what is the … with subsistence claims.
They are more interested in playing hermeneutic games than engaging in politics, the preoccupation with pretending to be policymakers traps them in a spectator position and bars them from recognizing the bureaucratic violence of legal praxis. Schlag, 90 (Pierre Schlag, professor of law@ univ. Colorado, stanford law review, november, page lexis) All of this can … academic and otherwise. Off
Since World War I, violence has been normalized by the globalization of the state of exception when the law justifies its own suspension, transforming itself into a killing machine, and ushering in global civil war. Return to the legal normal authorizes such violent international aggression Agamben, 5. Giorgio Agamben, famous philosopher, The State of Exception, pg. 85
It is perhaps … toward global civil war.
Refuse attempts to reform the legal system and doom it to its own nihilistic destruction—we must refuse all conceptual apparatuses of capture Prozorov, 10 Sergei Prozorov, professor of political and economic studies at the University of Helsinki, “Why Giorgio Agamben is an optimist,” Philosophy Social Criticism 2010 36: pg. 1065
In a later work, Agamben … the following section.¶
The impact is the sovereign’s ability to exploit fundamental flaws in the legal system and continue the global biopolitical war—the ballot should side with the global countermovement against such violence Gulli, 13 Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 1
Economic engagement is a vehicle for neoliberal expansion – the aff is a tool for security interests and economic exploitation of Latin America – turns case Jacobs 4 (Jamie Elizabeth, Assistant Prof of Polisci at West Virginia U, "Neoliberalism and Neopanamericanism: The View from Latin America," Latin American Politics and Society 46.4 (2004) 149-152, MUSE) The advance of … in the South. End Page 150
Causes extinction and turns the case Deutsch 2009 /Judith, president, Science for Peace. Member of Canadian psychoanalytic society, “Pestilence, Famine, War, Neoliberalism, and Premature Deaths,” Peace Magazine, http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v25n3p18.htm/
At present, threats …--"terrorism from above."
2NC – Agamben
2NC ROB
The critique allows us to enter into a practice of studying the law for more than just ends—it is part of a slow unraveling of normative legality that will create a better vocabulary to discuss sovereign violence Agamben 05. Giorgio Agamben, famous philosopher, The State of Exception, pg. 63
In the Kafka essay, the … juridical (Benjamin 1992, 41).
AT: Perm
The only ethical position is to refuse the sovereign fiction of lines between inside and outside. Edkins and Pin-Fat 05. Jenny Edkins, professor of international politics at Prifysgol Aberystwyth University (in Wales) and Veronique Pin-Fat, senior lecturer in politics at Manchester Universit, “Through the Wire: Relations of Power and Relations of Violence,” Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2005 34: pg. 14
One potential form … sciences and jurisprudence.60
Link
Agamben 98. Giorgio Agamben, professor of philosophy at the University of Verona, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 179
In this sense, our … cities of the earth.
Investing in the law as a marker and method for alleviating racial violence reifies a liberal understanding of freedom which has empirically amplified and cloaked racism. Kandaswamy 2012 /Priya, Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Mills College “SYMPOSIUM ON EXPLORING POWER, AGENCY and ACTION IN A WORLD OF MOVING FRONTIERS: ARTICLE: THE OBLIGATIONS OF FREEDOM AND THE LIMITS OF LEGAL EQUALITY,” 41 Sw. L. Rev. 265/ Despite a vast … rubric of equality.¶ n.
1NR – PIK
2NC Overview
The CP solves best – criticizing their normative form opens up a space for reflection where true solvency becomes impossible. Winter 91 (Steven L. June, Prof of Law @ U. of Miami, Texas Law Review ”On Building Houses”)
As this last argument … dependent on law."
AT: Perm
Cooption DA – the perm forces us to down the path of bureaucratic tyranny, once we’ve been assimilated escape is impossible. Delgado 93 (Richard, June 1993, Prof. of Law @ U. of Colorado, New York University Law Review, “Rodrigo’s Sixth Chronicle”)
"Normative discourse is … weakening the movement."
Nesting DA – the perm conceals normative legal thought by presenting the illusion of compromise. Schlag 91 (Pierre, April 1991, Prof. of Law @ Colorado U., University of Pennsylvania Law Review “Normativity and the Politics of Form” p. L/N)
One of the classic …of any new approach. _ Impacts The aff’s identification with the state destroys agency and the value to life—reforming the state without first changing our relationship with it triggers all their harms Schaffer 7 (Butler, Prof @ Southwestern U School of Law, Identifying with the State, LewRockwell.com, http://archive.lewrockwell.com/shaffer/shaffer159.html)//LA*We don’t endorse ableist language.
One of the deadliest … integrity in our lives.
Utilizing the state to combat social ills appeals to a model of heroic individualism that denies value to life Anker 12 (Elisabeth, Prof @ George Washington U, Heroic Identifications: Or, “You Can Love Me Too – I am so Like the State”, Theory and Event, 15(1), 2012, Project MUSE)LA
The post-9/11 desire for … still gains credence.
12/3/13
Glenbrooks Round 3 vs Cedar Ridge
Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 3 | Opponent: Cedar Ridge PR | Judge: Michael Moorhead 1NC Off
First, the 1AC is an instance of market commodification--- Racial capitalism engages in a process of commodification which denies the possibility of continuous conception of the self for non-whites. This process of alienation cedes all power to whites and the market. The AFF exchanges non-white identity for a ballot in the market of debate reducing people to fungible objects upon which gratuitous violence can be practice without defense. Leong, 12 /Nancy, Assistant Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, “Racial Capitalism,” Harvard Law Review, http://www.utexas.edu/law/colloquium/papers-public/2012-2013/09-20-12_Leong20~-~-20Racial20Capitalism.pdf/
Racial identity245 is a … described in market terms.
The impact is trophies for suffering--- Racial capitalism is an unethical system of exploitation which turns the suffering of non-whites into trophies and enjoyment. The 1AC’s commodification of non-whites for the ballot reinforces a system of slavery which makes the world unethical. Leong 2012 /Nancy, Assistant Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, “Racial Capitalism,” Harvard Law Review, http://www.utexas.edu/law/colloquium/papers-public/2012-2013/09-20-12_Leong20~-~-20Racial20Capitalism.pdf/
The irony, then, … racial relations in America.
Second, the 1AC engages in Intellectual Vampirism--- The 1AC is a form of vampirism which allows white institutions and individuals to enhance their social position at the expense of non-white individuals. The AFF is merely a market exchange in the political economy of debate which covers over the contradictions of racial capitalism. Leong 2012 /Nancy, Assistant Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, “Racial Capitalism,” Harvard Law Review, http://www.utexas.edu/law/colloquium/papers-public/2012-2013/09-20-12_Leong20~-~-20Racial20Capitalism.pdf/
The exchange mechanism … of white society.123
Third, the Maoist---
The ballot is also a moment of interest convergence between the Affirmative and the judge – This rhetorical alliance with alterity is a technology of political demand that repeats the strategic attitude of the system it seeks to overturn – The guilty solidarity of the 1AC masks the privilege that prevents the AFF project from directly changing the lives of the people they invoke to warrant a ballot. Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17)
Why are "tactics" useful … in the academic sense? ? AND, Within the Affirmative project, the ballot functions as a politics of self-subalternization, where the judges are encouraged to found a vacuous solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing the material deprivation portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis. Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11)
The Orientalist has a … enables her rhetoric.
The AFF’s demand for action is a way of covering over the ways in which whiteness works in the present. We cannot transcend the racism of the status quo through speech – the role of the intellectual should be to intervene into the political economy of racial capitalism and expose how racism is functioning in the here and now. The AFF’s desire for transcendence gives the illusion of progress while being an interpassive form which prevents proper analysis. Ahmed 2004 /Sarah, Reader in Race and Cultural Studies, Goldsmiths College, University of London. Her writings include: Differences that Matter: Feminist Theory and Postmodernism (1998); Strange Encounters: Embodied Others in Post-Coloniality (2000) and The Cultural Politics of Emotion (2004). She is currently working on two books: Orientations: Towards a Queer Phenomenology and Doing Diversity: Racism and Educated Subjects. The latter book will draw on data collected from the research project Integrating Diversity? Gender, Race and Leadership in the Post 16 Skills Sector, which is housed in Women's Studies, Lancaster University and the Centre of Excellence for Leadership (CEL), and is funded by the DfES. The project, which she co-directs with Elaine Swan, asks the question 'what does diversity do' within the context of adult and community learning, further education and higher education in the UK, and includes comparative analyses of the 'turns' to diversity within Australia and Canada., “Declarations of Whiteness: The Non-Performativity of Anti-Racism,” Borderlands 3:2, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol3no2_2004/ahmed_declarations.htm/
These statements function … task of recognizing them.
Off
The AFF is a sentimental politics which promises that empathetic identification will suddenly reshape the world and actualize an ethics of care. The AFF imagines their presentation of mass violence as a prophylactic against the resurgence of violence, all the while ignoring that liberal moralism is the motor of modern warfare. The AFF calls on victims to bargain for a more just world by exposing their wounds for academic consumption. This act of politicization relies on a racist victim economy in which black, brown and red bodies are vampirically drained of life, made to dance for an infinitely deferred freedom, all while academics extract jouissance and advancement from their objectified identities. Berlant 1998 /Lauren, George M. Pullman Professor, Department of English, University of Chicago, “Poor Eliza,” American Literature, Vol. 70, No. 3, No More Separate Spheres! (Sep., 1998), Duke University Press, pg. 635-668/ What distinguishes … of the stereotypical image.
The AFF’s presentation of suffering creates a marketplace of trauma transforming wounds into a commodity for western consumption. Their politics of mourning exists by turning the other into a dead object through which we can construct a sentimental economy of pleasure and pacification. The AFF is a form of empathetic identification which is a process of deathmaking which ensures the smooth functioning of imperialism. The AFF’s fantasy of change through investment in the law shields criticism and guises violence. Berlant 1999 /Lauren, George M. Pullman Professor, Department of English, University of Chicago, “The Subject of True Feeling: Pain, Privacy and Politics” in Cultural Pluralism, Identity Politics and the Law ed. Sarat and Kearns, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, Pg. 49-54/ Ravaged wages and … the hegemonic field.9
We must refuse the politics of liberalism and the economization of injury and suffering. Nothing short of an outright rejection of the entirety of liberalism ethics, aesthetics and politics will be sufficient. Our politics does not ignore the violence of the world, it refuses a particular set of representations and values which enframe said suffering against the movement of becoming, of life. The alternative does not wish away suffering, nor can it resolve all of the violence of modernity, but it can open us up to experiencing the world, not as zombies or vampires, but as creatures of sensuous life. Abbas 2010 /Asma, Professor and Division Head in Social Studies, Political Science, Philosophy at the Liebowitz Center for International Studies at Bard College at Simon’s Rock, Liberalism and Human Suffering: Materialist Reflections on Politics, Ethics, and Aesthetics, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pg. Pg. 183 - 187/
In Martha Nussbaum’s celebration … and life itself.
2NC
Role of the Judge
Your role as a judge is to interrogate how we should deal with our privileged positions which allow us to speak in the first place. Chow 1993 /Rey, Professor Comparative Lit at Brown, “Writing Diaspora” p 15-17 google books/ While the struggle … than in the academic sense? Link The 1AC’s imagination of the end of the world allows whites to identify with the slave rather than the master. They are willing to wish the death of themselves and everyone they know to assume an “ethical” position in the world. An AFF ballot allows the judge to feel morally good via a process of cross-identification – this reinforces inertia and destroys solvency. Gilmore 2013 /Garrett, Film Critic and Literary Theorist,” Django Unchained and the Crises of White Viewership” http://www.contendersmag.com/features/2013/1/11/django-unchained-and-the-crises-of-white-viewership.html/
Watching Django I … competent filmmaking.
The AFF’s imagination of the end of the world is a revenge fantasy which allows the white spectator and participant to get their momentary rage on while leaving the structure of anti-blackness in place – this act generates passivity and entrenches anti-blackness. Gilmore 2013 /Garrett, Film Critic and Literary Theorist,”Django Unchained and the Crises of White Viewership” http://www.contendersmag.com/features/2013/1/11/django-unchained-and-the-crises-of-white-viewership.html/
As a (white?) viewer I … see this fantasy through.
The AFF assumes the role of the ascetic priest who suffers in their role as the savior of the herd. In their attempt to master and banish suffering, ressentiment is turned inward as feelings of guilt flourish. The drive to resolve the suffering of the world is rooted in a will to self-protection. Liberalism’s management of suffering is a life denying will to nothingness which attempts to sterilize existence and freeze the movement/becoming which is constitutive of life’s meaning. Abbas 2010 /Asma, Professor and Division Head in Social Studies, Political Science, Philosophy at the Liebowitz Center for International Studies at Bard College at Simon’s Rock, Liberalism and Human Suffering: Materialist Reflections on Politics, Ethics, and Aesthetics, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pg. Pg. 68-71/ We are told … and unwanted subjects? ? A2 – Permutation
The attempt to include a rejection and problematization of liberalism and still endorse the AFF reaffirms a belief in a responsible agent that reduces politics to morality and still relies on a venomous and imperial compassion. We must reject liberalism writ large if we are to avoid its ability to co-opt criticism and reduce it to a footnote. Abbas 2010 /Asma, Professor and Division Head in Social Studies, Political Science, Philosophy at the Liebowitz Center for International Studies at Bard College at Simon’s Rock, Liberalism and Human Suffering: Materialist Reflections on Politics, Ethics, and Aesthetics, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pg. Pg. 38-39/ The dizzying back … as the only options.
1NR
Turns case
The AFF calls on the judge to identify with the gratuitous suffering of blacks. By circulating the horrors of slavery and attempting to draw in suffering for intellectual analysis they spectralize black pain. The suffering of blacks is the vehicle for the AFF’s power and is used for profiting off the ballot. This process of identification erases the slave and leaves only the trembling eye of the master’s enjoyment. Hartman 1997 /Saidiya V, Associate Professor of English @ UC BERKLEY,“SCENCES OF SUBJECTION: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America”; pp. 20-21/ As well, we need ask … and other popular amusements.
U.S. economic engagement toward Cuba facilitates a relationship based on binary that locks Cuba into a place of opposition. These policies do not occur in a vacuum, rather they are a result of a socio-cultural relationship to otherness that attempts to gain order and control through the limitation of affective encounters McNeil ’10 (Calum McNeil – PhD candidate in International Relations at McMaster University, Canadian Foreign Policy Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1, “To engage or not to engage: An (a)ffective argument in favour of a policy of engagement with Cuba” SG)
The purpose here is … for public consumption.
This understanding of Cuba reduces it to an object of American desire. The affective depiction of Cuba as an indispensable tool for American interests has create a relationship defined by domination Pérez 8 (Louis A., Ph.D. University of New Mexico, Professor of History at University of North Carolina, "Cuba in the American Imagination: Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos,")
Cuba came to the … com- munity membership?"
This hierarchical understanding does not stop at the state level. Through this system of control, the state is able to coopt the material economy of affect and create a metanarrative of Cuba to which we must all prescribe to. This forces an understanding of difference that is necessarily outside and must be vanquished Beasley-Murray 09 (Jon Beasley-Murray, Assistant Professor in Hispanic Studies, including social and political theory, “PART TWO: CONSTITUTION”)
Affect is, for Deleuze … well as spiritual stimulation.
Our alternative is to reject subject-object dualism – interrogating affect is the only way to break down the state’s cooption Colebrook 02 (Claire, Doctor of Philosophy from University of Edinburgh, English professor at Penn State University, “Gilles Deleuze” (Routledge Critical Thinkers))
One of the key … machine among others.
Knowledge production is uniquely influential for IR – it’s key to policy proposals Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz In contrast to … the perspective of women.137
Adv
None of their evidence says lifting the embargo leads to a new era of multilateralism – it just says lifting the embargo is a multilateral action
Plan fails and that public backlash takes out solvency Lake 10 (Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego, David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG At the same time, … multilateral compact.
Aff can’t resolve their internal links – no explanation of how we cooperate with non-democracies, whether future policymakers maintain a different mindset, and things like drone strikes in the Middle East are alt causes
So are Guantanamo, Kyoto, ICC and CRC – 1AC Burgsdorff evidence concedes Burgsdorff, 9 (Ph. D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf)//NG As a matter of fact, … towards effective multilateralism.
Hegemonic stability theory is nonsensical Mack 10 (Andrew Mack, literally the person that they cite in their card, the guy who doesn’t like heg, “The Causes of Peace”) gz As with other … will inexorably increase.
Hegemonic stability theory is nonsensical Mack 10 (Andrew Mack, literally the person that they cite in their card, the guy who doesn’t like heg, “The Causes of Peace”) gz As with other … will inexorably increase.
No impact to heg Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth … view on faith alone.
Erased from the history of hegemony is its resurgence through the neoliberal shock treatment in Chile which eliminated the people’s culture, freedom and livelihood to set up an authoritarian regime willing to reduce their country to a lab for the Chicago Boys. In the wake of the US defeat in Vietnam and the subsequent stagnation of growth, the US turned to the neoimperialism of neoliberal reforms abroad and at home to secure its future. These reforms served to roll back all protections in place which insulated the poor from the worst excesses of capitalism. Neoliberalism relies on the creation of crises, bubbles and eventually collapses; neoliberalism is predicated on imperialism, colonialism, classism and racism. We must retell the story of hegemony to include those discontinuities which are buried by the official history of liberal hegemony. The 1NC is a counter memory, a form of guerilla epistemology which reveals the river of blood that runs through all impoverished areas of the world to feed the greed and megalomania of hegemony and neoliberalism. Barder, 13 /Alexander D., Department of Political Studies and Public Administration, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, PhD in Political Theory from John Hopkins, “American Hegemony Comes Home: The Chilean Laboratory and the Neoliberalization of the United States” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 2013 38: 103 originally published online 22 April 2013, DOI: 10.1177/0304375413486331/ As I argued above, …normalized and legitimized.
China threat discourse is manufactured to extract concessions for neoliberal elites Gulick 9 China and the Transformation of Global Capitalism Associate Professor John Gulick teaches sociology at the College of Communication and Social Sciences at Hanyang University, ERICA Campus
That is, although … U.S. strategic stance
China threat perception is a neoliberal fantasy Petras 5 (James Petras - Professor of Sociology at Binghamton University, 9/25/05, “US-China: Free market or statism”, http://petras.lahaine.org/?p=19)
Instead of accepting … the Middle East and Africa.
It’s a constructed self-fulfilling prophecy that displaces economic fears Lim 12 (K. F. Lim - PhD candidate, University of British Columbia, 2012, “What You See Is (Not) What You Get? The Taiwan Question, Geo-economic Realities, and the “China Threat” Imaginary”) We live in a world … solidarities at home”.
The presumption of exclusive non-state terror that can be objectively studied is suspect – it’s a self-fulfilling construction constructed through speech and accumulation of data Jackson 9 (Richard Jackson is Reader in the Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, and a Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence (CSRV). He is the founding editor of the journal, Critical Studies on Terrorism, and the author of Writing the War on Terrorism: Language, Politics and Counterterrorism (2005). “Knowledge, power and politics in the study of politsical terrorism” in Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, ed. Richard Jackson, Marie Breen Smyth and Jeroen Gunning, Routledge)
As explained earlier, …and political projects.
No risk of nuclear terror – assumes every warrant Mueller 10 (John, professor of political science at Ohio State, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science and Technology, Winter, http://www.issues.org/26.2/mueller.html)
Politicians of all … billion per attempt.
the affirmative’s hegemony impact is reminiscent of the algonquian monster, the wendigo – insatiable and bloodthirsty, its only purpose is endless destruction as it struggles to maintain itself – in a similar way, hegemony is a constant process of enemy-creation – a paranoid politics towards the impossible telos of world domination – this politics is responsible both for every atrocity in the 20th century as well as the exacerbation of every modern geopolitical crisis Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 3-11-13, “US Creates Nuclear Armed Cyber-attack Retaliation Force. Psychotic Superpower on a Hair Trigger,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/03/11/us-creates-nuclear-armed-cyberattack-retaliation-force-psychotic-superpower-on-a-hair-trigger/) gz Since at least … against the entire world.
This politics is maintained by a farce of legitimacy which justifies endless destruction Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5 I think that we … lost their hegemony.
2NC
2NC FW
Representations and the affective field of images are the basis and motivation for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war. The AFF’s discourse is enmeshed in a form of affective securitization that makes war inevitable. As scholars, we have an obligation to refuse and problematize the cultural grammar of security. Elliott 2012 /Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online/
In a 1991 interview … what they see and hear.
Affect determines politics – Affective networks are an inevitable part of existence, these networks organize and interpret reality – it is not possible to simply wish away emotion in politics Fernández, 2000 (Damián J., Head of the Ethical Culture Fieldston School and PhD in International Relations @ University of Miami, Cuba and the Politics of Passion, University of Texas Press, Pg. vi-xv)
Affection and passion, … the Cuban case shows.
Ceding imagination to the state effaces agency and unlocks atrocity – choose to confront your role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not … of war and violence.
AT: Perm
The permutation is a teleological knee jerk which blocks out critique Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4) These frameworks are … wards off critique.
Link
cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and … of war and militarism.
AT: Kratochwil
short term framing causes reactionary violence and serial policy failure – reflection is a prerequisite – this is also an impact turn to weighing the aff Pinar Bilgin 4 IR @ Bilikent AND Adam David MORTON Senior Lecturer and Fellow of the Centre for the Study of Social and Global Justice IR @ Nottingham“From ‘Rogue’ to ‘Failed’ States? The Fallacy of Short-termism” Politics 24 (3) p. Wiley Interscience Calls for alternative … policymaking communities alike.
1NR Alt Causes Here’s another 1ac author with even more alt causes all specific to Latin America Grandin 10 – teaches history at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Greg, “Empire's Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America,” New Labor Forum, 19:1, Winter 2010, pg. 14-23)SJF Here’s what such … quantities of cocaine and heroin. Barder Written out of the 1AC empirical analysis hegemony is the failure of the War in Vietnam and the subsequent construction of neoliberal laboratories across the global south beginning with Chile. The AFF imagines U.S. hegemony existing in the vacuum of international anarchy; the history told by the 1AC is a Eurocentric history which obfuscates the U.S.’s role in propping up brutal dictatorships to reassert its hegemonic control. Hegemony is intimately bound the brutal spread of neoliberalism. Barder 2013 /Alexander D., Department of Political Studies and Public Administration, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, PhD in Political Theory from John Hopkins, “American Hegemony Comes Home: The Chilean Laboratory and the Neoliberalization of the United States” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 2013 38: 103 originally published online 22 April 2013, DOI: 10.1177/0304375413486331/ Examining historical … authority at home.
They conceded an independent economic rationality warrant in the Barder evidence – Their impacts rely on the concept of the homo calculan – this creates a sadistic necro-economy that makes their impacts inevitable and turns us into slaves Bifo 11 (Franco Berardi is an is Italian Marxist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism, After the Future , 09/20/11, http://www.sok.bz/web/media/video/AfterFuture.pdf, JJ)
More than ever, economic … of language and imagination. Heg
Utilitarian problem solving justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, “The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza,” pp 8-10) The theological origins … in this impossibility.17
The affirmative’s hegemonic politics is maintained by a farce of legitimacy which justifies endless destruction Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5 I think that we … lost their hegemony.
12/3/13
Golden Desert Doubles vs Bronx Science
Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Bronx Science GL | Judge: Chris Thiele, John Hines, Cade Cottrell
1NC
Off
We’ll begin with a story from Meinzerin, Kuhn, and Klausmann in 1997 (Marion Meinzerin, professor of history at Cambridge University, Gabriel Kuhn, Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Innsbruck, Ulrike Klausman, freelance journalist, "Woman Pirates and the politics of the Jolly Roger", Pg 18-22, azp)
Medusa is the Gorgon’s head threatening to emerge from the sea. This terrible monster AND as the worst of all sea monsters, crushing ships and swallowing seafarers.
The affirmative’s view of the Other is that of Perseus’s perception of women – the AND inferior Other – a ballot for the affirmative is giving the subaltern a cordectomy Spivak 88 (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian literary theorist, philosopher and University Professor at Columbia University, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, 1988 "Can the Subaltern Speak?," Online, azp) SOME OF THE most radical criticism coming out of the West today is the result AND supplementing an earlier economic text, can the subaltern speak? . . .
Isn’t it off-putting that the affirmative merely expresses solidarity with the oppressed yet does little to nothing to actually relieve their oppression? – What do you think their endless theories, intellectual movements, and speech acts actually DO to resolve anything? – the answer is absolutely nothing – they aren’t subversive, nor radical, nor even that interesting – their speech act is an intellectual façade designed to avoid having to resolve oppression Raskin 99 (Marcus Raskin, Professor of Public Policy at George Washington University, 1999, Transnational Law 26 Contemporary Problems, Fall)
As I have noted, world social categories and knowledge systems have changed so that AND where knowledge is an instrument of domination for the few, demands recognition.
The ballot is a moment of interest convergence between the Affirmative and the judge – This rhetorical alliance with alterity is a technology of political demand that repeats the strategic attitude of the system it seeks to overturn – The guilty solidarity of the 1AC masks the privilege that prevents the AFF project from directly changing the lives of the people they invoke to warrant a ballot. Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17)
Why are "tactics" useful at this moment? As discussions about "multiculturalism AND off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?
It is also a form of self-subalternization, where the judges are encouraged to found a vacuous solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing the material deprivation portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis. Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11)
The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her AND the main a rhetorical renunciation of the material power that enables her rhetoric.
The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.)
In the "cultural studies" of the American academy in the 1990s. The AND is no longer distinguishable from those who have had our consciousnesses "raised."
This knowledge production is merely an attempt to map out the coordinates of alterity for the targeting computers of our death machines Chow 06 (Rey Chow, Humanities and Modern Culture 26 Media Studies at Brown University, 2006 The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work, 40-1)
Often under the modest apparently innocuous agendas of fact gathering and documentation, the " AND a definable object"—and by "the problem of the vanishing object."
The alternative is the judge should vote negative to engage in academic exile – rather than examining structures external to this round, we should question our privilege to speak in the first place – our rejection of the academy is a precondition for any semblance of solvency Biswas, 7 (Shampa BISWAS, Politics @ Whitman, "Empire and Global Public Intellectuals: Reading Edward Said as an International Relations Theorist," Millennium 36)
Said has written extensively and poignantly about his own exilic conditions as a Palestinian schooled AND extended his love to all places; the perfect man has extinguished his.
Off
Text: We affirm the entirety of the 1ac sans the plan text.
It’s net beneficial – it solves better because it doesn’t start at the place of the state or include the pretended fiated action we will get links to.
It’s legit – they get 100 of the plan to generate offense versus the cp, this is a necessary test against critical affirmatives.
There is no internal link between the plan text and the solvency. Schlag, 90 (Pierre Schlag, professor of law@ univ. Colorado, stanford law review, november, page lexis)
In fact, normative legal thought is so much in a hurry that it will AND in a position to put any of its wonderful normative advice into effect.
The assumption of 1AC solvency papers over the rough edges of the world with warm and fuzzy normative legal talk, emotionally disconnecting them from the implications of the speech act Delgado, 91 (richard delgado , colorado law professor, 139 pa. L. Rev. 933, april)
But what is the cash value of all this priest-talk in the law AND found in cases where the Supreme Court has been faced with subsistence claims.
They are more interested in playing hermeneutic games than engaging in politics, the preoccupation with pretending to be policymakers traps them in a spectator position and bars them from recognizing the bureaucratic violence of legal praxis. Schlag, 90 (Pierre Schlag, professor of law@ univ. Colorado, stanford law review, november, page lexis)
All of this can seem very funny. That’s because it is very funny. AND who are largely the manipulated constructions of bureaucratic practices — academic and otherwise.
Solvency
Latin America will never adopt renewables – fossil fuels are too economically viable and oil lobby. Meisen and Krumpel, 9 – President of the Global Energy Network Institute / Research-Associate at GENI (Peter and Sebastian, "Renewable Energy Potential of Latin America", December 2009; http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/renewable-energy-potential-of-latin-america/Potential20of20Renewables20in20Latin20America-edited-12-1620_Letter_.pdf)//Beddow In reality the situation of renewable energies in Latin America is not as positive or AND companies, and, therefore, there are few incentives to promote them. Decentralization exacerbates neoliberalism – makes private companies responsible for providing welfare which IS LITERALLY the same neoliberal ideology they critique
Renewable assistance to Mexico pads corporate coffers, while robbing the inhabitants of their land
Pasqualetti 11 (Martin J. Pasqualetti, Senior Sustainability Scientist, Global Institute of Sustainabillity, 5/25/2011, "Social Barriers to Renewable Energy Landscapes", Wiley Online Library | JJ) GENDER MODIFIED BECAUSE JJ DOESN’T KNOW WHAT PRONOUNS ARE *Oaxaca – wa-ha-kah
The ultimate scale of development will rely on several factors other than raw wind strength AND put a meter between the people and heaven itself" (Giordano 2006).
====The impossibility of the gift necessitates a violent conception of debt that reinforces the economy logic of calculability – turns the case ==== Trussel, 9 (Taylor Trussel – PhD candidate in Philosophy at Villanova University, January 2009, "The Gift of Power: Foucault, Derrida, and Normalization", http://gradworks.umi.com/3352258.pdf**)MD Here, then, for Derrida, is the fundamental paradox of the gift: AND Kula Ring, giving as Mauss ¶ perceives it always requires giving back.
2NC
OV
Their failure to recognize privilege as speaking subjects takes out any solvency and means there’s only a risk of a link.
Chow 93 (Rey Chow, professor of English and comparative literature and director of the comparative literature program at the University of California, Writing Diaspora: tactics of intervention in contemporary cultural studies, p. 118-9)
For "third world" intellectuals, the lures of diaspora consist in this masked AND privileged speech, one is helping to save the wretched of the earth.
A2: Perm
They cannot stray from their 1ac performance – the choice to exclude certain discussions is not value neutral but a consequence of narrative framing – the 1ac is a static artifact and their attempt to escape that initial framing is in itself a form of violence
Kappeler 95 (Susanne Kappeler, Associate Prof @ Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, 1995, pg. 69-71)
The choice of formulation is political; it is an expression of one’s political attitude AND
to legitimate and maintain power and the distribution of power in society.
A2: Framework
Your role as a judge is to interrogate how we should deal with our privileged positions which allow us to speak in the first place.
Chow 1993 /Rey, Professor Comparative Lit at Brown, "Writing Diaspora" p 15-17 google books/ While the struggle for hegemony remains necessary for many reasons-especially in cases where AND off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?
2 - Militarization of Intellectualization
This knowledge production is merely an attempt to map out the coordinates of alterity for the targeting computers of our death machines Chow 06 (Rey Chow, Humanities and Modern Culture 26 Media Studies at Brown University, 2006 The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work, 40-1)
Often under the modest apparently innocuous agendas of fact gathering and documentation, the " AND a definable object"—and by "the problem of the vanishing object."
1NR
PIC
Overview
The CP solves best – criticizing their normative form opens up a space for reflection where true solvency becomes impossible. Winter 91 (Steven L. June, Prof of Law @ U. of Miami, Texas Law Review "On Building Houses")
As this last argument suggests, the focus on the complex, systemic nature of AND so pitifully little to life. Life is so terrifyingly dependent on law."
AT: Perm
Cooption DA – the perm forces us to down the path of bureaucratic tyranny, once we’ve been assimilated escape is impossible. Delgado 93 (Richard, June 1993, Prof. of Law @ U. of Colorado, New York University Law Review, "Rodrigo’s Sixth Chronicle")
"Normative discourse is always self-centered," Rodrigo replied. "The critique AND quick denunciation. You are being divisive. You are weakening the movement."
AT: No Link
This argument links them harder; the attempt to disconnect themselves from whether they think it passes is an impossible act that restructures their distance from emotions. Schlag 98 (Pierre, Byron White Prof. Of Constitutional Law @ U. of Colorado, "The Enchantment of Reason" Duke University Press p. 108-110)
If this seems preposterous, consider that for those who make their lives "doing AND metaphysic, while nonetheless retaining the frame and force of its key notions.
Steele
You should be an informed citizen, not the government – they shut down critical thinking and deliberation
Steele, 10 – Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of Kansas (Brent, Defacing Power: The Aesthetics of Insecurity in Global Politics pg 130-132, dml) ~gender/ableist language modified with brackets~ When facing these dire warnings regarding the manner in which academic-intellectuals are seduced AND a place fit for human habitation" (~1964~ 2006: 233).
2/12/14
Golden Desert Quarters vs Blake
Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Blake SW | Judge: John Hines, Alyssa Lucas-Bolin, Adam Smiley
1NC
Off
The presumption of exclusive non-state terror that can be objectively studied is suspect – it’s a self-fulfilling prophecy constructed through speech and accumulation of data – invoking the threat is counterproductive
Jackson, 9 (Richard Jackson is Reader in the Department of International Politics, AND ed. Richard Jackson, Marie Breen Smyth and Jeroen Gunning, Routledge) As explained earlier, a ?rst order or immanent critique employs the same modes of AND of analytical and normative questions and to pursue alternative intellectual and political projects.
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence
Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops a theory about the causes of war — and thus aims to AND more sustainable, peaceful and non-violent global rule of the political.
Vote neg to overdetermine the ontological by exposing the contradictions of imperial knowledge production – this dissident act fractures hegemonic thought
Spanos 8 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, 2008, "American Exceptionalism in the Age of Globalization: The Specter of Vietnam," pp 27-30)
On the other hand, I do not want to suggest that the theoretical perspective AND and efficiently administering the Roman Empire in the name of the Pax Romana.
Every affirmation is a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – neutralizing that moment before a decision is in of itself violent
Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, "Another Justice," published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, in addition, that the condition of being-in AND derives from what I call the return of the ontological in continental thought.
Manufacturing
The affirmative’s economic nationalism makes possible the sacrifice of populations deemed impure
Whyte 7 – PHD and reader in Soc iology at the University of Liverpool School of Sociology and Social policy (Dave Whyte, "Market Patriotism and the "War on Terror"", in Social Justice, vol 34 iss 3/4, Proquest)
It is doubtful whether neoconservatism represents a break from neoliberalism that is significant enough to AND states and the uninterrupted progress of the global market as twin bulwarks against terrorists
No extinction from disease
Gladwell, 95 – writer for The New Yorker and best-selling author (Malcom, The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32) Every infectious agent that has ever plagued humanity has had to adapt a specific strategy AND , but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.
The affirmative’s discourse of disease securitizes the alien body of the infected – justifies ethnic cleansing in pursuit of the "perfect human" Gomel, 2000 (Elana Gomel, English department head at Tel Aviv University, Winter 2000, published in Twentieth Century Literature Volume 46, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_4_46/ai_75141042-http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_4_46/ai_75141042) In the secular apocalyptic visions that have proliferated wildly in the last 200 years, AND the interplay of eschatology and politics in the construction of the apocalyptic body.
Deterrence theory is wrong
Wilson 8 (Ward Wilson, senior fellow at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, director of the Rethinking Nuclear Weapons Project, November 2008, "The Myth of Nuclear Deterrence," published in the Nonproliferation Review Volume 15 Number 3, http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/153_wilson.pdf-http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/153_wilson.pdf) gz Some people try to make the case for nuclear deterrence not by explaining its theoretical AND this form of deterrence, the general theoretical objections to it still apply.
Peace through strength is the ultimate justification for violence—their rhetoric of deterrence blurs the line between war and peace making destruction inevitable
Chernus ’98 – teaches religious studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder (Ira, Peace Review. Palo Alto: Dec 1998.Vol.10, Iss. 4; pg. 605) Of course the U.S. would still be at war, but it AND We ought not to miss any chance to make clear our peaceful objectives."
Acts of sovereign violence due to the normalization of the state of emergency have made hegemony impossible forever for the United States—any exercise of US force in the future is only domination without hegemony that is doomed to fail
Gulli, 13 Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, "For the critique of sovereignty and violence," http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence-http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5 I think that we have now an understanding of what the situation is: The AND excellently incarnated by Africom), they know that they have lost their hegemony. ’Domination without hegemony’ is a phrase that Giovanni Arrighi uses in his study of AND hegemony entered what in all likelihood is its terminal crisis." He continues: Although the United States remains by far the world’s most powerful state, its relationship AND – in other words, a poetic rather than military and financial shift.
Their impacts rely on the concept of the homo calculan – this creates a sadistic necro-economy that makes their impacts inevitable and turns us into slaves
More than ever, economic rationality is at odds with social rationality.¶ Economic science AND principles¶ have been embedded in the technical fabric of language and imagination.
Terror
No border terror – it’s hype, status quo solves, they come legally or through Canada
No Al-Qaeda threat – attacks fail and ideology dead
Bergen 12 (Peter Bergen, CNN national security analyst, is the author of "Manhunt: The Ten-Year Search for bin Laden, From 9/11 to Abbottabad.", 6/6/2012, "And now, only one senior al Qaeda leader left", edition.cnn.com/2012/06/05/opinion/bergen-al-qaeda-whos-left/index.html)
Washington (CNN) — The news that Abu Yahya al-Libi, the AND that fear of al Qaeda in its present state is even more irrational.
No risk of bioterror
Mueller 99, John Mueller, Prof. Pol. Sci. @ Ohio State and Karl Mueller, June, ’99 (Foreign Affairs, l/n) Biological weapons seem a promising candidate to join nuclear ones in the WMD club because AND onto the attacker, and they can be countered with civil defense measures. Disease defense takes out terminal impact
No scenario for nuclear terror – consensus of experts
Fay 13 – PhD student in the history department at Temple University, has a Bachelor’s degree in Political Science from St. Xavier University and a Master’s in International Relations and Conflict Resolution with a minor in Transnational Security Studies from American Military University, (Matt, "The Ever-Shrinking Odds of Nuclear Terrorism", 7/18/13 webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HoItCUNhbgUJ:hegemonicobsessions.com/3Fp3D902+26cd=126hl=en26ct=clnk26gl=us26client=firefox-a) For over a decade now, one of the most oft-repeated threats raised AND terrorism hardly warrants the type of exertions many alarmist assessments indicate it should.
Ayson concedes low probability of escalation – we wouldn’t blame other countries
Ayson 10 - Professor of Strategic Studies and Director of the Centre for Strategic Studies: New Zealand at the Victoria University of Wellington (Robert, "After a Terrorist Nuclear Attack: Envisaging Catalytic Effects," Studies in Conflict 26 Terrorism, 33.7, InformaWorld) But these two nuclear worlds—a non-state actor nuclear attack and a AND be admitted that any preemption would probably still meet with a devastating response.
2NC
framework
A. Ontology shapes politics
Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, "Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics," pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find ourselves in the turbulent and now globalized wake AND mock innocent political slaves who claim only to be technocrats of decision making.
B. Representations and the affective field of images are the basis and motivation for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war. The AFF’s discourse is enmeshed in a form of affective securitization that makes war inevitable. As scholars, we have an obligation to refuse and problematize the cultural grammar of security. Elliott 2012 /Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online/
In a 1991 interview for the New York Times Magazine, Don DeLillo expressed his AND others to question the meaning and motives of what they see and hear.
C. They cede their imagination to the state which effaces agency and unlocks atrocity – independent reason to vote neg to confront your role in violence
Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not suddenly break out in a peaceful society; sexual violence is not AND our values’ according to the structures and the values of war and violence.
AT: sim
Simulation is bad and results in powerlessness Antonio 95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, "Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History," American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1, GENDER MODIFIED)
According to Nietzsche, the "subject" is Socratic culture’s most central, durable AND 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).
A2 perm
The permutation is a teleological knee jerk which blocks out critique Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4) These frameworks are interrogated at the level both of their theoretical conceptualisation and their practice AND a claustrophic structure of political and ethical possibility that systematically wards off critique.
~link debate~
Muslim Otherization creates a dyad between faiths, making genocidal violence inevitable Batur, 2k7 (Pinar Batur, Professor of Sociology and Director of Environmental Studies at Vassar College; "Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide," 2007, "Handbook of the Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations," "Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide")
Albert Memmi argued that "We have no idea what the colonized would have been AND do, but because of who they are and what they believe in."
1NR
Critique
Util
Utilitarian calculability justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end
Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, "The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza," pp 8-10) The theological origins of the lesser evil argument cast a long shadow on the present AND so. The demand of his ethics are grounded in this impossibility.17
Manufacuring
Disease
Prefer our ev-public health authorities have an incentive to massively exaggerate pandemic scenarios
Michael Fitzpatrick, General Practitioner @ Barton House Health Center, November 2010. "Pandemic Flu: Public Health and the Culture of Fear" http://www.rsis.edu.sg/NTS/resources/research_papers/NTS20Working20Paper2.pdf Projections by leading public health officials of rates of disease and death from pandemic flu AND real social problems, politicians and public health officials engage in dramatic posturing.
Cuomo
The affirmative’s view of "war as event" ensures militarization of society will consume the planet
Cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and `Postmodern’ War," Robin Schott introduces some of the ways AND the face of what appears to be the inevitability of war and militarism.
Jalbert
The concept of benign US dominance is whitewashing of brutal imperial violence and coercive social Darwinism
Jalbert 13 (Elie Jalbert, BA honors in anthropology at Concordia University, "Emergency as Security: Liberal Empire at Home and Abroad," pp 31-2) gz U.S. history is fraught with contradiction. There seems to have¶ AND laws of nature so as to give them¶ an air of inevitability.
Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bellarmine DN | Judge: John Hines
1NC
Off
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case
Buell, 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; "From Apocalypse To Way of Life," pg. 185-186) Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of liabilities AND give up, or even cut off ties to clearly terminal "nature."
That causes mass wars
Brzoska 8 (Michael Brzoska, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg; "The securitization of climate change and the power of conceptions of security," Paper prepared for the International Studies Association Convention, 2008) In the literature on securitization it is implied that when a problem is securitized it AND military preparedness against the other major powers, thus leading to arms races.
Their apocalyptic warming focus trades off with environmentalism – turns its own end
The system is collapsing around us – climate change, resource scarcity, militarization of society, etc. are all a result of state-centric security discourse and the failure of IR to recognize the complexity of the global system – it’s try or die to shift the frame or ensure human extinction
Ahmed 12 (Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, PhD in international relations from the School of Global Studies at Sussex University, executive director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development, former professor of international relations at Sussex, writer for the Guardian, 2012, "The International Relations of Crisis and the Crisis of International Relations: From the Securitisation of Scarcity to the Militarisation of Society," Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23 Issue 3) Unfortunately, orthodox IR approaches are ill-equipped to understand the complexity of these AND , effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.
Solvency
Status quo Mexican investment either solves or proves the impact is inevitable
Miller and DeLeon, 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team. Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress ("Transcending the Rio Grande," http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)//BB Mexico’s energy consumption is growing more rapidly than more developed countries, ¶ and conventional AND energy efficiency, renewable ¶ energy, and diversification of sustainable energy sources.
Latin America will never adopt renewables – fossil fuels are too economically viable and oil lobby.
Renewables can’t solve warming—they’re not a replacement
Angus 12 – ecosocialist advocate, citing an extensive study by Richard York, professor at the University of Oregon with an MS in Environmental Studies from Bemidji State University (Iran, "Green energy won’t save the earth without social change", 3/21/12; http://climateandcapitalism.com/2012/03/21/green-energy-alone-wont-save-the-earth/)//Beddow The most popular techno-fix for global warming is green energy. If energy AND ignore the inherent destructiveness of the current system of unsustainable development – capitalism."
China makes the impact inevitable and they don’t model
Downs, 8 Eric, Fellow @ Brookings, China Energy Fellow, Foreign Policy, John L. Thornton China Center U.S.-China Economic 26 Security Review Commission, China’s Energy Policies and Their Environmental Impacts, http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0813_china_downs.aspx China suffers from a disconnect between the increasingly prominent position of energy issues on its AND bend other actors, notably firms and local governments, to its will. China key to solving emissions Chen et al., 10 Chen, Qian, Peridas, Qiu, Ho: Natural Resources Defense Council, Friedmann: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Li, Wei: Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sung, Fowler: Clean Air Task Force, Seligsohn, Liu, Forbes: World Resources Institute, Zhang: China Tsinghua University, Zhao: Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Jason Chen, Jingjing Qian, George Peridas, Yueming Qiu, Bruce Ho, Julio Friedmann, Xiaochun Li, Ning Wei, S. Ming Sung, Mike Fowler, Deborah Seligsohn, Yue Liu, Sarah Forbes, Dongjie Zhang, Lifeng Zhao, December 2010, "Identifying Near-Term Opportunities For Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in China," http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR-http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR. H Coal—the most carbon-laden of the three major fossil fuels (i AND global effort to prevent the worst impacts of global warming from occurring.11
Renewable assistance to Mexico pads corporate coffers, while robbing the inhabitants of their land
Pasqualetti 11 (Martin J. Pasqualetti, Senior Sustainability Scientist, Global Institute of Sustainabillity, 5/25/2011, "Social Barriers to Renewable Energy Landscapes", Wiley Online Library | JJ) GENDER MODIFIED BECAUSE JJ DOESN’T KNOW WHAT PRONOUNS ARE *Oaxaca – wa-ha-kah The ultimate scale of development will rely on several factors other than raw wind strength AND put a meter between the people and heaven itself" (Giordano 2006).
The affirmative’s developmental approach to resolving politics has been tried and failed – it only serves to inflict structural violence on populations while filling the pockets of elites Nhanenge, 11 (Jytte Nhanenge, ecological and social activist, MA in development and MA in philosophy from the University of South Africa, extremely prominent theorist in development studies, 2011, "Ecofeminism: Towards Integrating the Concerns of Women, Poor People, and Nature into Development," pp 19-22) gz The official intention with establishing the development program in the South was to increase economic AND 31.5 percent of the working force was receiving poverty level pay.
According to the Census Bureau, median household income in the United States fell to AND development cycle." Ted Trainer (1997)calls it "inappropriate development."
Case
No extinction from disease
Malcolm Gladwell, writer for The New Yorker and best-selling author The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32
Every infectious agent that has ever plagued humanity has had to adapt a specific strategy AND , but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.
The affirmative’s discourse of disease securitizes the alien body of the infected – justifies ethnic cleansing in pursuit of the "perfect human"
In the secular apocalyptic visions that have proliferated wildly in the last 200 years, AND the interplay of eschatology and politics in the construction of the apocalyptic body.
Food security pays lip service to the hungry while serving as a justification for the violent expansion of global governance
Alcock 9 (Rupert, graduated with a distinction in the MSc in Development and Security from the Department of Politics, University of Bristol in 2009, MSc dissertation prize joint winner 2009, "Speaking Food: A Discourse Analytic Study of Food Security" 2009, pdf available online, p. 10-14 MT)
Since the 1970s, the concept of ’food security’ has been the primary lens AND notions of risk, threat and permanent emergency that constitute its governmental rationale.
No War
The affirmative’s claim of "no war" posits war as event, making militarization of the planet inevitable
Cuomo, 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and `Postmodern’ War," Robin Schott introduces some of the ways AND sometimes invisible/sometimes bold agent of racism, nationalism, and corporate interests
the fact that vast numbers of communities, cities, and nations are currently AND the face of what appears to be the inevitability of war and militarism.
2NC
2nc fw
Representations come first in the context of climate change Foust et al. 8 (Christina R. Foust, Assistant Professor in the AND in San Diego, 11/20, p. 22-23)
Along with critiquing the misinformation created through poorly educated reporters, "balance-as AND apocalyptic frame in elite and popular press accounts of global warming is warranted.
2nc alt
This shift away from traditional militaristic discourse makes room for an individual and ethical approach to environmental politics Deudney, 90 (Daniel Deudney, assistant professor of political science at John Hopkins’; "The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security," Millenium – Journal of International Studies 1990, http://people.reed.edu/~~ahm/Courses/Reed-POL-372-2011-S3_IEP/Syllabus/EReadings/07.2/07.2.Deudney1990The-Case.pdf, pg. 469) Fortunately, environmental awareness need not depend upon co-opted national security thinking. AND and fresh way to conceptualize environmental protection as the practice of national security.
2nc motivation fails
The link turn is empirically denied - alarmism is high now and responses to warming are low Foust and Murphy 2009 (Christina R. Foust is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver. William O’Shannon Murphy is a doctoral student in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver. "Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse" , Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture, 3:2, 151-167 ) Since the release of Al Gore’s award-winning documentary, An Inconvenient Truth, AND to sound the alarm with increasing urgency (Moser 26 Dilling, 2004).
No long run solvency from fear appeals - best studies prove O’Neill and Nicholson-Cole 2009 (Saffron O’Neill is a tutor at the University of East Anglia, and a research fellow with the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. Sophie Nicholson-Cole is a senior research associate in the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia, United Kingdom. "Fear Won’t Do It" Promoting Positive Engagement With Climate Change Through Visual and Iconic Representations) The laboratory studies reviewed by Hastings et al. (2004) often tell nothing AND of urgency had substantially diminished by the time the focus groups took place.
AT: Perm
====B. Use of security reps is a strategic political choice – they already shifted the focus of the debate away from the reality of environmental impacts when they chose to represent them in apocalyptic terms==== Trennel 6 (Paul Trennel, Ph. D from the University of Wales, Department of International Politics; "The (Im)possibility of Environmental Security," September 2006, http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/410/trenellpaulipm0060.pdf?sequence=2) With the understanding of security as a performative rather than descriptive act in place the AND can be seen as beneficial to the attempt to develop effective environmental policy.
3. 2nc econ bad
Their Selee evidence puts the onus on the North American market to alleviate the environmental issue – this framing the environment in terms of the economy makes collapse inevitable – we control terminal uniqueness Weiskel 97 (Timothy - Research Director @ the Cambridge Climate Research Associates – PhD in Anthropology from Oxford, "Selling Pigeons in the Temple: The Danger of Market Metaphors in an Ecosystem", Harvard Seminar on Environmental Values, http://www.ecoethics.net/OPS-008.HTM-http://www.ecoethics.net/OPS-008.HTM)MD
The natural order of the world and our role within it is affirmed by market AND may well constitute our last, best hope for survival as a species.
1NR
Oil Lobby
Latin America will never adopt renewables – fossil fuels are too economically viable and oil lobby.
The plan doesn’t address consumption and produces – means they can’t solve and turns case
Byrne et al 9 - Professor of Energy 26 Climate Policy at the University of Delaware (John, "Relocating Energy in the Social Commons: Ideas for a Sustainable Energy Utility," Sage, April 2009, http://bst.sagepub.com/content/29/2/81.full.pdf+html ) JG The threat of global warming has propelled renewable energy from policy Siberia to policy priority AND endless, but low- to no- carbon emitting, economic growth.
Renewables don’t offset fossil fuels – boomerang effect ensures it just drives up consumption
Renewable energy technologies do not offset fossil fuel use in the United States according to AND wind turbines, and advanced biofuels are all just ways of throwing harder."
Neolib
The plan FORCES energy privatization and dislocation – no positive benefit because the energy just feeds industrial domination
It’s energy ROBBERY – indigenous protests are solving now, but the aff reverses these gains – provides uniqueness for the turn
Hawley 9 - former Pulitzer-winning journalist, foreign correspondent (Chris, "Clean-energy windmills a ’dirty business’ for farmers in Mexico," http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/industries/energy/environment/2009-06-16-mexico-wind-power_N.htm)//BB At the meeting, representatives from Spanish firm Endesa handed out soft drinks and explained AND Hundreds of protesters demonstrated when Calderón came to inaugurate a project in January.
Failure to incorporate methods of dealing with structural violence into our politics is the failure of politics all together Winter and Leighton in 1999 (Deborah DuNann Winter and Dana C. Leighton. Winter: Psychologist that specializes in Social Psych, Counseling Psych, Historical and Contemporary Issues, Peace Psychology. Leighton: PhD graduate student in the Psychology Department at the University of Arkansas. Knowledgable in the fields of social psychology, peace psychology, and ustice and intergroup responses to transgressions of justice) (Peace, conflict, and violence: Peace psychology in the 21st century. Pg 4-5) Finally, to recognize the operation of structural violence forces us to ask questions about AND structural violence, can also be used to empower citizens to reduce it.
Utilitarian calculability justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end
Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, "The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza," pp 8-10) The theological origins of the lesser evil argument cast a long shadow on the present AND so. The demand of his ethics are grounded in this impossibility.17
2/12/14
Golden Desert Round 4 vs Polytechnic
Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: Polytechnic AA | Judge: Cade Cottrell
1NC
Off
The affirmative’s valorization of "human rights" is not natural – it is explicitly anthropocentric and is the foundation of the dichotomy between "human" and the "environment" Burdon 12 (Peter Burdon – PhD in Earth Jurisprudence and lecturer at Alelaide Law School, August 10, 2010, "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE LIMITS OF RIGHTS TALK", http://rightnow.org.au/topics/environment/environmental-protection-and-the-limits-of-rights-talk/**)MD
The rise of environmental human rights During the 1970s the language of human rights began to make sense to broad communities AND lead to a radical displacement of capitalist growth economics is a serious error.
The affirmative’s critical pedagogy is change in the service of human freedom, taking for granted human/animal opposition, normalizing violence Bell and Russell 2000 (Anne and Constance, Canadian journal of education, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)
Take, for example, Freire’s (1990) statements about the differences¶ between AND resonance that we¶ share with all expressive bodies (p. 80).
Anthropocentrism guarantees violence—humanism is the original hierarchy—we need politics that can respect more than human life. Their politics dooms us to a future that endlessly repeats the oppression of the status quo. Best 2007 (Steven – Chair of Philosophy @ University of Texas – El Paso, Review of Charles Patterson’s "The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust", Journal for Critical Animal Studies, http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf-http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf)MD
While a welcome advance over the anthropocentric conceit that only humans shape human actions, AND and stewardship, which however was Judaic moral baggage official Christianity left behind.¶
Our alternative is to endorse the thought experiment of the voluntary global suicide of humanity – that solves Kochi and Ordan 08 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law 26 International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, "An argument for the global suicide of humanity," Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf-http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf)
For some, guided by the pressure of moral conscience or by a practice of AND no matter how hard we try to forget, suppress or repress it.
Advantage
Cuba’s environment is protected now but normalizing trade relations leads to massive increase in investment and tourism in Cuba – devastates the unique ecological environment
Dean, 7 - science writer for the New York Times, taught seminars and courses at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and Vassar College, and the University of Rhode Island, member of the Corporation of Brown University, a founding member of the advisory board of the Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting (Cornelia, "Published: Conserving Cuba, After the Embargo", December 25, 2007 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/25/science/25cuba.html?pagewanted=all26_r=126) Through accidents of geography and history, Cuba is a priceless ecological resource. That AND massive growth in mass tourism when the U.S. embargo lifts."
Tolerating the destruction of this ecosystem enables devaluation of all life
Bookchin, 87 – co-founder of the Institute of Social Ecology, 1987 (Murray, "An Appeal For Social and Psychological Sanity," The Modern Crisis, Published by Black Rose Books Ltd., ISBN 0920057624, p. 106-108) Industrially and technologically, we are moving at an ever-accelerating pace toward a AND natural world disempowered of its capacity to reproduce a green and living world.
The notion that travel is essential to deliberative democracy relegates those with mobility disabilities to the periphery and reinforces ablenormative structures.
Imrie, 2000 – University of London Geography Professor (Rob Imrie, January 6, 2000 Environment and Planning A 2000, volume 32, Disability and discourses of mobility and movement http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=a331-http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=a331 pg. 1641-1642 accessed 7-6-12 BC) The inequities of mobility and movement are connected to sociocultural values and practices which prioritise AND in addition, see Abberley, 1987; Paterson and Hughes, 1999).
The understanding of democracy in the 1AC is incomplete and erases disability – expanding democratic theory to account for different forms of embodiment is key
Clifford, 11 (Stacy, "Making disability public in deliberative democracy", Contemporary Political Theory (2012) 11, 211–228. doi:10.1057/cpt.2011.11; published online 26 July 2011) Disabled speech affects persons who are refused the opportunity to speak because their mode of AND informal and formal public confrontations of difference to overturn negative assumptions surrounding disability.
Their idea of deliberative democracy is flawed—understanding of disability is a prerequisite to solvency Longmore, 9 – professor of history and director of the Institute on Disability (Paul K.,"Making Disability and Essential Part of American History," Organization of American Historians Magazine of History, Volume: 23, Issue 3, 2009, P. 14, LPS). Expanding on Baynton’s valuable observations, history teachers and historians would do well to consider AND American state without examining the function of "disability" in its development.
Ableism is an oppressive structure of domination that must be rejected.
Colebrook, 2 (Claire Colebrook; Understanding Deleuze, Pg. xxxviii) Human freedom became the problem. If human beings are free, does this mean AND itself political; it produces relations, effects, and organises our bodies.
Already ceded
Neocleous 8 Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, Critique of Security Eliding the distinction between military practice and the everyday political administration of civil society thereby AND a different moral universe from the’slavery’ of the Communist system.54
2NC
2NC OV
Anthropocentrism outweighs – it makes ecocide inevitable – try or die for the neg Gottlieb 94 — Roger S. Gottlieb, Professor of Humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Brandeis University, 1994 ("Ethics and Trauma: Levinas, Feminism, and Deep Ecology," Crosscurrents: A Journal of Religion and Intellectual Life, Summer, Available Online at http://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm, Accessed 07-26-2011)
Here I will at least begin in agreement with Levinas. As he rejects an AND
neither for ourselves nor for the other, but for us all.
Yet, the limitations of the rights of nature discourse must also be borne in AND tradition which was foundational to the global environmental crisis in the first place.
2NC HR Link
Dichotomizing humans and nature turns the case – anthropocentrism ensures the dominant conception of "human rights" will only recreate violence Lucas-Rose 06 (Rebecca Garcia Lucas-Rose – Trinity College, University of Melbourne, 2006, "Human Rights: ¶ An Earth-based Ethics", http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/colloquy/download/colloquy_issue_12_november_2006/rose.pdf)MD
At present, the extremity of environmental destruction is grossly and ¶ dangerously demonstrating the AND others, a relation that originates in part from the environment itself."21
2NC Futurism Link
Sixth link is futurism —- their "politics of hope" reinforces a dominant conception of the future that entrenches humanism – THE ANIMAL HAS NO FUTURE Dell’Aversano 2010 (Carmen – English Department @ University of Pisa, "The Love Whose Name Cannot Be Spoken: Queering the Human-Animal Bond", Journal for Critical Animal Studies, http://www.academia.edu/282300/The_Love_Whose_Name_Cannot_Be_Spoken_Queering_the_Human-Animal_Bond)MD
And reciprocally, everything that concerns animals, however well-founded and urgent, by definition cannot make its way into political discourse. If the child is "the prop of the secular theology on which our social reality rests: the secular theology that shapes at once the meaning of our collective narratives and our collective narratives of meaning" (Edelman 12), the animal, as the prop for the performance of "dehumanization", is the locus of the permanent denial of all meaning and relevance. If, as Edelman writes, queerness names the side of those not „fighting for the children?, the side outside the consensus by which all politics confirms the absolute value of reproductive futurism. ~…~ ~while~ queerness, by contrast, figures ~…~ the place of the social order?s death drive ~…~ queerness attains its ethical value precisely insofar as it accedes to that place, accepting its figural status as resistance to the viability of the social (Edelman 2004: 3) nothing could be queerer than the love for animals, which, by its very nature, which entails a serious and irrevocable commitment to the dismantling of the performances and devices on which social order as such rests, "marks the „other? side of politics: ~…~ the side outside all political sides, committed as they are, on every side, to futurism?s unquestioned good" (Edelman 2004: 7). It is thus no coincidence that the fetish of the Child should be omnipresent in the many-sided polemic against animal rights. In public debates, anti-vivisection activists are routinely asked by experimenters whether they would rather kill a mouse or a child (the answer is, of course, neither); and every time the subject of animal rights is brought up not merely as a topic of academic discussion but in appeals for practical or Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VIII, Issue 1/2, 2010 (ISSN1948-352X) 106 financial support, the most common form of refusal invariably brings up starving children as the more appropriate recipients of concern and aid. That the people who give this kind of answers do nothing whatsoever to relieve the plight of children in need does not matter rhetorically: what does matter is that the appeal for children "is impossible to refuse ~…~ this issue, like an ideological Möbius strip, only permit~s~ one side" (Edelman 2004 2).. And any animal queer human can, from systematic and bitter personal experience, agree with Edelman that this is "oppressively political ~…~ insofar as the fantasy subtending the image of the Child invariably shapes the logic within which the political itself must be thought" (Edelman 2004 2). The emotions, feelings, thoughts and actions which make up the fabric of life for an animal queer person decentre the human and humanity from their positions as the taken-for granted subjects, and implicitly but powerfully question reproductive futurism. What Edelman calls the ideological limit on political discourse as such, preserving in the process the absolute privilege of heteronormativity, by rendering unthinkable, by casting outside the political domain, the possibility of a queer resistance to this organizing principle of human relations (Edelman 2004: 2) is shattered by an animal queer perspective. In its animal incarnation, more than in any other of its innumerable avatars, "~t~he queer comes to figure the bar to every realization of futurity, the resistance ~…~ to every social structure or form" (Edelman 2004 4)". And the real reason why liberalism grants a place to "the queer" in its LGBT incarnation but marginalizes, ridicules, represses and murders animal queer is that the denial and repression of "the queerness of resistance to futurism and thus the queerness of the queer" (Edelman 2004 27) are perfectly compatible with a civil rights perspective on same-sex love, but utterly incompatible with animal rights. An animal queer perspective is indeed ~i~ntent on the end, not the ends, of the social, ~...~ insists that the drive toward that end, which liberalism refuses to imagine, can never be excluded from the structuring fantasy of the social order itself. (Edelman 2004: 28) The "deliberate~...~ severing of us from ourselves" that Edelman (5) mentions as the hallmark of queer is implicit in the love for an animal. Animal queer severs us from Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VIII, Issue 1/2, 2010 (ISSN1948-352X) 107 ourselves because it decentres our perspective: suddenly, other values, other interests, other feelings, though incommensurable and unimaginable, become equivalent to our own. The queerest expression of this attitude in the animal rights field (or, for that matter, anywhere, at least as far as I know...) is VHEMT, the Voluntary Human Extinction Movement, which unwittingly but appropriately takes up Edelman’s challenge that "Queerness should and must redefine such notions as "civil order" through a rupturing of our foundational faith in the reproduction of futurity" (Edelman 2004 16-17) and embodies the only oppositional status to which our queerness could ever lead ~which~ would depend on us taking seriously the place of the death drive ~…~ and insisting ~…~ that we do not intend a new politics, a better society, a brighter tomorrow, since all of those fantasies reproduce the past, through displacement, in the form of the future. (Edelman 2004 31) The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement Motto: "May we live long and die out" VHEMT (pronounced vehement) is a movement not an organization. It?s a movement advanced by people who care about life on planet Earth. ~...~ As VHEMT Volunteers know, the hopeful alternative to the extinction of millions of species of plants and animals is the voluntary extinction of one species: Homo sapiens... us.~...~ When every human chooses to stop breeding, Earth?s biosphere will be allowed to return to its former glory, and all remaining creatures will be free to live, die, evolve (if they believe in evolution), and will perhaps pass away, as so many of Nature?s "experiments" have done throughout the eons. It?s going to take all of us going. At first glance, some people assume that VHEMT Volunteers and Supporters must hate people and that we want everyone to commit suicide or become victims of mass murder. It?s easy to forget that another way to bring about a reduction in our numbers is to simply stop making more of us. Making babies seems to be a blind spot in our outlooks on life. (http://www.vhemt.org/) Instead of worshipping the Child as the guarantee of our own eternity in a future where progress will always confirm we were right, VHEMT calls for a voluntary and lucid renunciation of the Child both as a symbol and as a reality, and for restoring the beauty, glory and holiness of the planet by returning it to its rightful, non-human, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, Volume VIII, Issue 1/2, 2010 (ISSN1948-352X) 108 owners, the ones who kept it for half a billion years without making a mess of it. The mission of VHEMT actualizes what Edelman wrote about: "the death drive names what the queer, in the order of the social, is called forth to figure: the negativity opposed to every form of social viability" (Edelman 2004 9). In envisioning a world where no opposition to the social will be necessary, because the social will no longer be a possibility, VHEMT radically refuses this mandate by which our political institutions compel the collective reproduction of the Child ~and therefore~ must appear as a threat not only to the organization of a given social order but also, and far more ominously, to social order as such, insofar as it threatens the order of futurism on which meaning always depends. (Edelman 2004: 11) Because of its refusal of any "identification both of and with the Child as the preeminent emblem of the motivating end, though one endlessly postponed, of every political vision as a vision of futurity", VHEMT is the most coherent and most radical incarnation of "a queer oppositional politics" (Edelman 2004: 13).
AT: roleplaying
Their politics causes passivity and destroys value to life Antonio 95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, "Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History," American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1, GENDER MODIFIED)
According to Nietzsche, the "subject" is Socratic culture’s most central, durable AND 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).
1NR
Environment
Repeal of the embargo kills biodiversity – Cuba is a hotspot
PBS, 10 – Public Broadcasting Service, ("Cuba: The Accidental Eden A Brief Environmental History" Sep 27, 2010, www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/cuba-the-accidental-eden/a-brief-environmental-history/5830/)ah
Cuba has been called the "Accidental Eden" for its exceptional biodiversity and unique AND some conservationists see Cuba’s position as an opportunity to set a constructive example.
Ableism
OV
Berube 2003 (Michael, "Citizenship and Disability: Disability is a matter of civil rights, even if the Supreme Court doesn’t seem to agree.", http://www.alternet.org/story/15809/citizenship_and_disability) Imagine a building in which political philosophers are debating, in the wake of the AND , which is to say, for the good of all of us.
Link
Mobility discourse reinforces the hegemony of the mobile body
Such discourses see disability as a social burden which is a private, not public AND of movement and bodily functions; a body without physical and mental impairments.
Mobility is considered the core legal American framework that allows for advancement
Most of us expect to be able to move around the built environment with ease AND to be getting on’’, clearly considers mobility to be a valued commodity.
Right to travel is problematic unless and until it begins with discussions of access and disability
Frye 2011 (Ann, "Mobility: Rights Obligations and Equity in and Ageing Society", http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/jtrc/DiscussionPapers/DP201105.pdf) The concept of giving "rights" to consumers is now common in many parts AND held responsible for delivering and funding the necessary changes must also be explored.
2/12/14
Golden Desert Round 6 vs Notre Dame
Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 6 | Opponent: Notre Dame AB | Judge: Flynn Makuch
1NC
Off
Acts of sovereign violence due to the normalization of the state of emergency have made hegemony impossible forever for the United States—any exercise of US force in the future is only domination without hegemony that is doomed to fail
I think that we have now an understanding of what the situation is: The AND excellently incarnated by Africom), they know that they have lost their hegemony. ’Domination without hegemony’ is a phrase that Giovanni Arrighi uses in his study of AND hegemony entered what in all likelihood is its terminal crisis." He continues: Although the United States remains by far the world’s most powerful state, its relationship AND – in other words, a poetic rather than military and financial shift.
American hegemony is dead—the only thing that remains is a racist sovereign violence that makes all their impacts and the destruction of American polity only a matter of inevitability
It is then important to ask the question of what power can alter this racism AND conquest, enslavement, robbery, ~and~ murder" (ibid.).
The impact is the sovereign’s ability to exploit fundamental flaws in the legal system and continue the global biopolitical war—the ballot should side with the global countermovement against such violence
We live in an unprecedented time of crisis. The violence that characterized the twentieth AND In this sense, the biopolitical cleansing is also immediately a thanatopolitical instrument. The biopolitical struggle for dominance is a fight to the death. Those who wage AND is obviously on the side of those who reject the paradigm of domination: ~A~nd doubtless, if we consider the objects of the nobles and of the people, we must see that the first have a great desire to dominate, whilst the latter have only the wish not to be dominated, and consequently a greater desire to live in the enjoyment of liberty (Discourses, I, V). Who can resist applying this amazing insight to the many situations of resistance and revolt AND to understand the twofold nature of power – as domination or as care. The biopolitical (and thanatopolitical) struggle for dominance is unilateral, for there is AND rhetoric, ultimately rests on the threat of military violence and police brutality.
The alternative is to base demands for care and rights on the concept of dignity – an individualizing and anti-universal approach to life – anything less makes resort to violent sovereign action inevitable
Power as care must be based on dignity. But what is dignity? This AND this mean concretely? A relevant example comes from Frantz Fanon who says: In other words, the black man should no longer be confronted by the dilemma, turn white or disappear; but he should be able to take cognizance of a possibility of existence (1967: 100; emphasis in the original). This is indeed a perfect example of what I mean by dignity of individuation, AND in the impersonal fragility (yet in the potency) of life itself.
As a matter of fact, together with other measures such as closing Guantanamo, signing up to the Kyoto Protocol and putting into practice the succeeding agreement under the Bali conference, and possibly, joining the International Criminal Court as well as ratifying further international human rights treaties such as the 1990 Convention on the Rights of the Child, it would be interpreted by the international community as steps towards effective multilateralism.
The plan fails and public backlash takes out solvency
Lake 10 (Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego, David A., "Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority", http://dss.ucsd.edu/~~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG At the same time, if any organization is to be an effective restraint on AND the idea of tying their hands more tightly in a new multilateral compact.
US hegemony only undermines OAS cred further Isacson, 12 – senior associate for regional security at the Washington Office on Latin America (Adam, "Conflict Resolution in the Americas: The Decline of the OAS" World Politics Review, 5/22, http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/11979/conflict-resolution-in-the-americas-the-decline-of-the-oas) Where these trends are headed, though, is not clear. Reduced U. AND S. pressure, the damage to the organization’s credibility will be significant.
Their Owen evidence cites a study by Andrew Mack – he concludes neg – hegemonic stability is nonsensical
Mack 10 (Andrew Mack, literally the person that they cite in their card, the guy who doesn’t like heg, "The Causes of Peace") gz As with other realist claims, there are reasons for skepticism¶ about the peace AND metropole will steadily erode and the pressure to¶ withdraw will inexorably increase.
Deterrence theory is worse
Wilson 8 (Ward Wilson, senior fellow at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, director of the Rethinking Nuclear Weapons Project, November 2008, "The Myth of Nuclear Deterrence," published in the Nonproliferation Review Volume 15 Number 3, http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/153_wilson.pdf-http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/153_wilson.pdf) gz Some people try to make the case for nuclear deterrence not by explaining its theoretical AND form of deterrence, the general¶ theoretical objections to it still apply.
The assumption that the international order would fall apart without US heg is wrong – countries don’t just randomly start fighting
Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO Assertions that without the combination of U.S. capabilities, presence and commitments AND their security is all but assured, with or without the United States.
IR predictions fail
Bernstein et al 2000 Steven Bernstein, Richard Ned Lebow, Janice Gross Stein and Steven Weber, University of Toronto, The Ohio State University, University of Toronto and University of California at Berkeley. "God Gave Physics the Easy Problems" European Journal of International Relations 2000; 6; 43 A deep irony is embedded in the history of the scientific study of international relations AND that knowledge is often impossible to obtain in the analysis of international relations.
The concept of benign hegemony is whitewashing of brutal imperial violence and coercive social Darwinism
Jalbert 13 (Elie Jalbert, BA honors in anthropology at Concordia University, "Emergency as Security: Liberal Empire at Home and Abroad," pp 31-2) gz U.S. history is fraught with contradiction. There seems to have¶ AND laws of nature so as to give them¶ an air of inevitability.
The affirmative’s hegemony impact is reminiscent of the Algonquian monster, the Wendigo – insatiable and bloodthirsty, its only purpose is endless destruction as it struggles to maintain itself – in a similar way, hegemony is a constant process of enemy-creation – a paranoid politics towards the impossible telos of world domination – this politics is responsible both for every atrocity in the 20th century as well as the exacerbation of every modern geopolitical crisis
Liberal commercial peace is a mask for a cult of patriarchal violence
Neocleous, 11 (Mark Neocleous, professor of the critique of the political economy (yes that is a thing) at Brunel University, PhD in philosophy, November 2011, "’O Effeminacy21 Effeminacy21’ War, Masculinity and the Myth of Liberal Peace," European Journal of International Relations Volume 19 Issue 1, GENDER MODIFIED OR IN CONTEXT) gz ’O Effeminacy21 Effeminacy21 Who wou’d imagine this could be the Vice of AND masking classical liberalism’s understanding of war as the exercise of the liberal spirit.
Their arguments rely on cultural and epistemic binaries that legitimize structures of violence.
Taylor 12 - Lecturer in Latin American Studies BA University of London, Queen Mary MPhil University of Glasgow PhD University of Manchester, (Lucy, "Decolonizing International Relations: Perspectives from Latin America," International Studies Review, Volume 14, Issue 3, 11 SEP 2012, 14, 386–400, Wiley Online Library)A-Berg My decolonial approach involves revealing the operation of coloniality?modernity, and this leads AND coloniality by the US settler elite shifted southwards and took on imperial dimensions.
2NC
2NC OV
We control the root cause of modern conflict – the operation of inclusion/exclusion makes violence inevitable – we control terminal impact uniqueness Duarte, 5 – professor of Philosophy at Universidade Federal do Paraná (André, "Biopolitics and the dissemination of violence: the Arendtian critique of the present," April 2005, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=101726context=andre_duarte)//bghs-BI These historic transformations have not only brought more violence to the core of the political AND actions of acknowledging and welcoming, of extending hospitality and solidarity towards others.
2NC Alt
Refusing attempts to reform the legal system dooms it to its own nihilistic destruction—we must refuse all conceptual apparatuses of capture Prozorov 10. Sergei Prozorov, professor of political and economic studies at the University of Helsinki, "Why Giorgio Agamben is an optimist," Philosophy Social Criticism 2010 36: pg. 1065
In a later work, Agamben generalizes this logic and transforms it into a basic AND achieved by the practice of subtraction that we address in the following section.¶
2NC AT: FW
3) Representations and the affective field of images are the basis and motivation for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war. The AFF’s discourse is enmeshed in a form of affective securitization that makes war inevitable. As scholars, we have an obligation to refuse and problematize the cultural grammar of security. Elliott 2012 /Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online/
In a 1991 interview for the New York Times Magazine, Don DeLillo expressed his AND others to question the meaning and motives of what they see and hear.
5) Knowledge production is uniquely influential for ir Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, "Dismantling Security," http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz In contrast to traditional approaches to security, which assume an objective¶ world that AND security for rendering violence and¶ insecurity from the perspective of women.137
2NC AT: Perm
The only ethical position is to refuse the sovereign fiction of lines between inside and outside. Edkins and Pin-Fat 05. Jenny Edkins, professor of international politics at Prifysgol Aberystwyth University (in Wales) and Veronique Pin-Fat, senior lecturer in politics at Manchester Universit, "Through the Wire: Relations of Power and Relations of Violence," Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2005 34: pg. 14
One potential form of challenge to sovereign power consists of a refusal to draw any AND intersection of politics and philosophy, medico-biological sciences and jurisprudence.60
1NR
Util
Utilitarian calculability justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end
Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, "The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza," pp 8-10) The theological origins of the lesser evil argument cast a long shadow on the present AND so. The demand of his ethics are grounded in this impossibility.17
Heg Defense
There is no impact to hegemony – statistics indicate there is no causal relation between US power and global peace
Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO It is perhaps worth noting that there is no evidence to support a direct relationship AND global policeman. Those who think otherwise base their view on faith alone.
Predictions
The affirmatives calculative risk rhetoric is used for imperial hegemony. From our privileged position all genuine change is presumed dangerous and undesirable. Your decision should be willing to risk the possibility of danger to redress colonial exploitation.
Saunders 5 ~Rebecca Comparative Lit @ Illinois St., "Risky Business: Edward Said as Literary Critic" Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle Eas p. 529-532~
Risk-free ethics, like all protection from risk, are a class privilege AND it is not nearly as safe as ethics would have us believe."42
Heg Bad
Social science and science more generally is not neutral – it is coopted by imperial politics that structures how scientific inquiry takes place – science is integral piece of the war machine – this means the link turns case Burke, 7 (Anthony Burke, Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at UNSW, Sydney; "Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason", Theory and Event, 10.2, Muse)
We sense the rational policymaker’s frustrated desire: the world is supposed to work like AND and two world wars; napalm, the B52, the hydrogen bomb,
the Kalashnikov rifle and military strategy. Indeed some of the 20th Century’s most AND much as enlightenment; the destruction of nature as much as its utilisation.
2/12/14
Greenhill Quarters vs Stratford
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Martin Osborn, John Hines, Steven Pipkin 1NC Off
The affirmative’s hegemonic subjectivity relies on western conceptions of the end of history Spanos, 2000 (William V., Prof. of Comparative Lit @ Suny-Binghamton, America’s Shadow, pgs. xvii-xviii) This accommodational strategy … Turner to Fukuyama and Haass.
This metaphysical grounding justifies extermination and makes their epistemology suspect Spanos 5 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, “Humanism and Studia Humanitatis after 9/11/01: Rethinking the Anthropologos,” published in symploke volume 13 number 1-2) In 1991, following the … structure remains invisible.
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops … rule of the political.
The alternative is to vote negative to embrace ontological exile – only a rethinking of thinking itself can break the shackles of Western hegemonic dominance Spanos 2000 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, 2000, “America’s Shadow: An Anatomy of Empire,” page 192-3) Reconstellated into the … of tasks not impossible.
Every affirmation is fundamentally a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – their attempt to elevate their particular method of decision to the status of metaphysics links to all of our offense and begs the question of their justification for exclusion Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, in … in continental thought. Cred No impact to credibility Tang 5 – Shiping Tang, associate research fellow and deputy director of the Center for Regional Security Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing, January-March 2005, “Reputation, Cult of Reputation, and International Conflict,” Security Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, p. 34-62 The general validity … if it matters at all.11
No impact to hegemony Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO It is perhaps worth … base their view on faith alone.
Plan can’t solve multilat and public backlash takes out solvency Lake 10 (Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego, David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG At the same time, … new multilateral compact.
Litany of alt causes Burgsdorff 9 (Ph. D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf)//NG As a matter of fact, … effective multilateralism.
Our cooperation will not be value neutral – American foreign policy is overdetermined by the logic of integration which will view the plan as a concession and expect compliance with whatever our next foreign policy goal is – if the countries they cooperate with don’t follow US command they will suffer the consequences Campbell, 7 - International Boundaries Research Unit, Geography Department, Durham University (David, “Performing security: The imaginative geographies of current US strategy” 2007) It is important to highlight … mobile geographies of exclusion.
The total expulsion of all violence from the rational order of the system is synonymous with a totalizing monopoly on violence. Even this, however, will crumble at the hands of an anonymous and ironic negativity. Baudrillard 98 (Jean Baudrillard, your worst nightmare, “Paroxysm: Interviews with Philippe Petit,” pp 65-6) It's a diagnosis. Our … leukaemia of all our cells. OAS OAS fails
a) Lacks enforcement Welch 12 – CPA/IIGG Research Associate (Emma Welch, “Sustaining the Peace in Latin America: Regional and International Efforts” Council on Foreign Relations, May 16 2012, IIGGMeetingNote_SustainingthePeaceinLatinAmerica.pdf) However, the ability of … control the strings behind the scenes.
b) Administration and finances Hakim 12 - President Emeritus and Senior Fellow at the Inter-American Dialogue, member of the CFR, Master of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University’s Woodrow Wilson School (Peter Hakim, “The OAS in Trouble, Again,” Inter-American Dialogue, 2012, http://www.thedialogue.org/page.cfm?pageID=32andpubID=3167) According to a bipartisan … Some consider it AWOL.
Economic engagement is an imperialist tool used to forward US geopolitical dominance – economic influence perpetuates the North/South geographical divide which makes war inevitable Jones, Jones, and Woods, 4 (Martin Jones* - PhD in Human Geography from the University of Manchester, Rhys Jones; Professor of Human Geography at the University of Wales Aberystwyth - Professor in Human Geography @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, Michael Woods* - PhD in Human Geography from Bristol University; Professor of Human Geography and Director of the Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, 2004, “AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Space, place and politics”, http://118.97.161.124/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Geography/Geografi20manusia/Pengantar20Geografi20Politik.pdf) MD Political domination can … (see Agnew and Corbridge¶ 1995).¶
The affirmative’s discourse of “failed states” legitimizes an interventionist epistemology that effaces difference, makes north-south inequality inevitable, and is self-fulfilling Eisenträger 12 (Stian Eisenträger, MA student in IR, board member at International Reporter, a Norwegian NGO, 3-27-12, “Failed State or Failed Label?: The Concealing Concept and the Case of Somalia,” http://www.e-ir.info/2012/03/27/failed-state-or-failed-label-the-concealing-concept-and-the-case-of-somalia/) gz The end of the Cold … and especially Somalia.
The spectral threat of nuclear war is itself part of a system of deterrence which neutralizes all events, including the real possibility of nuclear war. This is an implosive violence; the balance of terror is the terror of balance. That all things must be quilted through the nuclear issue marks its function as a simulacrum to conceal the death of politics Baudrillard 81 (Jean Baudrillard, ask Jack, “Simulacra and Simulation,” pp 32-4) The apotheosis of … circumscribed stakes remain.
2NC
Campbell
The process of international cooperation is a violent search for rational certainty which uses a technology of control to produce unnatural stability in the international arena – it replicates violence Burke, 7 - Senior lecturer in Politics and IR, University of New South Wales (Anthony, “1. Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason”, 2007)
In this struggle with the … of Cromer who, wrote Edward Said
Their desire for cooperation is based on a discourse of danger which attempts to remedy insecurity via integration and intervention into zones of conflict Campbell, 7 - International Boundaries Research Unit, Geography Department, Durham University (David, “Performing security: The imaginative geographies of current US strategy” 2007)
Again, it is essential that … as a threat.
Furthermore the ideology of international engagement requires incessant American intervention in the name of inclusion – the flipside to this coin is radical exclusion and violence Campbell, 7 - International Boundaries Research Unit, Geography Department, Durham University (David, “Performing security: The imaginative geographies of current US strategy” 2007)
As we argue throughout this paper… and Europe (Bush, 2005).
Link
Don’t evaluate apocalypse – replace your view of war as event with war as presence – otherwise the militarization of society will consume the planet Cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and `Postmodern' War," ... of war and militarism.
AT: Perm
And, the permutation is merely the same attempt to continue the western frame of thinking. The attempt at making minor epistemic adjustments via reforms is not enough. We need a radical epistemological re-evaluation. Deloria 1999 Vine, For this land p 101
But this replacement only … designed to create reforms.
AT: Neolib
Neolib causes poverty and isn’t inevitable Dr. Ronn Pineo, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, and Professor and Chair of the Department of History at Towson University – Posted on April 11, 2013 - See more at: http://www.coha.org/22227/#sthash.L5CsywQs.dpuf Poverty in Latin America has … for some good economics.
AT: Disease
The fear of disease securitizes the alien body of the infected – justifies ethnic cleansing in pursuit of the “perfect human” Gomel 2000 (Elana Gomel, English department head at Tel Aviv University, Winter 2000, published in Twentieth Century Literature Volume 46, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_4_46/ai_75141042)
In the secular apocalyptic visions … of the apocalyptic body.
1NR
FW
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8) Heirs to all this, we find … technocrats of decision making.
Their framework causes passivity Antonio 95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, “Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1, GENDER MODIFIED) According to Nietzsche, … pp. 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).
5. Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz In contrast to traditional … perspective of women.137
A solely political view of debate masks the true nature of the world and makes aff solvency impossible Smith, professor of political science at the University of Wales, 97 (Steve, Review of International Studies, Cambridge journals online)
By focusing on the policy debate, …common sense.
Their framework destroys agency and makes violence inevitable Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, p. 10-11)
`We are the war' does not … values of war and violence.
Simulation through scenario planning legitimizes global war Graham 11 Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism Professor Stephen Graham Prof of Cities and Society, Newcastle University Meanwhile, within the US, … for institutional ends*124
There is no internal link between the plan text and the solvency. Schlag 90 (Pierre Schlag, professor of law@ univ. Colorado, stanford law review, november, page lexis)
In fact, normative legal thought … normative advice into effect. AT: Util
Utilitarian problem solving justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, “The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza,” pp 8-10) The theological origins of … grounded in this impossibility.17 AT: No Root Cause
Their no root cause arguments white out colonialism – separating conditions for violence is an attempt to make them more invisible – the impact is extinction Nhanenge 07 (Jytte Nhanenge, MA in development studies at the University of South Africa, February 2007, “Ecofeminism: Towards Integrating the Concerns of Women, Poor People, and Nature into Development,” page 90-1)
The four crises are difficult ... benefit human beings. (Norgaard 1994: 6266).
10/2/13
Greenhill RR Round 2 vs Pace HP
Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 2 | Opponent: Pace HP | Judge: Dana Randall and Eric Oddo
Appeasement is defined as "granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace." Giving Iran international legitimacy and removing sanctions would have maintained peace with a potential enemy without changing the undemocratic practices of the enemy. If this isn’t appeasement, I don’t know how better to define the word.
Transforming the semantics of an act involves "replacing unpleasant reality with desirable rhetoric, AND since these justifications are the basis on which morally reprehensible acts are perpetrated.
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops a theory about the causes of war — and thus aims to AND more sustainable, peaceful and non-violent global rule of the political.
The alternative is to deterritorialize the 1AC through a historical and critical lens – rather than objectively approaching their threat discourse, we choose more diverse forms of analysis Krause and Williams 97 (Keith Krause, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute on International and Development Studies, Michael C Williams, professor of international relations at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, "From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies," chapter 2 of Critical Security Studies, p 49-50)
The challenges to the conventional understanding of security and the object to be secured also AND grounded in reflexive practices rather than as the outcome of timeless structures.56
Multilat
Attempts to impose a rational world order on the international system produces a system of naturalized violence and warfare Burke 7, Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales, Sydney ~Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, page @ http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v010/10.2burke.html~~ The epistemology of violence I describe here (strategic science and foreign policy doctrine) AND more sustainable, peaceful and non-violent global rule of the political.
No nuclear escalation and outside powers will stay out Roger Cliff, Ph.D. in international relations, Princeton, M.A. in history (Chinese studies), University of California, San Diego, Assistant for Strategy Development, Office of the Secretary of Defense, and David A. Shlapak, Ph.D., senior international policy analyst, RAND Project Air Force Report, 2007 This situation would occur if China attempted to use force to achieve unification, the AND region, which would be even less concerned about China’s use of force.
No risk of China War – mutual cooperation Friedberg 2005, Professor of Politics and International Affairs at Princeton University, Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs and Director of Policy Planning in the Office of the Vice President, International Security, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Fall 2005), pp. 7–45
Fortunately, a number of the factors to which the optimists point seem likely to AND not accompanied immediately by more profound and far-reaching domestic political reforms.
The characterization of China has a threat robs it of subjectivity and entrenches its role as antithesis to the US Pan 04 – PhD in Political Science and International Relations and member of the International Studies Association ISA (Chengxin Pan: Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 29 Pg. 305 -307)
By now, it seems clear that neither China’s capabilities nor intentions really matter. AND our own minds; ~and~ ’they’ become ’they’ accordingly. "64
No risk of Russia war – no threats and status-quo cooperation Graham, 7 Thomas Graham, senior advisor on Russia in the US National Security Council staff 2002-2007, September 2007, Russia in Global Affairs "The Dialectics of Strength and Weakness" An astute historian of Russia, AND long-term relations with Russia.
An astute historian of Russia, Martin Malia, wrote several years ago that " AND with sensitive issues, even when outside observers would posit a common interest.
Discourse of Russian threats Otherize Russia and actualizes itself JÆGER 2000 (Øyvind, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute, "Securitizing Russia: Discursive Practices of the Baltic States," Peace and Conflict Studies, November, http://shss.nova.edu/pcs/journalsPDF/V7N2.pdf) Security is a field of practice into which subject matters can be inserted as well AND depicted and installed as the first link in the discursive chain that follows.
There is no uniqueness to this advantage—no evidence that multilat is declining now—here’s evidence that says the opposite Walt 11 (Stephen, Professor of International Relations – Harvard University, "Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?" Foreign Policy, 12-5, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem, GDI File) —threats to our cred are always exaggerated —nobody can overtake us A perennial preoccupation of U.S. diplomacy has been the perceived need to AND about it, but in most cases little incentive to actually do it.
Multilateralism empirically doesn’t solve anything – four reasons Harvey, 4 – University Research Professor of International Relations, professor in the Department of Political Science, and the director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies at Dalhousie University (Frank, Smoke And Mirrors: Globalized Terrorism And The Illusion Of Multilateral Security, p. 43-45) bghs-ms
The typical argument favouring multilateralism is a simple one, sum- marized by Ramesh AND threats virtually guarantees that similar conflicts will plague multilateral institutions in the future.
1ac lake evidence concludes the plan fails and that public backlash takes out solvency Lake 10 (Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego, David A., "Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority", http://dss.ucsd.edu/~~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG
At the same time, if any organization is to be an effective restraint on AND the idea of tying their hands more tightly in a new multilateral compact.
Sugar
No impact food insecurity and it’s inevitable OECD, 11 ("Price Volatility in Food and Agricultural Markets: Policy Responses", Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Collaborative report undertaken by the FAO, IFAD, IMF, OECD, UNCTAD, WFP, the World Bank, WTO, IFPRI and UN HLTF, June, www.oecd.org/trade/agricultural-trade/48152638.pdf)
Most agricultural commodity markets are characterized by a high degree of volatility. Three major AND from rapidly growing, industrializing economies may also be contributing to increased volatility.
The third session of the seminar looked toward the future. Presenters were asked to identify potential future challenges to food security in the Asia-Pacific region. Once again, the responses fell into two basic categories: challenges related to the availability of food and challenges related to access to food. Challenges to Availability of Food Several seminar participants noted that population growth in Asia will AND in greater poverty and has, in many areas, undermined food security.
2NC
Framework
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, "Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics," pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find ourselves in the turbulent and now globalized wake AND mock innocent political slaves who claim only to be technocrats of decision making.
4. Their framework causes passivity Antonio 95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, "Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History," American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1, GENDER MODIFIED)
According to Nietzsche, the "subject" is Socratic culture’s most central, durable AND 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, "Dismantling Security," http://purl.umn.edu/99479-http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz In contrast to traditional approaches to security, which assume an objective¶ world that AND security for rendering violence and¶ insecurity from the perspective of women.137
A2: Perm
Their so called benign hegemonic strategy legitimizes a series of self-fulfilling prophecies in which any nation that steps outside of the globalized order is destroyed SAMIR AMIN director of the African office (in Dakar, Senegal) of the Third World Forum, an international nongovernmental association for research and debate, and chair of the World Forum for Alternatives. He is the author of numerous books and articles including Beyond U.S. Hegemony 25 FEB 2003 ("The Alternative to the neoliberal system of globalization and militarism Imperialism Today and the Hegemonic Offensive of the United States.")
28. The hegemonic strategy of the United States is articulated on the collective character AND sub?continent, intervening in the Amazon (Plan Colombia), etc.
Footnoting DA Der Derian 95 (James, Professor of Political Science – University of Massachusetts, International Theory: Critical Investigations, p. 374) But what happens - as seems to be the case to this observer - when AND , we might call this the ’Spiro-ette effect’ in International Relations.
A2: Owen
The next paragraph concludes that status quo international relations not philosophy is the problem Owen 2 (professor of social and political philosophy at the University of Southampton, PhD from Durham University, 2002, "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reasoning," published in the Millennium Journal of International Studies, Volume 31, Number 3) GZ
It should be noted that I am not claiming that such a vicious circle has AND are not the only lines of debate, but they are important ones.
And he also thinks that focus on political relevance causes bad epistemology which must be questioned Owen 2 (professor of social and political philosophy at the University of Southampton, PhD from Durham University, 2002, "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reasoning," published in the Millennium Journal of International Studies, Volume 31, Number 3) GZ
The first dimension concerns the relationship between positivist IR theory and postmodernist IR ’theory’ AND and institutions, but also, and more crucially, for a serious rethinking MARKED of the ways in which it is possible for human beings to live together. AND Shapiro and Rob Walker is to prevent us from becoming too readily bewitched.
A2: Trade
Economic threat predictions will cause the US to manipulate regimes in a non-democratic fashion—-link turns the whole case and empirically kills millions Neocleous, Prof of Gov, 08 ~Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, Critique of Security, p95-~
In other words, the new international order moved very quickly to reassert the connection between economic and national security: the commitment to the former was simultaneously a commitment to the latter, and vice versa. As the doctrine of national security was being born, the major player on the international stage would aim to use perhaps its most important power of all – its economic strength – in order to re-order the world. And this re AND by using notions such as ’personal freedom’ and’social equality’.101 Marx and Engels once highlighted the historical role of the bour geoisie in shaping the AND In one word, it creates a world after its own image.102 In the second half of the twentieth century this ability to ’batter down all AND only nestled, settled and established connections, but also’secured’ everywhere. Security politics thereby became the basis of a distinctly liberal philosophy of global ’intervention’ AND rogue’ or ’outlaw’ states on the ’wrong side of history’.104 ’Extrapolating the ?gures as best we can’, one CIA agent commented in 1991,’there have been about 3,000 major covert operations and over 10,000 minor operations MARKED – all illegal, and all designed to disrupt, destabilize, or modify AND of neo-liberal regulations. But a wide range of other techniques have been used: terror bombing; subversion; rigging elections; the use of the CIA’s ’Health Alteration Committee’ whose mandate was to ’incapacitate’ foreign of?cials; drug-traf?cking;107 and the sponsorship of terror groups, counterinsurgency agencies, death squads. Unsurprisingly, some plain old fascist groups and parties have been co- opted into the project, from the attempt at reviving the remnants of the Nazi collaborationist Vlasov Army for use against the USSR to the use of fascist forces to undermine democratically elected governments, such as in Chile; indeed, one of the reasons fascism ?owed into Latin America was because of the ideology of national security.108 Concomitantly, ’national security’ has meant a policy of non-intervention where satisfactory ’security partnerships’ could be established with certain authoritarian and military regimes: Spain under Franco, the Greek junta, Chile, Iraq, Iran, Korea, Indonesia, Cambodia, Taiwan, South Vietnam, the Philippines, Turkey, the ?ve Central Asian republics that emerged with the break-up of the USSR, and China. Either way, the whole world was to be included in the new’secure’ global liberal order. The result has been the slaughter of untold numbers. John Stock well, who was part of a CIA project in Angola which led to the deaths of over 20,000 people, puts it like this: Coming to grips with these U.S./CIA activities in broad numbers and AND I was part of – and 22,000 killed in Nicaragua.109 Note that the six million is a minimum ?gure, that he omits to mention AND the world, and launched a new round of slaughtering to prove it. While much has been made about the supposedly ’new’ doctrine of preemption in the AND , the United States will, if necessary, act pre emptively.110 In other words, the security policy of the world’s only superpower in its current ’war on terror’ is still underpinned by a notion of liberal order-building based on a certain vision of ’economic order’. The National Security Strategy concerns itself with a ’single sustainable model for national success’ based on ’political and economic liberty’, with whole sections devoted to the security bene?ts of ’economic liberty’, and the bene?ts to liberty of the security strategy proposed.111
1NR
Multilat
China won’t escalate conflict Goldstein 11 - Professor and Director of the China Maritime Studies Institute @ US Naval War College ~Dr. Lyle J. Goldstein, "Resetting the US–China Security Relationship," Survival | vol. 53 no. 2 | April–May 2011 | pp. 89–116
Weighed in the aggregate, China’s rise remains a peaceful process, and the record AND no possibility of reaching a breakthrough in border negotiations.’2 pg. 90
Predictions of China’s hostile rise are not objective realities but discursive constructions of China’s otherness designed to bolster U.S. hegemony Pan 04 – PhD in Political Science and International Relations and member of the International Studies Association ISA (Chengxin Pan: Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 29 Pg. 305 -307 RC)
Apart from these so-called "domestic" reasons for the "China threat AND to a particularly dominant way of U.S. self-imagination.
No accidents or miscalculation with Russia Ball 6 (Desmond, Special Professor at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at the Australian National University, "The Probabilities of ’On the Beach,’" May, rspas.anu.edu.au/papers/sdsc/wp/wp_sdsc_401.pdf)
The prospects of a nuclear war between the United States and Russia must now be AND buried targets (such as underground command and control centres and leadership bunkers).
As a matter of fact, together with other measures such as closing Guantanamo, signing up to the Kyoto Protocol and putting into practice the succeeding agreement under the Bali conference, and possibly, joining the International Criminal Court as well as ratifying further international human rights treaties such as the 1990 Convention on the Rights of the Child, it would be interpreted by the international community as steps towards effective multilateralism.
9/20/13
Greenhill RR Round 3 vs Stratford OS
Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 3 | Opponent: Stratford SO | Judge: Ryan Wash and Paul Johnson
1NC
Off
A. Interpretation – engagement is a strategy depending on positive incentives which seeks to shape the behavior of a target country Haass 26 O’Sullivan, 2000 – *Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND *Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, (Richard N 26 Meghan L., "Terms of engagement: alternatives to punitive policies," Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 42, No. 2, Summer 2000, pp. 113–35, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1093/survival/42.2.113~~23preview) The term ’engagement’ was popularised in the early 1980s amid controversy about the Reagan AND to shape the behaviour of countries with which the US has important disagreements.
That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo De LaHunt, 6 – Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science Direct) Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you AND run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.
Off
The affirmative’s project devolves into a propagation of death zones under the guise of globalized liberalism Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, "Dismantling Security," http://purl.umn.edu/99479-http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz Yet, it is equally difficult—and worse, disingenuous—to ignore how AND order in being exposed to an¶ unconditional capacity to be killed."35
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops a theory about the causes of war — and thus aims to AND more sustainable, peaceful and non-violent global rule of the political.
Vote neg to overdetermine the ontological by exposing the contradictions of imperial knowledge production – this dissident act fractures hegemonic thought Spanos 8 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, 2008, "American Exceptionalism in the Age of Globalization: The Specter of Vietnam," pp 27-30) On the other hand, I do not want to suggest that the theoretical perspective AND efficiently¶ administering the Roman Empire in the name of the Pax Romana.
International Credibility
There is no uniqueness to this advantage—no evidence that multilat is declining now – here’s evidence that says the opposite Walt 11 (Stephen, Professor of International Relations – Harvard University, "Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?" Foreign Policy, 12-5, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem, GDI File) —threats to our cred are always exaggerated —nobody can overtake us A perennial preoccupation of U.S. diplomacy has been the perceived need to AND about it, but in most cases little incentive to actually do it.
The plan fails and public backlash takes out solvency Lake 10 (Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego, David A., "Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority", http://dss.ucsd.edu/~~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG At the same time, if any organization is to be an effective restraint on AND the idea of tying their hands more tightly in a new multilateral compact.
As a matter of fact, together with other measures such as closing Guantanamo, signing up to the Kyoto Protocol and putting into practice the succeeding agreement under the Bali conference, and possibly, joining the International Criminal Court as well as ratifying further international human rights treaties such as the 1990 Convention on the Rights of the Child, it would be interpreted by the international community as steps towards effective multilateralism.
Representations of China as a threat ignore the normative value-judgments inherent to the process of claiming to empirically know Chinese national and political identity—this makes security threats self-fulfilling prophecies Pan 04 – PhD in Political Science and International Relations and member of the International Studies Association ISA (Chengxin Pan: "The "China threat" in American self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics", Alternatives RC)
China and its relationship with the United States has long been a fascinating subject of AND -1996 Taiwan Strait missile crisis and the 2001 spy-plane incident.
The aff’s North Korea representations are militaristic attempts to stifle political dissent and exert coercive control over the orient – a strategy like the affirmative’s can only lead to napalm and radioactive ash Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 4-1-13, "US Protection Racket Root of Korea Conflict," http://nsnbc.me/2013/04/01/us-protection-racket-root-of-korea-conflict/) gz The conflict emanates from Washington and is perpetuated by Washington. Why? To justify AND because domination, aggression and terrorism are the hallmarks of Washington’s Mafia regime.
No impact to credibility Tang 5 – Shiping Tang, associate research fellow and deputy director of the Center for Regional Security Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing, January-March 2005, "Reputation, Cult of Reputation, and International Conflict," Security Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, p. 34-62
The general validity of reputation, however, has come under assault. Whereas in AND as much as politicians usually believe, if it matters at all.11
No impact to heg Maher 11—-adjunct prof of pol sci, Brown. PhD expected in 2011 in pol sci, Brown (Richard, The Paradox of American Unipolarity: Why the United States May Be Better Off in a Post-Unipolar World, Orbis 55;1)
At the same time, preeminence creates burdens and facilitates imprudent behavior. Indeed, AND have with Washington and to reinforce their security relationships with the United States.
OAS
Economic engagement is an imperialist tool used to forward US geopolitical dominance – economic influence perpetuates the North/South geographical divide which makes war inevitable Jones, Jones, and Woods, 4 (Martin Jones* - PhD in Human Geography from the University of Manchester, Rhys Jones; Professor of Human Geography at the University of Wales Aberystwyth - Professor in Human Geography @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, Michael Woods* - PhD in Human Geography from Bristol University; Professor of Human Geography and Director of the Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, 2004, "AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Space, place and politics", http://118.97.161.124/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Geography/Geografi20manusia/Pengantar20Geografi20Politik.pdf) MD Political domination can take on many forms. At¶ its most basic and uncompromising AND and the broader international political economy (see Agnew and Corbridge¶ 1995).¶
The spectral threat of nuclear war is itself part of a system of deterrence which neutralizes all events, including the real possibility of nuclear war. This is an implosive violence; the balance of terror is the terror of balance. That all things must be quilted through the nuclear issue marks its function as a simulacrum to conceal the death of politics Baudrillard 81 (Jean Baudrillard, ask Jack, "Simulacra and Simulation," pp 32-4) The apotheosis of simulation: the nuclear. However, the balance of terror is AND is dead, only simulacra of ¶ conflicts and carefully circumscribed stakes remain.
2NC
Framework
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, "Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics," pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find ourselves in the turbulent and now globalized wake AND mock innocent political slaves who claim only to be technocrats of decision making.
4. Their framework causes passivity Antonio 95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, "Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History," American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1, GENDER MODIFIED)
According to Nietzsche, the "subject" is Socratic culture’s most central, durable AND 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, "Dismantling Security," http://purl.umn.edu/99479-http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz In contrast to traditional approaches to security, which assume an objective¶ world that AND , other scholars expose the gender biases¶ imbued in security practices, problematizi
Perm
Footnoting DA Der Derian 95 (James, Professor of Political Science – University of Massachusetts, International Theory: Critical Investigations, p. 374) But what happens - as seems to be the case to this observer - when AND , we might call this the ’Spiro-ette effect’ in International Relations.
Sequencing DA Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence: War against the Other, p. 31) This chapter remains focused on the aporias that lie at the heart of security AND events of our modernity, and it remains one of its essential underpinnings.
Link Debate
violence inevitable Cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and `Postmodern’ War," Robin Schott introduces some of the ways AND the face of what appears to be the inevitability of war and militarism.
Transforming the semantics of an act involves "replacing unpleasant reality with desirable rhetoric, AND since these justifications are the basis on which morally reprehensible acts are perpetrated.
Their so called benign hegemonic strategy legitimizes a series of self-fulfilling prophecies in which any nation that steps outside of the globalized order is destroyed SAMIR AMIN director of the African office (in Dakar, Senegal) of the Third World Forum, an international nongovernmental association for research and debate, and chair of the World Forum for Alternatives. He is the author of numerous books and articles including Beyond U.S. Hegemony 25 FEB 2003 ("The Alternative to the neoliberal system of globalization and militarism Imperialism Today and the Hegemonic Offensive of the United States.")
28. The hegemonic strategy of the United States is articulated on the collective character AND globalization offers the chance of "development", reinforced by the benefits of democracy MARKED that American powers promote everywhere, as we know. The second is that AND sub?continent, intervening in the Amazon (Plan Colombia), etc.
A2: Neolib Good
We control uniqueness Dr. Ronn Pineo, Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, and Professor and Chair of the Department of History at Towson University – Posted on April 11, 2013 - See more at: http://www.coha.org/22227/~~23sthash.L5CsywQs.dpuf Poverty in Latin America has been reduced substantially in the last three decades. In AND age of neoliberalism is ending. It is time for some good economics.
A2: Lifton nonsense
Learn how to read Lifton 11 (Robert Jay Lifton, not an aff author, 2011, "Witness to an Extreme Century: A Memoir," pp 405-7) gz With all of the American angst during the first year or so of the Obama AND with work I have done in areas that have contributed to that syndrome.
This is a reason to reject the team – their argument feeds into the systems of domination endemic to Obama’s presidency – vote neg to reject their masking of mass imperialism Comissiong 13 (Solomon Comissiong, educator, activist, public speaker, founder of the Your World News community media collective, member of the Black Agenda Report, 5-11-13, "The More Effective Evil: The Impact of Barack Obama’s Presidency on the Black Community," transcribed from video, 0:20-2:40, http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded26v=i-LAJSlO3GU-http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded26v=i-LAJSlO3GU) gz Since becoming the US’s first black president in 2008, Barack Obama has proven to AND since Obama’s political ascension, that history is becoming more and more distant. MARKED Obama has popularized America’s imperialist wars throughout the African American community. These wars AND Democrat made him the white establishment’s perfect weapon to pacify the black community.
1NR
International Credibility
The affirmative’s discourse of North Korean aggression creates a geopolitical Dr Evil irrationally attempting to destroy the world – these problematic representations inflicts mass structural violence on North Korean civilians, marked as "cannibals," "baby-killers," and "drones" and justifies international coercion, forcing threat actualization Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 3-13-13, "Western Media Set Up North Korea for War," http://nsnbc.me/2013/03/13/western-media-set-up-north-korea-for-war/) gz Western so-called news media coverage of the escalating tensions on the Korean Peninsula AND , Western imperialist reality is more perverse and sick than the Western fiction.
No Korean war – laundry list (rational regime, empirics, military inferiority, and it’s all just domestic propaganda) Fisher ’13 Max, Foreign Policy Writer @ Washington Post 26 Former Editor at the Atlantic, "Why North Korea loves to threaten World War III (but probably won’t follow through)" http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/03/12/why-north-korea-loves-to-threaten-world-war-iii-but-probably-wont-follow-through/ North Korea is indeed a dangerous rogue state that has, in the recent past AND because he deserves it, but because you want the tantrum to stop.
Their depiction of Iran is inherently hyperbolic and reifies a violent ontology that posits it as the dangerous Other – that makes warfare inevitable Trafton 13 (Jordan Trafton, MA student in International Relations, 3-24-13, "Securitized Iran: Threat or Not?," http://www.sirjournal.org/2013/03/24/securitized-iran-threat-or-not/-http://www.sirjournal.org/2013/03/24/securitized-iran-threat-or-not/) gz "Nuclear Armageddon21" and "Kissinger Predicts Nuclear war with Iran" are just AND avoiding the friend-enemy distinction that is ever present in international relations.
9/20/13
Greenhill RR Round 5 vs Highland Park HS
Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 5 | Opponent: Highland Park HS | Judge: Tim Mahoney and Kirk Evans
1NC
Off
Republican opposition to a debt ceiling compromise is dying down and Obama’s push is successful Beamon, 9/18 Todd Beamon, news reporter for Newsmax; "House GOP Charge Senators with Caving on Push to Defund Obamacare," 9/18/2013, http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/house-gop-obamacare-caving/2013/09/18/id/526535bghs-ms Republicans in the House of Representatives are accusing their colleagues in the Senate for what AND Republicans in an interview on Tuesday with the Spanish-language Telemundo Network.
It crowds out Obama’s agenda Moore, 9/10 – finance and economics editor for the Guardian (Heidi, "Syria: the great distraction, Obama is focused on a conflict abroad, but the fight he should be gearing up for is with Congress on America’s economic security," 9/10/2013, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/10/obama-syria-what-about-sequester) The country will crash into the debt ceiling in mid-October, which would AND on the domestic tasks it wants to accomplish, one at a time.
Obama’s failure to force a compromise would destroy the economy – empirics prove – turns the case Lobello, 8/27 Carmel Lobello, the business editor at TheWeek.com; "How the looming debt ceiling fight could screw up the U.S. economy," 8/27/2013, http://theweek.com/article/index/248775/how-the-looming-debt-ceiling-fight-could-screw-up-the-us-economybghs-ms The sooner-than-expected deadline comes at an inconvenient moment, because Congress AND its own devices. We’re going to have a whale of a fight."
Off
A. Interpretation – "economic engagement" means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, "Containment and Engagement as Middle-Range Theories" Baltic Journal of Law 26 Politics Volume 3, Number 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/V10076-010-0015-7) The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy with the main national interest being security. Economic engagement is a policy of the conscious development of economic relations with the adversary in order to change the target state?s behaviour and to improve bilateral relations
That means trade and aid in the form of loans or grants – diplomatic engagement is distinct Resnick, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, "Defining Engagement" Vol. 54 No. 2, Political Science Complete) A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing with unsavory regimes, I propose that we define engagement as the attempt to influence the political behavior of a target state through the comprehensive establishment and enhancement of contacts with that state across multiple issue-areas (i.e. diplomatic, military, economic, cultural). The following is a brief list of the specific forms that such contacts might include: DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS Extension of diplomatic recognition; normalization of diplomatic relations Promotion of target-state membership in international institutions and regimes Summit meetings and other visits by the head of state and other senior government officials of sender state to target state and vice-versa MILITARY CONTACTS Visits of senior military officials of the sender state to the target state and vice-versa Arms transfers Military aid and cooperation Military exchange and training programs Confidence and security-building measures Intelligence sharing ECONOMIC CONTACTS Trade agreements and promotion Foreign economic and humanitarian aid in the form of loans and/or grants CULTURAL CONTACTS Cultural treaties Inauguration of travel and tourism links Sport, artistic and academic exchanges(n25)
B. Violation – the affirmative is diplomatic engagement Azel, 9 (Jose Azel, Information and Analysis from the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies University of Miami, "In Defense of "Carrots and Sticks"", http://www6.miami.edu/iccas/Docs/Cuba_Brief.pdf-http://www6.miami.edu/iccas/Docs/Cuba_Brief.pdf, April 6, 2009, 6/28/13, CW~ Diplomatic engagement with an adversary rarely, if ever, succeeds by merely appealing ¶ AND the negotiating table empty handed, one is sure to leave empty handed.
Off
Neoliberalism is dying in Latin America – we should resist attempts at triage that promote deregulation and unrestrained pursuit of profit like the affirmative Pineo, 13 – Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, and Professor and Chair of the Department of History at Towson University (Ron, Posted on April 11, 2012 - See more at: http://www.coha.org/22227/~~23sthash.L5CsywQs.dpuf ) Poverty in Latin America has been reduced substantially in the last three decades. In AND age of neoliberalism is ending. It is time for some good economics.
Unchecked neoliberal expansions risks extinction Nhanenge 7 (Jytte Masters @ U South Africa, "ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT) There is today an increasing critique of economic development, whether it takes place in AND division is suitable for the present purpose. (Ekins 1992: 1).
The alternative is to reject the 1AC in favor of non-hegemonic engagement Broillet, 10 – Current Concerns 2010 No 8, May 2010 Latin America: The Advent of an Alternative to Neo-Liberalism and Authoritarian Socialism http://www.currentconcerns.ch/index.php?id=1028 A different world is possible and not utopian Building a different world can only succeed AND Those who have neither projects nor objectives do not have anything to describe.
Off
Mexico violates human rights UN, 5/3 – (UN News Centre, "Mexico must strengthen its protection of human rights, reduce use of military – UN expert," http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=4481726Cr=Mexico26Cr1=~~23.Uc9VcPm1FqW) A United Nations independent expert today urged the Mexican Government to strengthen the national structures AND but to restore the value that society attaches to life," he said.
Shun them—a priori Beversluis, 89 (Eric H. April 1989. "On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions." Public Affairs Quarterly, April, vol. 3, no. 2) A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the AND has been made "unclean," as ancient communities might have put it.
Econ
Doha, FTAA, different policies, lack of LA participation, Mercosur, recession, Brazil, socialism are all alt causes Wagner and Parker 1ac author 5/16 – *CEO of Country Risk Solutions, a cross-border risk advisory firm based in Connecticut, and author of the book "Managing Country Risk," research analyst with CRS in New York (Daniel, Nicholas, "Is the Trans-Pacific Partnership the Solution to Latin America’s Fractured Trade Regime?," 5/16/13, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-wagner/is-the-transpacific-partn_b_3284797.html-http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-wagner/is-the-transpacific-partn_b_3284797.html) Latin America is poised to assume a starring role in the governance of international trade AND continue to undermine efforts to achieve multilateral solutions to the region’s trade challenges.
Trade doesn’t solve war Martin et. al. 8 (Phillipe, University of Paris 1 Pantheon—Sorbonne, Paris School of Economics, and Centre for Economic Policy Research; Thierry MAYER, University of Paris 1 Pantheon—Sorbonne, Paris School of Economics, CEPII, and Centre for Economic Policy Research, Mathias THOENIG, University of Geneva and Paris School of Economics, The Review of Economic Studies 75) Does globalization pacify international relations? The "liberal" view in political science argues AND , even taking into account the increase in the number of sovereign states.
Trade will never collapse Ikenson, 9 ~Daniel, associate director of the Center for Trade Policy Studies at the Cato Institute, " A Protectionism Fling: Why Tariff Hikes and Other Trade Barriers Will Be Short-Lived," March 12, 2009, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=10651~~ Although some governments will dabble in some degree of protectionism, the combination of a AND far more impressive than when governments attempt to limit choices through policy constraints.
Trade doesn’t solve war Mearsheimer 1, American professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, (John, Tragedy of Great Power Politics, 370-371) There are problems with this perspective, too." In particular, there is always AND forever vigilant and never subordinate survival to any other goal, including prosperity.
Deficit inevitable Bleckler 11 (Robert A. Blecker is a professor of economics and chair of the economics department at American University and a research associate of EPI., May 2011, "Global Imbalances and the US Trade Deficit", nw08.american.edu/~blecker/research/Blecker_Imbalances_May2011.pdf) This chapter has shown that the U.S. trade deficit has been sustained AND export demand and U.S. assets as repositories for wealth accumulation.
No impact to the economy Barnett, 9 – senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC and a contributing editor/online columnist for Esquire magazine (Thomas P.M., August 2009 "The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis" http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules—security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze AND fear-mongering to proceed apace. That’s what the Internet is for.
China
Canada’s an alt cause Cowan, their author 12 - President of the Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands ("A Stronger Future: Policy Recommendations for U.S.-Mexico Relations, Wilson Center, sunnylands.org/files/posts/159/stronger_f.pdf ) JG Policy Option: Mexico and Canada have each joined the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations AND steps forward toward the strategic goals of both the United States and Mexico.
China can’t catch up and no risk of war Zenko and Cohen 12 (Micah Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action AND yale.edu/content/clear-and-present-safety) As the threat from transnational terrorist groups dwindles, the United States also faces few AND Beijing will continue to prefer a strong United States to a weak one.
Economic incentives Rachman, chief foreign affairs commentator – Financial Times, ’11 (Gideon, "Think Again: American Decline," Foreign Policy, Jan/Feb) Yet even if you factor in considerable future economic and political turbulence, it would AND will keep rolling forward, no matter what obstacles lie in its path.
No nuclear escalation and outside powers will stay out Cliff 26 Shlapak, 7 – Ph.D. in international relations, Princeton, M.A. in history (Chinese studies), University of California, San Diego, Assistant for Strategy Development, Office of the Secretary of Defense AND Ph.D., senior international policy analyst, RAND Project Air Force Report (Roger 26 David A., "U.S.–China Relations After Resolution of Taiwan’s Status," RAND Corporation, www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA471950?) This situation would occur if China attempted to use force to achieve unification, the AND region, which would be even less concerned about China’s use of force.
Chinese relations cause Japan prolif Medcalf 26 Evans, 9 – * director of the International Security Program, Lowy Institute for International Policy, AND prominent Australian nuclear expert and former Foreign minister (9/25/09, Radio Australia, "The paradoxical risks of nuclear disarmament," http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/connectasia/stories/200909/s2696542.htm) There is acknowledgement though that process of reinvigorating nuclear disarmament carries risks. Rory Medcalf AND plutonium its believed to develop a substantial nuclear arsenal in a few years.
Chinese relations cause North Korea to freak out and go nuclear Shen, 9 (Dingli, Professor of International Relations, Executive Dean of the Institute of International Studies at Fudan University in Shanghai, 26 Director of Center for American Studies at Fudan University, October, "Cooperative Denuclearization toward North Korea", The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 32 No. 4, pg. 183-4, FT 26 RV) It seems obvious that North Korea’s survival could serve China’s national security interests, especially AND unconditionally. In other words, time is running short for North Korea.
US-China relations trade off with US-India relations Kapila 11 (Subhash, International relations and strategic affairs analyst with a Ph.D in Strategic Studies, South Asia Analysis Group, "CHINA-INDIA-UNITED STATES TRILATERAL: A FLAWED FORMULATION", November 15th, http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/5Cpapers485 Cpaper4772.html, 7/13/12) Perceptively, what came across in the US Secretary of State assertions were that major AND jointly, figure heavily as military threats to India’s external and internal security.
Strong India relations solve inevitable Asian war – litany of reasons Richard L. Armitage et al 10, Deputy Secretary of State from March 2001 to February 2005, "Natural Allies", October, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_Natural20Allies_ArmitageBurnsFontaine.pdf The U.S. relationship with India should be rooted in shared interests and AND transform a series of bilateral achievements into a lasting regional and global partnership.
2NC
China Defense
More evidence – Beijing will do what it wants – their impact is a unicorn Blumenthal 11 (Dan, Resident fellow at AEI, Current commissioner and former vice chairman of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, where he directs efforts to monitor, investigate, and provide recommendations on the national security implications of the economic relationship between the two countries. Previously, he was senior director for China, Taiwan, and Mongolia in the Secretary of Defense’s Office of International Security Affairs and practiced law in New York prior to his government service. At AEI, in addition to his work on the national security implications of U.S.-Sino relations, he coordinates the Tocqueville on China project, which examines the underlying civic culture of post-Mao China. Mr. Blumenthal also contributes to AEI’s Asian Outlook series and is a research associate with the National Asia Research Program. 10/3/2011, "The top ten unicorns of China policy", http://www.aei.org/article/foreign-and-defense-policy/regional/asia/the-top-ten-unicorns-of-china-policy/)
9) We need China’s help to solve global problems. This is further down AND help. However, China actually contributing to global order is a unicorn.
We can’t agree on anything Economy and Segal, 10 ~ Elizabeth Economy is the C.V. Starr senior fellow and director of Asia studies and Adam Segal is the Ira A. Lipman senior fellow for counterterrorism and national security studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, May 24, 2010, " Time to Defriend China," Foreign Policy, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/24/time_to_defriend_china?page=0,1-http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/05/24/time_to_defriend_china?page=0,1~ That hope was short-lived. It has become painfully clear during the AND Russia folding first and leaving China without political cover to maintain its opposition.
China wants a peaceful rise—-any threats are just saber rattling—-US also deters Vu Duc ’13 "Khanh Vu Duc is a Vietnamese-Canadian lawyer who researches on Vietnamese politics, international relations and international law. He is a frequent contributor to Asia Sentinel and BBC Vietnamese Service, "Who’s Bluffing Whom in the South China Sea?" www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content26task=view26id=523726Itemid=171
Nevertheless, it remains unlikely that any conflict between China and Japan, Philippines, AND region, the US would prove to be an appropriate balance against China.
No China escalation AP, 3/9/’11 ("China challenges U.S. edge in Asia-Pacific")
The U.S. Pacific Command has 325,000 personnel, five aircraft AND by 2025. The United States should have 1,500 by then.
No escalation—EP-3 and Impeccable proves. Womack 11 – Professor of Foreign Affairs @ University of Virginia ~Dr. Brantly Womack (PhD in Poli Sci from University of Chicago), "The Spratlys: From Dangerous Ground to Apple of Discord," Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 33, Number 3, December 2011, pp. 370-387
It is difficult to imagine a Spratly scenario in which a crisis would go beyond AND not relate specifically to the Spratlys and are only indirectly related to Southeast Asia MARKED . It would be surprising if Southeast Asian states would be happy with an American solution that would consider intelligence operations (by China as well as by the United States) legitimate up to a twelve mile limit. The reverberations from such incidents are likely to be restricted to tit-for-tat responses rather than general escalation. The days of the War of Jenkins’s Ear are long past.35 pg. 381-383
India OV
Asian wars go nuclear Landay, National Security Expert @ Knight Ridder, 3/10/’2K (Jonathan, Knight Ridder, lexis) Few if any experts think China and Taiwan, North Korea and South Korea, AND that totaled 24600 billion last year, according to the Commerce Department.
The areas of maximum danger and instability in the world today are in Asia, AND Regional Forum have shown themselves to be ineffective when confronted with major crises.
Proximity ensures escalation Cimbala 08 Stephen Cimbala, Professor of Political Science at Penn State University, March 2008, "Anticipatory Attacks: Nuclear Crisis Stability in Future Asia," Comparative Strategy, 27:2, informaworld The spread of nuclear weapons in Asia presents a complicated mosaic of possibilities in this AND could overturn these expectations for the obsolescence or marginalization of major interstate warfare.
The other area where Indian military capability could be harnessed to facilitate American interests is AND engagement. Both these avenues intersect in the growth of India’s soft power.
Extinction Blank 2k ~Stephen J. - Expert on the Soviet Bloc for the Strategic Studies Institute, "American Grand Strategy and the Transcaspian Region", World Affairs. 9-22~
Thus many structural conditions for conventional war or protracted ethnic conflict where third parties intervene AND 5) neither has willing proxies capable of settling the situation.(77)
Military cooperation between India and the United States has remarkably quickened since Sept. 11 AND , China, whose growing power was seen as a potential strategic threat.
Extinction Robock and Toon 10 - Dr. Alan Robock is a professor of climatology in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University and the associate director of its Center for Environmental Prediction. Prof. Robock has been a researcher in the area of climate change for more than 30 years. His current research focuses on soil moisture variations, the effects of volcanic eruptions on climate, effects of nuclear war on climate, and regional atmosphere/hydrology modeling. He has served as Editor of climate journals, including the Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology and the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. He has published more than 250 articles on his research, including more than 150 peer-reviewed papers and Owen Brian Toon is professor of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and a fellow at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) at the University of Colorado, received his Ph.D. from Cornell University – From the January 20 10 Scientific American Magazine –http:climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/RobockToonSciAmJan2010.pdf)
By deploying modern computers and modern cli¬mate models, the two of us and our AND in the earth’s atmosphere can change climate drastically enough to kill robust species.
Acknowledging this shift towards regionalism, Richard asks: "Will we see competition between AND energy-rich states in the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa.
1NR
A2: WM
They are appeasement which is distinct – our definition is the most precise Resnick 1 – Dr. Evan Resnick, Ph.D. in Political Science from Columbia University, Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University, "Defining Engagement", Journal of International Affairs, Spring, 54(2), Ebsco A more refined definition of appeasement that not only remains loyal to the traditional connotations AND off-again diplomatic negotiations between the Israeli government and the Palestinian Authority.
Even if they win they are "economic", they are negotiation in an economic forum which is economic negotiation – explodes limits Odell 00 – John S. Odell, Professor of International Relations at the University of Southern California, Negotiating the World Economy, p. 11 Economic negotiations are those in which parties’ demands, offers, and related actions refer AND for study and yet they have not been viewed together in this light.
Increase means to become larger or greater in quantity Encarta 6 – Encarta Online Dictionary. 2006. ("Increase" http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620741) in•crease ~ in kr?ss ~ transitive and intransitive verb (past and past participle in•creased, present participle in•creas•ing, 3rd person present singular in•creas•es)Definition: make or become larger or greater: to become, or make something become, larger in number, quantity, or degree noun (plural in•creas•es)
Allowing effects topicality is a limits disaster on this topic – everything the US does effects the international economy Derrick, 98 - Lieutenant Colonel Robert R. Derrick United States Army ("Engagement: The Nations Premier Grand Strategy, Who’s in Charge?" http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA342695) In addition to the agencies that administer the programs listed in figure 3, the AND national power, it becomes the responsibility of the regional CINCs and Ambassadors.
A2: CI
We have a comparative definition – excising negotiations from the topic is key to precision – only a definition that focuses on solely economics is valuable Dueck 6 (Colin, assistant professor of political science at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and the author of Reluctant Crusaders: Power, Culture and Change in American Grand Strategy, "Strategies for Managing Rogue States," Orbis Volume 50, Issue 2, Spring 2006, Pages 223–241, ) Engagement, a popular concept in recent years, actually has several possible meanings and AND "bargaining" when they have served very well up to now.11
A2: Reasonability
Reasonability is impossible—it undermines decision-making, research and preparation Resnick, 1 – assistant professor of political science – Yeshiva University (Evan, "Defining Engagement," Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 54, Iss. 2)
In matters of national security, establishing a clear definition of terms is a precondition AND "engagement," they undermine the ability to build an effective foreign policy.
9/20/13
Greenhill RR Round 7 vs Notre Dame AB
Tournament: Greenhill RR | Round: 7 | Opponent: Notre Dame AB | Judge: Collin Roark and Gabe Murillo
Transforming the semantics of an act involves "replacing unpleasant reality with desirable rhetoric, AND since these justifications are the basis on which morally reprehensible acts are perpetrated.
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops a theory about the causes of war — and thus aims to AND more sustainable, peaceful and non-violent global rule of the political.
The alternative is to deterritorialize the 1AC through a historical and critical lens – rather than objectively approaching their threat discourse, we choose more diverse forms of analysis Krause and Williams 97 (Keith Krause, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute on International and Development Studies, Michael C Williams, professor of international relations at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, "From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies," chapter 2 of Critical Security Studies, p 49-50)
The challenges to the conventional understanding of security and the object to be secured also AND grounded in reflexive practices rather than as the outcome of timeless structures.56
Off
A. Interpretation – engagement is a strategy depending on positive incentives which seeks to shape the behavior of a target country Haass 26 O’Sullivan, 2000 – *Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND *Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, (Richard N 26 Meghan L., "Terms of engagement: alternatives to punitive policies," Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 42, No. 2, Summer 2000, pp. 113–35, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1093/survival/42.2.113~~23preview) The term ’engagement’ was popularised in the early 1980s amid controversy about the Reagan AND to shape the behaviour of countries with which the US has important disagreements.
That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo De LaHunt, 6 – Assistant Director for Environmental Health 26 Safety Services in Colorado College’s Facilities Services department (John, "Perverse and unintended" Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science Direct) Incentives work on a quid pro quo basis – this for that. If you AND run, for at least two reasons – unintended consequences and perverse incentives.
Oil Spills
No risk of a spill – safety coop now, emergency authority and there is so little recoverable oil there won’t be much drilling Cardenas, 12 – former senior official at the U.S. State Department (Jose, "The phony Cuba embargo debate", Foreign Policy, March 21, 2012, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/03/21/the_phony_cuba_embargo_debate)//eek In recent weeks, an unholy alliance of political activists and economic opportunists have been AND any superfluous changes to U.S. policy towards the Castro dictatorship.
Turn – normalizing trade relations with Cuba leads to massive increase in investment and tourism, devastating the unique ecological environment Dean, 7 - science writer for the New York Times, taught seminars and courses at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and Vassar College, and the University of Rhode Island, member of the Corporation of Brown University, a founding member of the advisory board of the Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting (Cornelia, "Published: Conserving Cuba, After the Embargo", December 25, 2007 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/25/science/25cuba.html?pagewanted=all26_r=126)//ah Through accidents of geography and history, Cuba is a priceless ecological resource. That AND massive growth in mass tourism when the U.S. embargo lifts."
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; "From Apocalypse To Way of Life," pg. 185-186)
Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of liabilities AND give up, or even cut off ties to clearly terminal "nature."
No extinction Malcolm Gladwell, writer for The New Yorker and best-selling author The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32
Every infectious agent that has ever plagued humanity has had to adapt a specific strategy AND , but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.
The fear of disease securitizes the alien body of the infected – justifies ethnic cleansing in pursuit of the "perfect human" Gomel 2000 (Elana Gomel, English department head at Tel Aviv University, Winter 2000, published in Twentieth Century Literature Volume 46, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_4_46/ai_75141042-http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_4_46/ai_75141042) In the secular apocalyptic visions that have proliferated wildly in the last 200 years, AND the interplay of eschatology and politics in the construction of the apocalyptic body.
OAS
Litany of alt causes to cred Burgsdorff 9 (Ph. D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, "Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration", http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf)//NG As a matter of fact, together with other measures such as closing Guantanamo, signing up to the Kyoto Protocol and putting into practice the succeeding agreement under the Bali conference, and possibly, joining the International Criminal Court as well as ratifying further international human rights treaties such as the 1990 Convention on the Rights of the Child, it would be interpreted by the international community as steps towards effective multilateralism.
Economic engagement is an imperialist tool used to forward US geopolitical dominance – economic influence perpetuates the North/South geographical divide which makes war inevitable Jones, Jones, and Woods, 4 (Martin Jones* - PhD in Human Geography from the University of Manchester, Rhys Jones; Professor of Human Geography at the University of Wales Aberystwyth - Professor in Human Geography @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, Michael Woods* - PhD in Human Geography from Bristol University; Professor of Human Geography and Director of the Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, 2004, "AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Space, place and politics", http://118.97.161.124/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Geography/Geografi20manusia/Pengantar20Geografi20Politik.pdf) MD Political domination can take on many forms. At¶ its most basic and uncompromising AND and the broader international political economy (see Agnew and Corbridge¶ 1995).¶
China doesn’t pose a security threat to the US Zenko and Cohen 12 (Micah Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action AND yale.edu/content/clear-and-present-safety) As the threat from transnational terrorist groups dwindles, the United States also faces few AND Beijing will continue to prefer a strong United States to a weak one.
China’s not a threat Jiang, 7 – Deputy Director of the Institute of Latin American Studies (ILAS) of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Shixue, "Three Factors in Recent Development of Sino-Latin American Relations," in ENTER THE DRAGON? China’s Presence in Latin America, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/EnterDragonFinal.pdf, JMP) THE U.S. FACTOR IN SINO-LATIN AMERICAN RELATIONS A closer relationship AND America. Such an outcome would also certainly favor of the United States.
No China war Goldstein 11 - Professor and Director of the China Maritime Studies Institute @ US Naval War College ~Dr. Lyle J. Goldstein, "Resetting the US–China Security Relationship," Survival | vol. 53 no. 2 | April–May 2011 | pp. 89–116 Weighed in the aggregate, China’s rise remains a peaceful process, and the record AND no possibility of reaching a breakthrough in border negotiations.’2 pg. 90
Representations of China as a threat ignore the normative value-judgments inherent to the process of claiming to empirically know Chinese national and political identity—this makes security threats self-fulfilling prophecies Pan, 4 – PhD in Political Science and International Relations and member of the International Studies Association ISA (Chengxin Pan: "The "China threat" in American self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics", Alternatives RC)
China and its relationship with the United States has long been a fascinating subject of AND -1996 Taiwan Strait missile crisis and the 2001 spy-plane incident.
The spectral threat of nuclear war is itself part of a system of deterrence which neutralizes all events, including the real possibility of nuclear war. This is an implosive violence; the balance of terror is the terror of balance. That all things must be quilted through the nuclear issue marks its function as a simulacrum to conceal the death of politics Baudrillard 81 (Jean Baudrillard, ask Jack, "Simulacra and Simulation," pp 32-4) The apotheosis of simulation: the nuclear. However, the balance of terror is AND is dead, only simulacra of ¶ conflicts and carefully circumscribed stakes remain.
2NC
A2: Owen
he thinks that focus on political relevance causes bad epistemology which must be questioned Owen 2 (professor of social and political philosophy at the University of Southampton, PhD from Durham University, 2002, "Reorienting International Relations: On Pragmatism, Pluralism, and Practical Reasoning," published in the Millennium Journal of International Studies, Volume 31, Number 3) GZ
The first dimension concerns the relationship between positivist IR theory and postmodernist IR ’theory’ AND Shapiro and Rob Walker is to prevent us from becoming too readily bewitched.
Framework
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, "Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics," pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find ourselves in the turbulent and now globalized wake AND mock innocent political slaves who claim only to be technocrats of decision making.
4. Their framework causes passivity Antonio 95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, "Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History," American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1, GENDER MODIFIED)
According to Nietzsche, the "subject" is Socratic culture’s most central, durable AND 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, "Dismantling Security," http://purl.umn.edu/99479-http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz In contrast to traditional approaches to security, which assume an objective¶ world that AND security for rendering violence and¶ insecurity from the perspective of women.137
A2: Perm
Footnoting DA Der Derian 95 (James, Professor of Political Science – University of Massachusetts, International Theory: Critical Investigations, p. 374) But what happens - as seems to be the case to this observer - when AND , we might call this the ’Spiro-ette effect’ in International Relations.
Sequencing DA Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence: War against the Other, p. 31) This chapter remains focused on the aporias that lie at the heart of security AND events of our modernity, and it remains one of its essential underpinnings.
The permutation engages security through a political telos – blocks off critique Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4) These frameworks are interrogated at the level both of their theoretical conceptualisation and their practice AND a claustrophic structure of political and ethical possibility that systematically wards off critique.
Link
Their so called benign hegemonic strategy legitimizes a series of self-fulfilling prophecies in which any nation that steps outside of the globalized order is destroyed SAMIR AMIN director of the African office (in Dakar, Senegal) of the Third World Forum, an international nongovernmental association for research and debate, and chair of the World Forum for Alternatives. He is the author of numerous books and articles including Beyond U.S. Hegemony 25 FEB 2003 ("The Alternative to the neoliberal system of globalization and militarism Imperialism Today and the Hegemonic Offensive of the United States.")
28. The hegemonic strategy of the United States is articulated on the collective character AND acts in the interests of the peoples who are associated with the triad, MARKED motivated by the same "democratic" pulses, and even the interests of the AND sub?continent, intervening in the Amazon (Plan Colombia), etc.
Their MercoPress evidence describes the absence of war as a "peaceful solution" Cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and `Postmodern’ War," Robin Schott introduces some of the ways AND , and therefore can shape more nuanced theoretical and practical forms of resistance. MARKED For example, investigating the ways in which war is part of a presence allows AND the face of what appears to be the inevitability of war and militarism.
A2: Util
Utilitarian calculability makes annihilation of everything inevitable Dillon 99 – (Michael, professor of political science at the University of Lancaster, Political Theory, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Apr., 1999), pg 163- 164 jstor)
Otherness is born(e) within the self as an integral part of itself AND , is integral to the lack constitutive of the human way of being.
A2: No Root Cause
Their no root cause arguments white out colonialism – separating conditions for violence is an attempt to make them more invisible – the impact is extinction Nhanenge 07 (Jytte Nhanenge, MA in development studies at the University of South Africa, February 2007, "Ecofeminism: Towards Integrating the Concerns of Women, Poor People, and Nature into Development," page 90-1)
The four crises are difficult to resolve individually because they are interlinked and they therefore AND can be manipulated to benefit human beings. (Norgaard 1994: 6266).
1NR
Oil
You should be skeptical of their truth claims – apocalyptic environmental discourse causes scapegoating and resource exploitation which makes violence inevitable Kumari 12 (Parmila Kumari, Masters in International Relations; educated at University of Nottingham and The University of Birmingham; "Securitising The Environment: A Barrier To Combating Environment Degradation Or A Solution In Itself?", www.e-ir.info/2012/01/29/securitising-the-environment-a-barrier-to-combating-environment-degradation-or-a-solution-in-itself/) "The Dilemma should by now be apparent; securitising environmental issues runs the risk AND to immobilise any action towards dealing with the root causes of environmental degradation.
The energy debate in the United States introduces one more powerful argument in support of AND near U.S. shores. And that’s good for the environment.
Relations
The characterization of China has a threat robs it of subjectivity and entrenches its role as antithesis to the US Pan 04 – PhD in Political Science and International Relations and member of the International Studies Association ISA (Chengxin Pan: Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 29 Pg. 305 -307)
By now, it seems clear that neither China’s capabilities nor intentions really matter. AND our own minds; ~and~ ’they’ become ’they’ accordingly. "64
China threats are products of narcissistic understandings of the U.S.’s role in global politics – it results in containment which un-brackets war Pan 04’ – PhD in Political Science and International Relations and member of the International Studies Association ISA (Chengxin Pan: Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 29 Pg. 305 -307)
I have argued above that the "China threat" argument in main¬stream U. AND Union, but this may not work in the case of China."93
Transforming the semantics of … which morally reprehensible acts are perpetrated.
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops a theory about … and non-violent global rule of the political.
The alternative is to deterritorialize the 1AC through a historical and critical lens – rather than objectively approaching their threat discourse, we choose more diverse forms of analysis Krause and Williams 97 (Keith Krause, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute on International and Development Studies, Michael C Williams, professor of international relations at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, “From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies,” chapter 2 of Critical Security Studies, p 49-50)
The challenges to the conventional understanding … outcome of timeless structures.56 Off
A. Interpretation – “economic engagement” means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, “Containment and Engagement as Middle-Range Theories” Baltic Journal of Law and Politics Volume 3, Number 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/V10076-010-0015-7) The approach to engagement … to improve bilateral relations
That means trade and aid in the form of loans or grants Resnick, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” Vol. 54 No. 2, Political Science Complete) A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT … and academic exchanges(n25)
IP
U.S. IP leadership enables a neocolonial agenda of global neoliberal domination---this link is phenomenally specific to plan action Ugo Mattei 9, Professor at Hastings College of the Law and University of Turin; and Marco de Morpurgo, M.Sc. Candidate, International University College of Turin, LL.M. Candidate, Harvard Law School, 2009, “GLOBAL LAW and PLUNDER: THE DARK SIDE OF THE RULE OF LAW,” online: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1014andcontext=bocconi_legal_papers
There is a clear pattern of continuity, not of … transplantation of Western notions and institutions.
China doesn’t pose a security threat to the US Zenko and Cohen 12 (Micah Zenko, Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, and MIchael Cohen, Senior Fellow at the American Security Project, serves on the board of the National Security Network and has taught at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, served in the U.S. Department of State, former Senior Vice President at the strategic communications firm of Robinson, Lerer and Montgomery, bachelor’s degree in international relations from American University and a master’s degree from Columbia University, 3/14/2012, "Clear and Present Safety", yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/clear-and-present-safety) As the threat from transnational terrorist … United States to a weak one.
China’s not a threat Jiang, 7 – Deputy Director of the Institute of Latin American Studies (ILAS) of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (Shixue, “Three Factors in Recent Development of Sino-Latin American Relations,” in ENTER THE DRAGON? China’s Presence in Latin America, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/EnterDragonFinal.pdf, JMP) THE U.S. FACTOR IN SINO-LATIN AMERICAN … would also certainly favor of the United States.
No China war Goldstein 11 - Professor and Director of the China Maritime Studies Institute @ US Naval War College Dr. Lyle J. Goldstein, “Resetting the US–China Security Relationship,” Survival | vol. 53 no. 2 | April–May 2011 | pp. 89–116 Weighed in the aggregate, … border negotiations.’2 pg. 90
Representations of China as a threat ignore the normative value-judgments inherent to the process of claiming to empirically know Chinese national and political identity—this makes security threats self-fulfilling prophecies Pan, 4 – PhD in Political Science and International Relations and member of the International Studies Association ISA (Chengxin Pan: “The "China threat" in American self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics”, Alternatives RC)
China and its relationship … and the 2001 spy-plane incident Biotech
No impact food insecurity and it’s inevitable OECD, 11 ("Price Volatility in Food and Agricultural Markets: Policy Responses", Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Collaborative report undertaken by the FAO, IFAD, IMF, OECD, UNCTAD, WFP, the World Bank, WTO, IFPRI and UN HLTF, June, www.oecd.org/trade/agricultural-trade/48152638.pdf)
Most agricultural commodity … to increased volatility.
No extinction from disease Malcolm Gladwell, writer for The New Yorker and best-selling author The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32
Every infectious agent … microscopic life forms.
The fear of disease securitizes the alien body of the infected – justifies ethnic cleansing in pursuit of the “perfect human” Gomel 2000 (Elana Gomel, English department head at Tel Aviv University, Winter 2000, published in Twentieth Century Literature Volume 46, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_4_46/ai_75141042) In the secular apocalyptic … construction of the apocalyptic body. Econ No border terrorism and the status quo solves Powell 11 – Houston Chronicle writer(Stewart M., “Are Potential Terrorists Crossing into Texas From Mexico?”, 12/2/11; http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Are-potential-terrorists-crossing-into-Texas-from-2341185.php)//Beddow Pakistani officials told Texas' Republican … border and responds accordingly."
No risk of bioterror Mueller 99, John Mueller, Prof. Pol. Sci. @ Ohio State and Karl Mueller, June, ’99 (Foreign Affairs, l/n)
Biological weapons seem a … civil defense measures.
Bioterror discourse is grounded in a sense of vulnerability that turns the advantage – alt is key to solve Kittelsen, 9 – Researcher for the Security programme @ the International Peace Research Institute in Oslo (Sonja, “Conceptualizing Biorisk: Dread Risk and the Threat of Bioterrorism in Europe,” Security Dialogue vol. 40, no. 1, February)
The dread that the prospect … constitution of ‘security’ itself.
No threat – weak leadership and no recent attacks Zenko and Cohen 12, *Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, *Fellow at the Century Foundation, (Micah and Michael, "Clear and Present Safety," March/April, Foreign Affairs, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137279/micah-zenko-and-michael-a-cohen/clear-and-present-safety
NONE OF this is meant to … United States and its allies.
No risk of Mexican collapse – their authors are alarmists NAM, 11 New America Media, the country's first and largest national collaboration and advocate of 2000 ethnic news organizations, founded by the nonprofit Pacific News Service in 1996; “Mexico and the Myth of the ‘Failed State’,” 7/9/2011, http://newamericamedia.org/2011/07/mexico-and-the-myth-of-the-failed-state.phpbghs-ms
MERIDA, Mexico— For more … of civil government is possible.”
Countless factors check collapse Grayson, 10 George W. Grayson, Class of 1938 Professor of Government at the College of William and Mary senior associate at CSIS, an associate scholar at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, a member of the board of advisers of the Latin American Advisor, and senior adviser on Mexican affairs for the Washington-based Capital Insights Group, having made more than 125 research trips to Mexico; “Mexico: Narco-Violence and a Failed State?”, 2010, pg. 272 bghs-ms
Only a Cassandra in …Durango, Sinaloa, and Michoacan.
Kidnappings, torture and beheadings … from Ciudad Juarez to Acapulco.
2NC
A2: Perm do Both
7. The permutation engages security through a political telos – blocks off critique Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4) These frameworks are interrogated at … wards off critique.
AT: FW
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find … of decision making.
4. Their framework causes passivity Antonio 95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, “Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1, GENDER MODIFIED)
According to Nietzsche, the "subject" … 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz In contrast to traditional approaches … from the perspective of women.137
AT: Moore
Incentive theory doesn’t explain war, causes violence Goodman ‘5 (Ryan, Harvard Law School, “International Institutions and the Mechanisms of War” American Journal of International Law lexis)
John Norton Moore’s Solving the War … the prospects of peace.
AT: Heg
No impact to heg Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth noting … view on faith alone.
1NR
Biotech
New cures solve all diseases, including tuberculosis ASNS, 2008 ASNS, Africa Science News Service, Uganda, 9-15-2008, AIDS cure may lie in supercharged "mineral water" Antibiotics and vaccines that … profiting from humanity's suffering.
No asteroid threat Wall, 13 (Michael, Michael was a science writer for the Idaho National Laboratory and has been an intern at Wired.com, The Salinas Californian newspaper, and the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. He has also worked as a herpetologist and wildlife biologist. He has a Ph.D. in evolutionary biology from the University of Sydney, Australia, a bachelor's degree from the University of Arizona, and a graduate certificate in science writing from the University of California, Santa Cruz. “Deflecting Killer Asteroid Could Be Geopolitical Nightmare” by Mike Wall, SPACE.com Senior Writer: 14 March 2013) While astronomers have … "I mean, you're moving the whole world."
Econ Mexican geography is the intersection of US neoliberal and security practices – border policing is the North’s attempt to secure the harms of economic expansion and development, perpetuating militarism and widespread social injustice in the global South Coleman, 5 (Matt Coleman – Department of Geography, UCLA, “U.S. statecraft and the U.S.–Mexico border as security/economy nexus”, Political Geography) Mike Although not denying the symbolic … than their intended coherences. The impact is unending warfare waged against hostile “others” Coleman, 5 (Matt Coleman – Department of Geography, UCLA, “U.S. statecraft and the U.S.–Mexico border as security/economy nexus”, Political Geography) Mike Importantly, the border as … tough¶ immigration legislation.
The affirmative’s hegemonic subjectivity relies on western conceptions of the end of history Spanos, 2000 (William V., Prof. of Comparative Lit @ Suny-Binghamton, America’s Shadow, pgs. xvii-xviii) This accommodational strategy of representation, … Turner to Fukuyama and Haass.
This metaphysical grounding justifies extermination and makes their epistemology suspect Spanos, 5 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, “Humanism and Studia Humanitatis after 9/11/01: Rethinking the Anthropologos,” published in symploke volume 13 number 1-2) In 1991, following the disintegration … structure remains invisible.
The alternative is the judge should vote negative to embrace ontological exile – only a rethinking of thinking itself can break the shackles of Western hegemonic dominance Spanos 2000 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, 2000, “America’s Shadow: An Anatomy of Empire,” page 192-3)
Reconstellated into the context … difficult of tasks not impossible. Off
A. Interpretation – engagement is a strategy depending on positive incentives which seeks to shape the behavior of a target country Haass and O’Sullivan, 2000 – *Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND *Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, (Richard N and Meghan L., “Terms of engagement: alternatives to punitive policies,” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 42, No. 2, Summer 2000, pp. 113–35, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1093/survival/42.2.113#preview) The term ‘engagement’ was popularised in the early 1980s amid controversy about the Reagan administration’s policy of ‘constructive engagement’ towards South Africa. However, the term itself remains … US has important disagreements.
That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo De LaHunt, 6 – Assistant Director for Environmental Health and Safety Services in Colorado College's Facilities Services department (John, “Perverse and unintended” Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science Direct) Incentives work on a … and perverse incentives.
Off Cuba’s environment is protected now but normalizing trade relations leads to massive increase in investment and tourism in Cuba – devastates the unique ecological environment Dean, 7 - science writer for the New York Times, taught seminars and courses at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and Vassar College, and the University of Rhode Island, member of the Corporation of Brown University, a founding member of the advisory board of the Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting (Cornelia, “Published: Conserving Cuba, After the Embargo”, December 25, 2007 http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/25/science/25cuba.html?pagewanted=alland_r=1and)//ah Through accidents of geography and history, … when the U.S. embargo lifts.”
Continued environmental degradation results in extinction Birch, 12 - PhD, Emeritus Professor @ University of Sydney, Professor of Zoology, Professor of Biology, won the Templeton Prize in 1990, (Charles, "As Humans Send Earth Toward Extinction, " Feb. 29, http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/ecology/extinct.htm)//ahayes Unlike Alston Chase, Charles Birch is … and become extinct too. Transition
Lifting the embargo isn’t necessary Jorge 2k (Dr. Antonio, Professor of Political Economy at Florida International University, "The U.S. Embargo and the Failure of the Cuban Economy" (2000).Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies Occasional Papers.Paper 28. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/iccaspapers/28)
Under the real world of Castroism, however, … had financed his Revolution
Despite these advances, the Cuban … economic offerings.
b) Castro will put up internal restrictions Suchlicki 2k (JAIME SUCHLICKI is Emilio Bacardi Moreau Professor of History and International Studies and the Director of the Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies at the University of Miami. He was the founding Executive Director of the North-South Center. For the past decade he was also the editor of the prestigious Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. He is currently the Latin American Editor for Transaction Publishers and the author of Cuba: From Columbus to Castro (1997), now in its fourth edition, and editor with Irving L. Horowitz of Cuban Communism (1999). He is also the author of Mexico: From Montezuma to NAFTA (1998). He is a highly regarded consultant to both the private and public sector on Cuba and Latin American affairs. The U.S. Embargo of Cuba Jaime Suchlicki University of Miami June 2000 http://www6.miami.edu/iccas/USEmbargo.pdf, nkj)
Opponents of U.S. policy … against imperialist hostility.”
No risk of nuclear terror – assumes every warrant Mueller 10 (John, professor of political science at Ohio State, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science and Technology, Winter, http://www.issues.org/26.2/mueller.html) Politicians of all stripes preach … or one in three billion per attempt.
Their terrorism advantage is epistemologically suspect – legitimizes global violence Raphael 9—IR, Kingston University (Sam, Critical terrorism studies, ed. Richard Jackson, 49-51) ellipses in orig. Over the past thirty years, a … serves for the US state.
No escalation Fettweis, Asst Prof Poli Sci – Tulane, Asst Prof National Security Affairs – US Naval War College, ‘7 (Christopher, “On the Consequences of Failure in Iraq,” Survival, Vol. 49, Iss. 4, December, p. 83 – 98)
Without the US presence, a second argument … is far more likely than outright warfare.
North Korean apocalyptic threat discourse utilizes Manichean dichotomies to serve the American hegemonic project – the aff’s representations are militaristic attempts to stifle political dissent and exert coercive control over the orient – a strategy like the affirmative’s can only lead to napalm and radioactive ash Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 4-1-13, “US Protection Racket Root of Korea Conflict,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/04/01/us-protection-racket-root-of-korea-conflict/) gz The conflict emanates from Washington … of Washington’s Mafia regime.
Multilat
There is no uniqueness to this advantage—no evidence that multilat is declining now—here’s evidence that says the opposite Walt 11 (Stephen, Professor of International Relations – Harvard University, “Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?” Foreign Policy, 12-5, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem, GDI File) --threats to our cred are always exaggerated --nobody can overtake us A perennial preoccupation of …to actually do it.
1ac lake evidence concludes the plan fails and that public backlash takes out solvency Lake 10 (Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego, David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG At the same time, if any … multilateral compact.
More 1ac ev says there’s a litany of alt causes Burgsdorff 9 (Ph. D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf)//NG As a matter of fact, together … effective multilateralism.
Their conception of the power triangle between India, US, and China is steeped in ahistorical, hypermasculine and inaccurate models of power that push out more accurate and peaceful understandings of the relationships between peoples of the countries they describe—reject their discourse Banerjee and Ling, 6 Payal, (PhD, Syracuse University, Sociology) is an Assistant Professor in Sociology @ Syracuse AND L. H. M., Associate Professor in the Graduate Program in International Affairs (GPIA) at The New School in New York City “Hypermasculine War Games: Triangulating US-India-China” http://www.gpia.info/files/u1/wp/2006-12.pdf This paper examines the current … in contemporary world politics.
2NC
Burke
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops a theory about … global rule of the political.
Framework
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find … of decision making.
4. Their framework causes passivity Antonio 95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, “Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1, GENDER MODIFIED)
According to Nietzsche, … 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz In contrast to traditional approaches … from the perspective of women.137
AT: Soft Power
Their only warrant is DPT – that creates violent policy – negatives outweigh any theoretical gains Smith ’11 (Tony, Cornelia M. Jackson Prof. of Politics Science @ Tufts U., “Democratic Peace Theory: From Promising Theory to Dangerous Practice” International Relations, Vol. 25.2, pp. 151-156)
Its virtues recognized, the … forward for the common good.
AT: Perm
And, the permutation is merely the same attempt to continue the western frame of thinking. The attempt at making minor epistemic adjustments via reforms is not enough. We need a radical epistemological re-evaluation. Deloria 1999 Vine, For this land p 101
But this replacement only begins the … designed to create reforms.
Link
That makes violence inevitable Cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and `Postmodern' War," … of war and militarism.
Transforming the semantics of … reprehensible acts are perpetrated.
AT: Util
Utilitarian calculability makes annihilation of everything inevitable Dillon 99 – (Michael, professor of political science at the University of Lancaster, Political Theory, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Apr., 1999), pg 163- 164 jstor)
Otherness is born(e) within the … of the human way of being.
1NR
Environment DA Tolerating the destruction of this ecosystem saps us of our humanity—it makes nuclear war and human extinction inevitable. Murray Bookchin, co-founder of the Institute of Social Ecology, 1987 ("An Appeal For Social and Psychological Sanity," The Modern Crisis, Published by Black Rose Books Ltd., ISBN 0920057624, p. 106-108) Industrially and technologically, … a green and living world.
Transition
Threats become real through their construction Mack 90 (John E., Professor of Psychiatry – Harvard University Medical School, The Psychodynamics of International Relationships, Ed. Volkan, 1, p. 58-59) Attempts to explore the … objectivity” (Bunting 1986).
Multilat Here’s another 1ac author with even more alt causes Grandin 10 – teaches history at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Greg, “Empire's Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America,” New Labor Forum, 19:1, Winter 2010, pg. 14-23)SJF
Here’s what such a policy could look … small quantities of cocaine and heroin.
Representations of China as a threat ignore the normative value-judgments inherent to the process of claiming to empirically know Chinese national and political identity—this makes security threats self-fulfilling prophecies Pan 04 – PhD in Political Science and International Relations and member of the International Studies Association ISA (Chengxin Pan: “The "China threat" in American self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics”, Alternatives RC)
China and its relationship with the United States … and the 2001 spy-plane incident.
10/1/13
Greenhill Round 5 vs CE Byrd
Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 5 | Opponent: CE Byrd GN | Judge: Brock Hanson 1NC Off Give us the ballot Off
The AFF’s celebration of death anesthetizes any attempt to theorize bare life in the political. The AFF’s attempt to engage death as an excess to be aesthetically consumed turns the deaths of the War on Terror into a porno flick. Noys 2005 /Benjamin, Reader in English @ Chichester, The Culture of Death, BERG: Oxford, Pg 102-103/
However, Bataille’s aesthetic of … to revel in becoming bare life ? The affirmative’s celebration of joy before death mirrors the movement of sovereign power by celebrating bare life. The separation of bare life is the condition of possibility for biopolitical violence. The AFF aesthetics of death denies a political analysis of bare life. The AFF is trapped in a labrynth of clinical voyeurism unable to see how their practice is structured by sovereign power. Noys 2005 /Benjamin, Reader in English @ Chichester, The Culture of Death, BERG: Oxford, Pg. 117-118/ For Agamben he makes two mistakes: … to fragmentation and destruction.
In this world, politics become murderous – the entirety of the world is reduced to bare life in an attempt to rid the public sphere of all risk. The only option becomes the extermination of all life Duarte, 5 – professor of Philosophy at Universidade Federal do Paraná (André, “Biopolitics and the dissemination of violence: the Arendtian critique of the present,” April 2005, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017andcontext=andre_duarte)//bghs-BI These historic transformations … of extending hospitality and solidarity towards others. Case
The affirmatives reading of the accursed share within capitalism assumes a system of acceleration which will culminate in absolute deterritorialisation. This advocacy destroys any possibility or resistance through negativity; thereby, dooming us to sit in the burning house of neoliberalism just hoping the fire will go out before it reaches our floor. Noys 2010 Benjamin, Reader in English @ Chichester, The Persistence of the Negative: A Critique of Contemporary Continental Theory, Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, Pg 65-66/ The undoubted power of Deleuze’s … in terms of vital positivity.
Baudrillard’s basis for his critique of capital positing commodity exchange falls short of symbolic exchange measures it against merely a romantic ideal; this justifies free trade and consumption and invalidates his radical alternative Phil, 7 – last name not given, does Labour Party and trade union things. Reads books, plays retro video games, and owns an impeccable music taste (“Symbolic Exchange and Death: A Farewell to Baudrillard,” http://averypublicsociologist.blogspot.com/2007/03/symbolic-exchange-and-death-farewell-to.html)//bghs-BI Unsurprisingly most obituaries have … and having them passed off as profound meditations.
Post-al politics of the contemporary left focuses on discourse and language at the expense of analyzing real material conditions – this is complicit with capitalism, especially insofar as it obscures the operation of political economy and the material reality of capitalism Zavarzadeh, Dept English @ Syracuse, 1994 (Mas’ud, “The Stupidity that Consumption is Just as Productive as Production”, The Alternative Orange, V 4, Fall/Winter, http://www.etext.org/Politics/AlternativeOrange/4/v4n1_cpp.html) The task of this text1 is to lay bare … but a tropological description.5
By banishing the specter of death, they just make the sarcophagus invisible, turning confrontation into obsession Dollimore, Sociology – U Sussex, 98 (Jonathan, Death, Desire and Loss in Western Culture, pg. 221) Jean Baudrillard presents the …, compellingly and irreducibly traumatic.
Their search for an authentic relationship to mortality recreates the worst kind of solipsism Dollimore, Sociology – U Sussex, ’98 (Jonathan, Death, Desire and Loss in Western Culture, pg. 221) But freedom cannot embrace death. … it in my subjectivity' (pp. 547-8).
2NC
2NC – Alternative
The role of the judge is to determine which way of thinking about death in the context of modernity is a more accurate and useful form of analysis. The role of the theorist is not to dictate the practice of politics; instead, the negatives understanding bare life and sovereign power provides the best starting point through which we can come to interrogate modern violence as exemplified by the war on terror. Noys 2005 /Benjamin, Reader in English @ Chichester, The Culture of Death, BERG: Oxford, Pg. 145-146/
In this final chapter, I have turned … in the face of the exposure to death.? ? AT: Perm
Politics operates through appearances – rejection is necessary Agamben, 2000 – professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris (Giorgio, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95)
Exposition is the location of politics. If there … watches over its management.
2NC Link and Alternative
The attempt to shatter everyday life through an experience of death destroys the possibility of thinking death in relation to bare life. The affirmative ignores the mediation of death via imagery. The affirmatives aesthetization of death is nothing more than a voyeuristic fantasy of experiencing a snuff film. The affirmatives piles meaning on death and shifts our understanding of bare life from banality to intensity. Against this theorization we must shift to an aesthetics of bare life which can properly locate death in its relation to sovereign power. Noys 2005 /Benjamin, Reader in English @ Chichester, The Culture of Death, BERG: Oxford, Pg. 122-124/
In this chapter we have traced the path from … to death in modern culture. ? 2NC Link – Passion for the Real
The AFF’s desire to come closer to death is an attempt to break through to the real. This passion for the real cannot escape our culture of the image and risks reducing death to a pornographic play of torture. Noys 2005 /Benjamin, Reader in English @ Chichester, The Culture of Death, BERG: Oxford, Pg.105-106/
The desire to break through to reality, the passion … and our exposure to death? ? 2NC Link – Pseudo-Gothic Aesthetics
The 1AC incorporates death into a representational field; thus, defanging the shocking potential of death as abyss. The AFF’s call to confront death amounts to nothing more than the predictable musings of a pseudo-Gothic aesthetic: the aff is a banal farce. Noys 2005 /Benjamin, Reader in English @ Chichester, The Culture of Death, BERG: Oxford, Pg. 115-116/
Bataille’s attempts to do this … construct an aesthetic of death? ? 1NR
The affirmatives endorsement of negative accelerationism is merely a belief in teleological closure. This position eliminates subjective agency and reduces resistance to passivity. The AFF is no more than agents of neoliberal domination. Noys 2010 /Benjamin, Reader in English @ Chichester, The Persistence of the Negative: A Critique of Contemporary Continental Theory, Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, Pg 7-9/ The difficulties are obvious. While the … mysticism of the deus absconditus.
10/1/13
Harvard Doubles vs Blake
Tournament: Harvard | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Blake SW | Judge: Abby Schirmer, Stephen Weil, Andrew Arsht
1NC
Off
Failure to disclose new affirmatives is a voting issue
First is reactivity – it destroys the negative’s ability to prepare for the debate which is key to in-depth education and clash.
Second is dialogic clarity – your education is meaningless Gerald Graff, University of English26 Education, University of Illinois at Chicago, Clueless in Academe: How Schooling Obscures The Life of The Mind, ’3, p. 11-12
But an even more important point that some readers of my work have missed is AND the academic habit of evading conflict helps obscure the life of the mind.
Third is ideological coalitions – you prevent self-reflexive politics Torvalds and Diamond ’1 ~Linus (Creator of Linux) and David (freelance contributor to the New York Times and Business Week); "Why Open Source Makes Sense"; Educause Review; November/December; p. 71-2 nick~
It’s the best illustration of the limitless benefits to be derived from the open AND by a peer-review process that has no, er, peer.
Counterinterpretation – giving us a rough outline of your aff solves your offense
Off
Since World War I, violence has been normalized by the globalization of the state of exception when the law justifies its own suspension, transforming itself into a killing machine, and ushering in global civil war. Return to the legal normal authorizes such violent international aggression Agamben, 5 Giorgio Agamben, famous philosopher, The State of Exception, pg. 85
It is perhaps possible at this point to look back upon the path trav- AND working of the machine that is leading the West toward global civil war.
Refuse attempts to reform the legal system and doom it to its own nihilistic destruction—we must refuse all conceptual apparatuses of capture Prozorov, 10 Sergei Prozorov, professor of political and economic studies at the University of Helsinki, "Why Giorgio Agamben is an optimist," Philosophy Social Criticism 2010 36: pg. 1065
In a later work, Agamben generalizes this logic and transforms it into a basic AND achieved by the practice of subtraction that we address in the following section.¶
We live in an unprecedented time of crisis. The violence that characterized the twentieth AND rhetoric, ultimately rests on the threat of military violence and police brutality¶
Mexico
No risk of Mexican collapse – their authors are alarmists NAM, 11 New America Media, the country’s first and largest national collaboration and advocate of 2000 ethnic news organizations, founded by the nonprofit Pacific News Service in 1996; "Mexico and the Myth of the ’Failed State’," 7/9/2011, http://newamericamedia.org/2011/07/mexico-and-the-myth-of-the-failed-state.phpbghs-ms MERIDA, Mexico— For more than four decades, Americans have expressed alarm at AND to that of Pakistan, where wholesale collapse of civil government is possible."
Countless factors check collapse Grayson, 10 George W. Grayson, Class of 1938 Professor of Government at the College of William 26 Mary senior associate at CSIS, an associate scholar at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, a member of the board of advisers of the Latin American Advisor, and senior adviser on Mexican affairs for the Washington-based Capital Insights Group, having made more than 125 research trips to Mexico; "Mexico: Narco-Violence and a Failed State?", 2010, pg. 272 bghs-ms Only a Cassandra in deep funk could conclude that Mexico will implode as is possible AND , and in states like Guerrero, Durango, Sinaloa, and Michoacan.
Kidnappings, torture and beheadings - the so-called war on drugs has ravaged AND news of journalists killed or dead bodies dumped from Ciudad Juarez to Acapulco.
The end of the Cold War shaped a new international political context where the issues AND also when we want to analyse states in Africa, and especially Somalia.
U.S. "rule of law" leadership enables a neocolonial agenda of global neoliberal domination Ugo Mattei 9, Professor at Hastings College of the Law 26 University of Turin; and Marco de Morpurgo, M.Sc. Candidate, International University College of Turin, LL.M. Candidate, Harvard Law School, 2009, "GLOBAL LAW 26 PLUNDER: THE DARK SIDE OF THE RULE OF LAW," online: http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=101426context=bocconi_legal_papers There is a clear pattern of continuity, not of rupture, between the current AND local complexities and suggests radical and universal transplantation of Western notions and institutions.
Democratic/liberal peace theory ignores the violence that goes into creating pliant regimes willing to trade with the US—-naturalizes mass violence in the interim and makes long term collapse inevitable Herman 12—professor emeritus of finance at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (Edward, 7/25/12, Reality Denial : Steven Pinker’s Apologetics for Western-Imperial Volence, http://www.zcommunications.org/reality-denial-steven-pinkers-apologetics-for-western-imperial-volence-by-edward-s-herman-and-david-peterson-1) Pinker’s establishment ideology kicks-in very clearly in his comparative treatment of communism, AND economic reform," Jawaharal Nehru University economist Utsa Patnaik observes.~154~ .
Royal votes neg – the next page says decline disincentives saber rattling Royal, their author, 10—director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises", published in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 217, google books)
There is, however, another trend at play. Economic crises tend to fragment AND and they are needed most’ (Schweller, 2006, p. 130).
No impact to the economy Thomas P.M. Barnett (senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC and a contributing editor/online columnist for Esquire magazine) August 2009 "The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis" http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules—security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx When the global financial crisis struck roughly a year ago, the blogosphere was ablaze AND fear-mongering to proceed apace. That’s what the Internet is for.
Economic threat predictions will cause the US to manipulate regimes in a non-democratic fashion—-link turns the whole case and empirically kills millions Neocleous, Prof of Gov, 08 ~Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, Critique of Security, p95-~ In other words, the new international order moved very quickly to reassert the connection between economic and national security: the commitment to the former was simultaneously a commitment to the latter, and vice versa. As the doctrine of national security was being born, the major player on the international stage would aim to use perhaps its most important power of all – its economic strength – in order to re-order the world. And this re AND by using notions such as ’personal freedom’ and’social equality’.101 Marx and Engels once highlighted the historical role of the bour geoisie in shaping the AND In one word, it creates a world after its own image.102 In the second half of the twentieth century this ability to ’batter down all AND only nestled, settled and established connections, but also’secured’ everywhere. Security politics thereby became the basis of a distinctly liberal philosophy of global ’intervention’ AND rogue’ or ’outlaw’ states on the ’wrong side of history’.104 ’Extrapolating the ?gures as best we can’, one CIA agent commented in 1991 AND of neo-liberal regulations. But a wide range of other techniques have been used: terror bombing; subversion; rigging elections; the use of the CIA’s ’Health Alteration Committee’ whose mandate was to ’incapacitate’ foreign of?cials; drug-traf?cking;107 and the sponsorship of terror groups, counterinsurgency agencies, death squads. Unsurprisingly, some plain old fascist groups and parties have been co- opted into the project, from the attempt at reviving the remnants of the Nazi collaborationist Vlasov Army for use against the USSR to the use of fascist forces to undermine democratically elected governments, such as in Chile; indeed, one of the reasons fascism ?owed into Latin America was because of the ideology of national security.108 Concomitantly, ’national security’ has meant a policy of non-intervention where satisfactory ’security partnerships’ could be established with certain authoritarian and military regimes: Spain under Franco, the Greek junta, Chile, Iraq, Iran, Korea, Indonesia, Cambodia, Taiwan, South Vietnam, the Philippines, Turkey, the ?ve Central Asian republics that emerged with the break-up of the USSR, and China. Either way, the whole world was to be included in the new’secure’ global liberal order. The result has been the slaughter of untold numbers. John Stock well, who was part of a CIA project in Angola which led to the deaths of over 20,000 people, puts it like this: Coming to grips with these U.S./CIA activities in broad numbers and AND I was part of – and 22,000 killed in Nicaragua.109 Note that the six million is a minimum ?gure, that he omits to mention AND the world, and launched a new round of slaughtering to prove it. While much has been made about the supposedly ’new’ doctrine of preemption in the AND , the United States will, if necessary, act pre emptively.110 In other words, the security policy of the world’s only superpower in its current ’war on terror’ is still underpinned by a notion of liberal order-building based on a certain vision of ’economic order’. The National Security Strategy concerns itself with a ’single sustainable model for national success’ based on ’political and economic liberty’, with whole sections devoted to the security bene?ts of ’economic liberty’, and the bene?ts to liberty of the security strategy proposed.111
State-based policies to combat drugs structurally fail
Freeman and Luis Sierra, 5 (*Laurie, Director for Yemen at the National AND The impact of U.S. Policy", Rienner, Google Books) U.S. drug control policy toward the Caribbean has failed to achieve even AND has been the practice of the U.S. drug control bureaucracy.
The war on drugs hasn’t curtailed illegal drug trade
Boesler, 12 (Matthew, reporter for Business Insider’s markets desk, and Ashley Lutz, writer for Business Insider’s retail section, "32 Reasons Why We Need To End The War On Drugs," Business Insider, 7/12/12, http://www.businessinsider.com/32-reasons-why-we-need-to-end-the-war-on-drugs-2012-7?op=1) The ’war on drugs’ is insanely expensive In the past 40 years, The US AND door wide open for all kinds of unexpected harm caused and little accountability.
Crackdowns will only cause ballooning displacement
Youngers and Rosin, 5 (*Coletta, Senior Fellow at the Washington Office on Latin America, consultant with the International Drug Policy Consortium, B.A. from the University of the South in Political Science, M.A. from Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, researcher at Oxford University, Eileen, researcher at WOLA, "The U.S. "War on Drugs": Its Impact in Latin America and the Caribbean, "Drugs and Democracy in Latin America", Rienner, 2005, Google Books, JKahn) A significant gap exists in U.S. drug control programs between expansive goals AND are disrupted by intensive interdiction campaigns, they are simply shifted elsewhere 5.
It increases cartel profits because they can justify jacking up prices to compensate for risk of punishment – just leads to bigger cartels Becker, 13 (Gary S., professor of economics and sociology at the University of Chicago, Nobel laureate, and Kevin M. Murphy, professor of economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, "Have We Lost the War on Drugs?," Wall Street Journal, 1/4/13, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324374004578217682305605070.html, Tashma) Prices of illegal drugs are pushed up whenever many drug traffickers are caught and punished AND the U.S., Mexico, Colombia, Brazil and other countries.
2NC
OV
The power to facilitate inclusion and exclusion, simultaneous protection and destruction of life is the foundation of modern violence Duarte, 5 – professor of Philosophy at Universidade Federal do Paraná (André, "Biopolitics and the dissemination of violence: the Arendtian critique of the present," April 2005, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=101726context=andre_duarte) These historic transformations have not only brought more violence to the core of the political AND actions of acknowledging and welcoming, of extending hospitality and solidarity towards others.
2NC Bare Life Impact
The biopolitical determination of the threshold beyond which life ceases to have juridical value creates the category of a "life devoid of value" which spills over to the biological body of every living being and nullifies value to death Agamben, 98 – professor of philosophy at university of Verona (Giorgio, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 139-140) It is not our intention here to take a position on the difficult ethical problem AND category. It now dwells in the biological body of every living being.
2NC FW
Representations and exposition are the organizing principles behind the debate which we can challenge to alter power Agamben, 2000 – professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris (Giorgio, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95) Exposition is the location of politics. If there is no ani¬mal politics, that AND media, while a new class of bureaucrats jealously watches over its management.
AT: Perm
The only ethical position is to refuse the sovereign fiction of lines between inside and outside. Edkins and Pin-Fat 05. Jenny Edkins, professor of international politics at Prifysgol Aberystwyth University (in Wales) and Veronique Pin-Fat, senior lecturer in politics at Manchester Universit, "Through the Wire: Relations of Power and Relations of Violence," Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2005 34: pg. 14
One potential form of challenge to sovereign power consists of a refusal to draw any AND intersection of politics and philosophy, medico-biological sciences and jurisprudence.60
The "war on drugs" was introduced into the American lexicon by Richard Nixon AND nullified and subverted as sovereign state actors are losing power to drug cartels.
AT: Reformism Good
Stop using the legal system to fix problems within the legal system—the state of exception and its disregard of its own very laws is the maximum point of tension—use the crisis of the 1ac an impulse to craft a new politics Prozorov 10. Sergei Prozorov, professor of political and economic studies at the University of Helsinki, "Why Giorgio Agamben is an optimist," Philosophy Social Criticism 2010 36: pg. 1057
The second principle of Agamben’s optimism is best summed up by Ho ?lderlin’s phrase, AND the logic of redemption through the traversal of ’danger’ in more detail. It is evident that the danger at issue in Agamben’s work is nihilism in its AND -utopian and draws all its resources from the condition of contemporary nihilism.
Moreover, this nihilism is the only possible resource for this politics, which would AND condition itself in order to reappropriate human existence from its biopolitical confinement.28 Thus, while the aporia of the negation of negativity might lead other thinkers to AND biopolitical apparatus prepares its self-destruction by fully manifesting its own vacuity.
1NR
Util
Utilitarian calculability justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end
Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, "The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza," pp 8-10) The theological origins of the lesser evil argument cast a long shadow on the present AND so. The demand of his ethics are grounded in this impossibility.17
Econ
Royal votes neg – the next page says decline disincentives saber rattling Royal, their author, 10—director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, "Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises", published in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 217, google books)
There is, however, another trend at play. Economic crises tend to fragment AND and they are needed most’ (Schweller, 2006, p. 130).
WOD
Their epistemology is flawed – the benefits of War on Drugs constitute a hyperbolic ruse perpetuated by the government – drug trade is only violent because it’s a reaction to the war on drugs
Fukumi, 8 (Sayaka, PhD student in International Relations at the University of Nottingham, Cocaine Trafficking in Latin America, Ashgate Publishing Company, pg. 90-94) Crime and Violence related to Cocaine The use of violence by traffickers and dealers is AND the infl uence of cocaine on unborn babies has yet to be proved.
2/26/14
Harvard Finals vs Bronx Law
Tournament: Harvard | Round: Finals | Opponent: Bronx Law AL | Judge: David Herman, Brad Bolman, David Neustadt, Paul Banks, Jake Seaton
1NC
Off
The absence of the animal is the presence of anthropocentrism
Bell 26 Russell, 2000 (Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf) For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and AND Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged. 1
The brutalization and racialization of black populations is horrific but there is an important divergence – they were never served on a plate and eaten – the ethics of eating should be the starting point of impact calculus
PUGLIESE ’13 (Joseph, Research Director, MMCCS @ Macquarie U., State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones, pp. 44-45) ~gender modified~ In his profound meditation on ’the caesura between the human and the animal’ as AND non-negotiable claim to the human: they could not be eaten.
Anthropocentrism is the original and foundational hierarchy that structures all other forms of oppression
Best, 7 (Steven – Chair of Philosophy @ University of Texas – El Paso, Review of Charles Patterson’s "The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust", Journal for Critical Animal Studies, http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf-http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf)MD While a welcome advance over the anthropocentric conceit that only humans shape human actions, AND and stewardship, which however was Judaic moral baggage official Christianity left behind.¶
Our countermethodology is to write in the place of the animals that die – this process of forefronting the positionality of the animal is necessary to promote ethical self-reflexivity – the role of the ballot is to move towards a true political space
Collard 13—Geography Department at the University of British Columbia (Rosemary-Claire, "Apocalypse Meow", Capitalism Nature Socialism, 24:1, 35-41, dml) ’’A true political space,’’ writes Swyngedouw (2010b, 194), ’’ AND neglects how these very subversions and exclusions are the order’s condition of being.
Case
Anti-blackness is contingent, not quotidian, and their discourse is self-fulfilling
Hudson 13 (Peter, Prof @ U of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, The State and the Colonial Unconscious, Social Dynamics: A Journal of African Studies, 39(2), p. 263-77) NOTE: Footnote 2 is included in the text of this evidence. *We don’t endorse gendered language. "The black man is … a determinate identity
Debate today is marked by a structural conflict. The question of a structural dichotomy between blackness and whiteness dominates discussions, forcing people to rethink their relationship to race and privilege. This binary is a productive one, but it masks a structural silence on the status of other identities that undermines its emancipatory goals.
Alcoff, 3 (Linda Martin Alcoff – professor of philosophy at CUNY, 2003, "LATINO/AS, ASIAN AMERICANS, AND THE BLACK–WHITE BINARY", The Journal of Ethics, Volume 7, pp. 5-27) MD ¶ It is unlikely … and the white poor).
As long as the discussion of race stays within a binary, all people of color will be stuck in a white supremacist system.
Alcoff ’6 (Linda Martín Alcoff, Prof. of Philosophy at CUNY, Latinos, Asian Americans, and the Black?White Binary, in Visible Identities: Race, Gender, and the Self, Oxford Scholarship Online) Critics of the black/white … (Okihiro 1994; Prashad 2000; Wu 2002).
The silence bred by the dominance of the black/white binary allows conservative forces to divide and conquer – the model minority myth, the tale of the high-performing Asian who proves that social uplift is possible is a paradigmatic example of a liminal identity being redeployed as a weapon in service of antiblackness
Prashad 2 (Vijay Prashad, George and Martha Kellner Chair in South Asian History and Professor of International Studies, 2002, "Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting," pp. 40-46 The moral and … message than we suspect.
2/26/14
Harvard Octos vs Acorn
Tournament: Harvard | Round: Octas | Opponent: Acorn AJ | Judge: Dylan Quigley, Keegan Tomik, Andrew Geathers
1NC
Off
The brutalization and racialization of black populations is horrific but there is an important divergence – they were never served on a plate and eaten – the ethics of eating should be the starting point of impact calculus
PUGLIESE ’13 (Joseph, Research Director, MMCCS @ Macquarie U., State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones, pp. 44-45) ~gender modified~
In his profound meditation on ’the caesura between the human and the animal’ as AND non-negotiable claim to the human: they could not be eaten.
Anthropocentrism is the original and foundational hierarchy that structures all other forms of oppression
While a welcome advance over the anthropocentric conceit that only humans shape human actions, AND and stewardship, which however was Judaic moral baggage official Christianity left behind.¶
Our countermethodology is to write in the place of the animals that die – this process of forefronting the positionality of the animal is necessary to promote ethical self-reflexivity – the role of the ballot is to move towards a true political space
Collard 13—Geography Department at the University of British Columbia (Rosemary-Claire, "Apocalypse Meow", Capitalism Nature Socialism, 24:1, 35-41, dml)
’’A true political space,’’ writes Swyngedouw (2010b, 194), ’’ AND neglects how these very subversions and exclusions are the order’s condition of being.
Case
The aff is a sentimental politics which promises an empathetic identification will suddenly reshape the debate community and the world through the actualization of an ethics of care – they imagine their presentation of experience as a prophylactic against the resurgence of violence which ignores that liberal moralism is the motor of modern oppression – they call on victims to bargain for a more just world by exposing their wounds for academic consumption – this act of politicization relies on a victim economy where bodies are forced to dance for an infinitely deferred freedom – this vampirically drains the oppressed of life while extracting jouissance and institutional advancement for academics
Berlant 1998 /Lauren, George M. Pullman Professor, Department of English, University of Chicago, "Poor Eliza," American Literature, Vol. 70, No. 3, No More Separate Spheres21 (Sep., 1998), Duke University Press, pg. 635-668/ What distinguishes these … of the stereotypical image.
This process of appropriation through empathetic identification with the other is the root cause of colonial violence
Waldenfels 1995 /Bernhard, professor of philosophy at Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany, "Response to the Other," in The Psychology of Human Possibility and Constraint: Studies in Literature, History, and Culture, google books, 37-8/ It has often been … appropriation of the world.
Love is property—it is is the drive for appropriation of the other
Derrida, 97 Visiting Professor at NYU, 1997 ~Jacques, Politics of Friendship, p. 64-65~ This ’disappropriation’ ~dépropriation~ would undoubtedly beckon to this other ’love’ whose true name AND (Unsere Nächstenliebe - ist sie nicht ein drang each rituals Eigentum?)’ This question is doubly important. In contesting the Christian revolution of love as much AND which tends only towards possession (Besitzen) - is incapable of doing. Is this to say that friendship, rightly named, will carry itself beyond Eros? Beyond Eros in general? Or beyond love between two sexes? Nietzsche does not unfold these questions in this form. But let us not conceal AND what is new? (und uberhaupt all fetter Drang nab Neuigkeiten?)’
Love reproduces a western valuation of property and intimate possession; an ethics of love reduces any of loves radical potential to banal television selling us a newer, better life
Belsey, 94 Centre for Critical and Cultural Theory, 1994 ~Catherine, "Postmodern Love: Questioning the Metaphysics of Desire," New Literary History 25.3: 683-705, jstor, p. 683-687~ CAN’T BUY ME LOVE. To the degree that the postmodern condition implies an unbridled consumerism, the cultural logic AND short, that the market is unable to provide or fails to guarantee. To the degree, however, that postmodernity in general, and Derrida’s work in particular, also represents a skeptical attitude to metaphysics, a radical questioning of presence, transcendence, certainty, and all absolutes, the postmodern condition brings with it an incredulity toward true love. Where, we might ask, in the light of our experience, the statistics, our philosophy, or any documentary evidence outside popular romance, are its guarantees, its continuities, proof of its ability to fulfill its undertakings? At the same time, no amount of skepticism does away with desire which, AND desire, of what we know our desire to be (PC 194). When Ferdinand de Saussure drew attention to the problem of translation, he enabled his AND relegated by the signifier, the signified has no autonomy, no substance. There is thus no guarantee that our linguistic, signifying, differential cognitive maps are AND efface old convictions. But the possession of truth is not an option. The Enlightenment took a judicial stand on cultural difference. It assessed and weighed the AND intentioned, has come to look like the last infirmity of noble minds. Or worse. Because truth is a legislator, and it has imposed its values on all those who have had a more restricted access to it, who have not been entitled to act as its guarantors-the working class, the non- Western world, women. As palpably as any fundamentalism (if less spectacularly), middle-class, white, patriarchal truth has legitimated exclusions, oppressions, and violence; it has justified appropriation, damage, and destruction. And true love, too, itself another kind of fundamentalism, has legalized prohibitions AND violence and child abuse, concealed within the privacy of the nuclear family. II Love is thus at once endlessly pursued and ceaselessly suspected. Can such a paradoxical value speak or be spoken? Desired as the ultimate good, feared as constraint, doubted as an illusion, postmodern love is both silent and garrulous. It cannot speak, and yet it seems that it never ceases to speak in late twentieth-century Western culture. It is silent, first, in recognition of its deep banality. "Every AND to capture, and affirms the difference it sets out to efface, the
2NC
THE QUESTION OF IMPACT CALCULUS IS ABSOLUTE – ONLY THE HUMAN DIES BUT THE ANIMAL MERELY PERISHES TO UNMARKED GRAVES – THE GRATUITOUS VIOLENCE ENACTED UPON THE ANIMAL BODY FUNCTIONS AS A FORM OF ONTOLOGICAL DECATEGORIZATION THAT TRANSMUTES IT INTO THE NON-BODY Pugliese, 13 (Joseph Pugliese – Associate Professor of Cultural Studies at Macquarie University specializing in social justice, "State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites," 2013, pg. pg. 167-70, gender modified) MD
The CIA black site in which Rahman is held captive is not the prison- AND power relations generate a situation ’which can’t be lived through.’ 35
1NR
The AFF is a form of empathetic identification which is a process of deathmaking which ensures the smooth functioning of imperialism. The AFF’s fantasy of change through investment in the law shields criticism and guises violence. Berlant 1999 /Lauren, George M. Pullman Professor, Department of English, University of Chicago, "The Subject of True Feeling: Pain, Privacy and Politics" in Cultural Pluralism, Identity Politics and the Law ed. Sarat 26 Kearns, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, Pg. 49-54/ Ravaged wages and … the hegemonic field.9
Debate today is marked by a structural conflict. The question of a structural dichotomy between blackness and whiteness dominates discussions, forcing people to rethink their relationship to race and privilege. This binary is a productive one, but it masks a structural silence on the status of other identities that undermines its emancipatory goals. Alcoff, 3 (Linda Martin Alcoff – professor of philosophy at CUNY, 2003, "LATINO/AS, ASIAN AMERICANS, AND THE BLACK–WHITE BINARY", The Journal of Ethics, Volume 7, pp. 5-27) MD
¶ It is unlikely that the electoral college will be eliminated anytime soon, ¶ AND well (or at least for white union households and the white poor).
This silence smooths over different forms of racism and either discards them as irrelevant or integrates them within the logic of antiblackness. Asians are "whitening" or "assimilating" to whiteness rather than facing distinct problems. This recreates the uncritical universalism of whiteness and makes alleviating certain racial harms impossible. Alcoff, 3 (Linda Martin Alcoff – professor of philosophy at CUNY, 2003, "LATINO/AS, ASIAN AMERICANS, AND THE BLACK–WHITE BINARY", The Journal of Ethics, Volume 7, pp. 5-27) MD
In fact, in Texas not only were Mexicans subject to Jim Crow in public AND of affirmative action. I will support these claims further in what follows.
Critics of the black/white paradigm have argued that, although all communities of AND helps at least on occasion. But it leaves everyone else unprotected.25
As long as the discussion of race stays within a binary, all people of color will be stuck in a white supremacist system. Alcoff ’6 (Linda Martín Alcoff, Prof. of Philosophy at CUNY, Latinos, Asian Americans, and the Black?White Binary, in Visible Identities: Race, Gender, and the Self, Oxford Scholarship Online) Critics of the black/white paradigm have argued that, although all communities of AND the media as a player in racial politics. 2 Elaine Kim explains: It is difficult to describe how disempowered and frustrated many Korean Americans felt during and AND mostly female, ruined shopkeepers.) (Kim 1994, 71–72) Similar to the Mexican Americans in Texas, the Korean Americans have been denied the legal or socially recognized category of being a politicized group at the same time that they are made subject to group?based scapegoating. Moreover, as this event demonstrates, the black/white paradigm of race is incapable of theoretically or politically addressing racism among communities of color, or addressing racism, in other words, that is not all about white people. A response to this line of reasoning might be that it is white supremacy which AND awnd still acknowledge that racism has multiple targets and a variety of forms. Supporting the arguments of both Elaine Kim and Bong Hwan Kim, Juan Perea argues AND reason to reject this claim is their racialization or status as nonwhites). 3 Roberto Suro argues that the black/white binary forces Latinos and other people of AND . But it leaves everyone else unprotected (1998, 370–71). Put in more general terms, these arguments can be summarized as follows: 1) The black/white paradigm has disempowered various racial and ethnic groups from being able to define their own identity, to mark their difference and specificity beyond what could be captured on this limited map. Instead of naming and describing our own identity and social circumstance, we have had descriptions foisted on us from outside. 2) Asian Americans and Latinos (among others) have historically been ignored or AND included in the discussions so that a more adequate account can be developed. 3) By eliminating specificities within the large "black" or nonwhite group, AND of affirmative action in higher education, at the end of this chapter. 4) Eliminating specificities within the large "black" or nonwhite group also makes it difficult to understand or address the real conflicts and differences within this amalgam of peoples. The black/white paradigm proposes to understand all conflicts between communities of color through antiblack racism and white supremacy, when the reality is more complex. 5)For all these reasons, the black/white paradigm seriously undermines the possibility of achieving coalitions. It is obvious that keeping us in conflict with each other and not in coalition is in the interests of the current power structure. I would add to these arguments the following two. 6) The black/white binary and the constant invocation of all race discourses and conflicts as between blacks and whites has produced an imaginary of race in this country in which a very large white majority confronts a relatively small black (p.256) minority. This imagery has the effect of reenforcing the sense of inevitability to white domination. This is not the reality of racial percentages in almost any major urban center in AND white union members voting the same as the majority of people of color. Thus, thinking of race only in terms of black and white produces a sense AND . This is in everyone’s interests (or at least, the majority’s). 7) The next argument that I would make in regard to the black/ AND is that this continuum is not the only axis by which racism operates. Some have taken the horrific hierarchy of adoption preferences in the United States, that AND accepted here as white (Okihiro 1994; Prashad 2000; Wu 2002).
The silence bred by the dominance of the black/white binary allows conservative forces to divide and conquer – the model minority myth, the tale of the high-performing Asian who proves that social uplift is possible is a paradigmatic example of a liminal identity being redeployed as a weapon in service of antiblackness Prashad 2 (Vijay Prashad, George and Martha Kellner Chair in South Asian History and Professor of International Studies, 2002, "Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting," pp. 40-46 The moral and political weight of the civil rights movement forced a recalcitrant U. AND perhaps further from King’s ’’content of their character’’ message than we suspect.
The alternative is to reject black/white binary – only moving beyond the binary can explain multiple operations of racism Perea 97 (Juan F. Perea – Professor of Law at Loyola University Chicago, 10/31/97, "The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race: The Normal Science of American Racial Thought", http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=160526context=californialawreview)MD
I cannot see scholarly efforts to understand and remedy White racism in all its forms AND of the particular ways in which White racism affects members of different groups.
2NC
2NC AT: Anti-Blackness = R/C
There is no denying that blackness has a powerful effect, but their interpellation argument goes too far. There are modes of racialization that do not rely on the coding of blackness Almaguer 94 (Tomás Almaguer, Professor of Ethnic Studies and former Dean of the College of Ethnic Studies at San Francisco State University, 1994, Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California, pp. 206-207
This is not to deny that elements of black/white racial formation had direct AND appreciation of the historicity of racial and ethnic relations in the Far West.
NO, blackness is not the fulcrum of white supremacy. This is an inaccurate and essentialist reading of both history and the present ALCOFF 6 (Linda Martín Alcoff, Prof of Philosophy at CUNY, Latinos, Asian Americans, and the Black?White Binary, in Visible Identities: Race, Gender, and the Self, Oxford Scholarship Online) To say that racism has been modeled on slavery might or might not entail a AND of affirmative action. I will support these claims further in what follows.
2NC AT: Anti-Blackness = R/C (examples)
Multiple examples their paradigm cannot explain – they have made a claim that’s so overwhelmingly totalizing that we only have to win one instance of an oppression that is not explained by anti-blackness to disprove the thesis of the aff which makes the alternative’s analysis preferable
The paradigmatic, truncated presentation of racial and legal history that results from the Black AND far more aware of the past and present oppression suffered by blacks. 201
2NC AT: Anti-Blackness Focus Good (alt solves)
There’s no offense – our argument is only that exclusive focus on blackness is bad – the broader analysis of the alternative solves Perea 97 (Juan F. Perea – Professor of Law at Loyola University Chicago, 10/31/97, "The Black/White Binary Paradigm of Race: The Normal Science of American Racial Thought", http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=160526context=californialawreview)MD
One might object that I am distorting history by suggesting that slavery and the experience AND is so frequently missing from the texts that structure our thinking about race.
1NR
2NC AT: Anti-Blackness = R/C (examples)
2. Islamaphobia – Anti-blackness cannot explain violence against Islam which preceded the Enlightenment Charoenying, citing Nelson Maldonado-Torres, Prof of Ethnic Studies, UC Berkeley, 8 (Timothy, Islamophobia 26 Anti-Blackness: A Genealogical Approach, http://crg.berkeley.edu/content/islamophobia-anti-blackness-genealogical-approach)
The year 1492 marked a major turning point in the trajectory of Western Civilization. AND the way for the enslavement and human trafficking of sub-Saharan Africans.
3. Orientalism Izadi and Saghaye-Biria 07 (*Foad Izadi – doctoral student in communication, and Hakimeh Saghaye-Biria – masters student in communication, both at LSU, 2007, "A Discourse Analysis of Elite American Newspaper Editorials: The Case of Iran’s Nuclear Program," http://www.campaigniran.org/casmii/files/JCI-analysis_elite_american_papers.pdf)MD
An important characteristic of Orientalist discourse is its reliance on binary language (Said, AND maintains that ideologies are often articulated on the basis of the ideological square.
2NC Link – Sexton
Sexton relies on monoraciality which paves over other forms of racial oppression Spickard, 9 University of California, Santa Barbara (Paul Amalgamation Schemes: Antiblackness and the Critique of Multiracialism (review) American Studies - Volume 50, Number 1/2, Spring/Summer 2009, pp. 125-127)
One of the major developments in ethnic studies over the past two decades has been AND to think critically about itself. Sadly, this is not that book. 2NC AT: Anti-Blackness = R/C Nativism/Color K – Racism operates on multiple axes – color is not exhaustive – racism operates in terms of language, other physical features – their paradigm erases this ALCOFF 6 (Linda Martín Alcoff, Prof of Philosophy at CUNY, Latinos, Asian Americans, and the Black?White Binary, in Visible Identities: Race, Gender, and the Self, Oxford Scholarship Online) What makes all of these diverse examples of vilification forms of racism is the fact AND way, with one axis, that is differentially distributed among various groups.
AT: Smith
The binary opposition of east and west prefigures and enables domestic anti-blackness—the key to an anti-racist strategy is engagement with the epistemological structures of orientalism – turns case Smith 12 (Andrea Smith – Cherokee intellectual and anti-violence activist, 6/28/12, "HETEROPATRIARCHY AND THE THREE PILLARS OF WHITE SUPREMACY: RETHINKING WOMEN OF COLOR ORGANIZING", http://www.cpt.org/files/Undoing20Racism20-20Three20Pillars20-20Smith.pdf)MD
Orientalism/War A third pillar of white supremacy is the logic of Orientalism. Orientalism was defined AND marked as perpetual foreign threats to the U.S. world order.
She also thinks coalitions are key—- Absent coalitions, hierarchy inevitable reasserts itself – that means the alt is key to solvency Smith 12 (Andrea Smith – Cherokee intellectual and anti-violence activist, 6/28/12, "HETEROPATRIARCHY AND THE THREE PILLARS OF WHITE SUPREMACY: RETHINKING WOMEN OF COLOR ORGANIZING", http://www.cpt.org/files/Undoing20Racism20-20Three20Pillars20-20Smith.pdf)MD
Organizing Implications Under the old but still potent and dominant model, people of color organizing was AND our model of liberation does not become the model of oppression for others.
Environmental reformism is merely an exercise in blame shifting and assuaging guilt, shielding us from ever having to take responsibility for our own personal complicity in the environmental crisis
Bobertz, 95 (Bradley, Nebraska Law, Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 711) A routine pattern in environmental lawmaking is a tendency to blame environmental problems on easily AND we create to solve them, this phenomenon should be cause for concern.
Additionally, the Affirmative’s production centered focus impoverishes our understanding of the environmental crisis, diminishing our ability to understand and respond to the consumptive practices that create pollution.
Princen, 3 (Thomas, Global Environmental Politics, February) Research within the economic strands of social science disciplines such as political science, sociology AND substitutabilities. n3 Global water management illustrates the need for such a focus.
Consumption is the root cause of the Affirmative harms and constitutes a systemic harm that not only outweighs the case, but creates the possibility of extinction
Dauvergne, 5 (Peter, "Dying of Consumption: Accidents or Sacrifices of Global Morality?" Global Environmental Politics, August) Private consumption expenditures are now more than 4 times higher than in 1960. The AND look at the guts of global morality in an era of consumptive prosperity.
Reject the way the 1AC frames the problem in favor of an interrogation of consumptive practices — before we can go about fixing the world, we have to start off with an examination of the self, and how we are all personally implicated.
Nayar, 99 (Jayan, Warwick Law, Transnational Law 26 Contemporary Problems, Fall) Rightly, we are concerned with the question of what can be done to alleviate AND of critique, it is necessary to consider the "technologies" of ordering
Adv
Global market prices ensure nickel prices stay low
The plan doesn’t solve – their author concludes that it only affects the price of nickel production in Cuba and doesn’t change overall demand – plus multiple barriers to solvency they don’t resolve
USITC, THEIR AUTHOR, 1 (U.S. International Trade Commission, "THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF U.S. SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO CUBA", USITC Publication 3398, Investigation No. 332-413, February, http://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/PUB3398.pdf) At the same time, ending U.S. sanctions would only be one AND cobalt, the comparative costs of developing competing reserves of these metals elsewhere.
Can’t solve warming – hybrid cars still use oil, and most electricity relies on coal which is still dirty fuel
They don’t have a "hybrids spill over" claim – their evidence just says adoption of hybrid cars would be greater but not sufficient – they also don’t solve the entire transportation sector and don’t solve other sectors – their NRDC evidence says that hybrid electric vehicles "Are Part of a Mix of Strategies."
China makes the impact inevitable and they don’t model
Downs, 8 Eric, Fellow @ Brookings, China Energy Fellow, Foreign Policy, John L. Thornton China Center U.S.-China Economic 26 Security Review Commission, China’s Energy Policies and Their Environmental Impacts, http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0813_china_downs.aspx China suffers from a disconnect between the increasingly prominent position of energy issues on its AND bend other actors, notably firms and local governments, to its will.
China key to solving emissions
Chen et al., 10 Chen, Qian, Peridas, Qiu, Ho: Natural Resources Defense Council, Friedmann: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Li, Wei: Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sung, Fowler: Clean Air Task Force, Seligsohn, Liu, Forbes: World Resources Institute, Zhang: China Tsinghua University, Zhao: Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Jason Chen, Jingjing Qian, George Peridas, Yueming Qiu, Bruce Ho, Julio Friedmann, Xiaochun Li, Ning Wei, S. Ming Sung, Mike Fowler, Deborah Seligsohn, Yue Liu, Sarah Forbes, Dongjie Zhang, Lifeng Zhao, December 2010, "Identifying Near-Term Opportunities For Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in China," http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR-http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR. H Coal—the most carbon-laden of the three major fossil fuels (i AND global effort to prevent the worst impacts of global warming from occurring.11
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case
Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; "From Apocalypse To Way of Life," pg. 185-186) Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of liabilities AND give up, or even cut off ties to clearly terminal "nature."
That causes mass wars
Brzoska 8 (Michael Brzoska, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg; "The securitization of climate change and the power of conceptions of security," Paper prepared for the International Studies Association Convention, 2008) In the literature on securitization it is implied that when a problem is securitized it AND military preparedness against the other major powers, thus leading to arms races.
Their apocalyptic warming focus trades off with environmentalism – turns its own end
Only by rejecting security can we reconstitute our relationship to the environment through ethical and local justifications
Deudney 90 (Daniel Deudney, assistant professor of political science at John Hopkins’; "The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security," Millenium – Journal of International Studies 1990, http://people.reed.edu/~~ahm/Courses/Reed-POL-372-2011-S3_IEP/Syllabus/EReadings/07.2/07.2.Deudney1990The-Case.pdf, pg. 469) Fortunately, environmental awareness need not depend upon co-opted national security thinking. AND and fresh way to conceptualize environmental protection as the practice of national security.
Thesis claim: desire lacks as a result of the structure of language on the speaking organism – the aff is an attempt at providing a palliative to the ills of the social order which results only in scapegoating and political failure
Edkins 3 (Jenny, U of Wales Aberystwyth, Trauma and the Memory of Politics, p. 11-14)LA *Pronoun replacements by ||| in the text. In the psychoanalytic account the subject is formed around a lack, and in the AND subject and the non-existence of any complete, closed social order.
This only perpetuates university discourse – actually prevents action to "solve" warming, whatever that means
Focusing on policy-making first absolves individual contribution and cedes the political – ensures their impacts are inevitable and provides an independent reason to vote negative Trennel 6 (Paul Trennel, Ph. D from the University of Wales, Department of International Politics; "The (Im)possibility of Environmental Security," September 2006, http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/410/trenellpaulipm0060.pdf?sequence=2)
Thirdly, it can be claimed that the security mindset channels the obligation to address AND the top-down, state oriented focus supplied by a security framework.
Affirmative cannot win that they have any practical effects Schlag 90 (Pierre, Stanford LR, November, Lexis)
In fact, normative legal thought is so much in a hurry that it will AND in a position to put any of its wonderful normative advice into effect.
2NC AT: CTP
They ignore all of the other avenues for social change in a myopic rush to seek state-centered solutions Weissberg, 4 (Professor of Political Science Emeritus at the University of Illinois-Urbana Robert Weissberg is., Society "Abandoning Politics," May/June,http://transactionpub. metapress.com/app/home/content.asp)
The conventional wisdom tells us that Americans are generally politically apathetic and, judging by AND dominate policy-making while the nation as a whole quietly moves rightward.
2NC AT: Perm
The permutation still links—it includes the plan and its attendant macropolitical focus—both of which are direct links to our argument per the 1NC Bobertz evidence and this new card: Princen, Maniates and Conca (Thomas Princen, Michael Maniates, and Ken Conca, July 2002, Confronting Consumption)
How might ordinary people living in high-consumption societies begin to clarify and act AND that is, to the processes of supplying consumers with what they desire.
2NC AT: Econ good
Framing the environment in terms of the economy makes collapse inevitable Weiskel 97 (Timothy - Research Director @ the Cambridge Climate Research Associates – PhD in Anthropology from Oxford, "Selling Pigeons in the Temple: The Danger of Market Metaphors in an Ecosystem", Harvard Seminar on Environmental Values, http://www.ecoethics.net/OPS-008.HTM-http://www.ecoethics.net/OPS-008.HTM)MD
The natural order of the world and our role within it is affirmed by market AND demise of industrial society as the unavoidable outcome of "business as usual."
In short, public leadership needs now to define, declare and defend the public AND may well constitute our last, best hope for survival as a species.
1NR
Third is scapegoating – the attempt to suture the lack through the presentation of the plan text inevitability runs up against a wall and must find an explanation for such failure – this ensures a replication of domination and oppression
Stavrakakis 99 (Yannis, Prof @ U of Essex, Lacan and the Political, p. 107-8)LA In the light of our theoretical framework, fantasy can only exist as the negation AND cohesion, it brought totalitarian coercion. (Talmon, 1971: 95)
it also creates a permanent state of exception as the sovereign holds in its hands the power over all life – this ensures mass atrocity Agamben 98 – professor of philosophy at university of Verona (Giorgio, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 139-140) It is not our intention here to take a position on the difficult ethical problem AND category. It now dwells in the biological body of every living being.
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case
Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; "From Apocalypse To Way of Life," pg. 185-186) Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of liabilities AND give up, or even cut off ties to clearly terminal "nature."
That causes mass wars
Brzoska 8 (Michael Brzoska, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg; "The securitization of climate change and the power of conceptions of security," Paper prepared for the International Studies Association Convention, 2008) In the literature on securitization it is implied that when a problem is securitized it AND military preparedness against the other major powers, thus leading to arms races.
Their apocalyptic warming focus trades off with environmentalism – turns its own end
The system is collapsing around us – climate change, resource scarcity, militarization of society, etc. are all a result of state-centric security discourse and the failure of IR to recognize the complexity of the global system – it’s try or die to shift the frame or ensure human extinction
Ahmed 12 (Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, PhD in international relations from the School of Global Studies at Sussex University, executive director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development, former professor of international relations at Sussex, writer for the Guardian, 2012, "The International Relations of Crisis and the Crisis of International Relations: From the Securitisation of Scarcity to the Militarisation of Society," Global Change, Peace 26 Security Volume 23 Issue 3) Unfortunately, orthodox IR approaches are ill-equipped to understand the complexity of these AND , effective, and joined-up policy-making on these issues.
This shift away from traditional militaristic discourse makes room for an individual and ethical approach to environmental politics
Deudney, 90 (Daniel Deudney, assistant professor of political science at John Hopkins’; "The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security," Millenium – Journal of International Studies 1990, http://people.reed.edu/~~ahm/Courses/Reed-POL-372-2011-S3_IEP/Syllabus/EReadings/07.2/07.2.Deudney1990The-Case.pdf, pg. 469) Fortunately, environmental awareness need not depend upon co-opted national security thinking. AND and fresh way to conceptualize environmental protection as the practice of national security.
Case
No solvency—Cuba can’t displace emissions—1AC author
Specht ’13 (Jonathan, Louisiana State University, "Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States" April 24, 2013, http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf-http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf) It must be stressed that sugarcane-based ethanol, from Cuba or anywhere else AND sugarcane can, and should, be part of the solution to both problems Their only internal link card is the Gonzalez evidence, which doesn’t make a sufficiency claim – it says that emissions cause warming and sugarcane ethanol reduces emissions, but not enough to prevent impacts
Cuba rejects foreign investment – empirically true for ethanol and US FDI
The Cuban revolution defined itself in large measure in terms of what it was not AND possibility for a new, more positive phase in Cuba’s treatment of FDI .
China makes the impact inevitable and they don’t model
Downs, 8 Eric, Fellow @ Brookings, China Energy Fellow, Foreign Policy, John L. Thornton China Center U.S.-China Economic 26 Security Review Commission, China’s Energy Policies and Their Environmental Impacts, http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0813_china_downs.aspx China suffers from a disconnect between the increasingly prominent position of energy issues on its AND bend other actors, notably firms and local governments, to its will.
China key to solving emissions
Chen et al., 10 Chen, Qian, Peridas, Qiu, Ho: Natural Resources Defense Council, Friedmann: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Li, Wei: Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sung, Fowler: Clean Air Task Force, Seligsohn, Liu, Forbes: World Resources Institute, Zhang: China Tsinghua University, Zhao: Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Jason Chen, Jingjing Qian, George Peridas, Yueming Qiu, Bruce Ho, Julio Friedmann, Xiaochun Li, Ning Wei, S. Ming Sung, Mike Fowler, Deborah Seligsohn, Yue Liu, Sarah Forbes, Dongjie Zhang, Lifeng Zhao, December 2010, "Identifying Near-Term Opportunities For Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in China," http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR-http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR. H Coal—the most carbon-laden of the three major fossil fuels (i AND global effort to prevent the worst impacts of global warming from occurring.11
Increased sugarcane production causes massive deforestation and warming
Biofuelwatch, et. Al (Various) 2007 ~Agrofuels: Towards a Reality Check in Nine Key Areas, Published by: Biofuelwatch, Carbon Trade Watch/TNI, Corporate Europe Observatory, Econexus, Ecoropa, Grupo de Reflexión Rural, Munlochy Vigil, NOAH (Friends of the Earth Denmark), Rettet Den Regenwald, Watch Indonesia June 2007loghry~ Climate change: A primary concern is the potential for agrofuels to accelerate climate change AND so much remains unknown, a precautionary approach to developing agrofuels is necessary.
====GMOs turn the aff – cause overuse of herbicides and environmental destruction==== Lehtonen, 9 Author Dr Markku Lehtonen , Sussex Energy Group University of Sussex, UK - PhD in environmental economics University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France, 19 December 2009, Ethical-sugar (An organization that monitors the ethical use of pesticides in the sugar cane industry), "Status report on sugar cane agrochemicals management", http://www.sucre-ethique.org/IMG/pdf/agrochemicals_1_.pdf-http://www.sucre-ethique.org/IMG/pdf/agrochemicals_1_.pdf However, the public opinion in Brazil remains divided on the issue of GMOs. AND varieties, and the weeds that respond by developing their own herbicide resistance.
Environmental alarmism is unfounded and not a justification for taking action
Apocalyptic stories about the irreparable, catastrophic damage that humans are doing to the natural AND real problem exists, solutions should be based on reality, not hysteria.
desire lacks as a result of the structure of language on the speaking organism – the aff is an attempt at providing a palliative to the ills of the social order which results only in scapegoating and political failure
Edkins 3 (Jenny, U of Wales Aberystwyth, Trauma and the Memory of Politics, p. 11-14)LA *Pronoun replacements by ||| in the text. In the psychoanalytic account the subject is formed around a lack, and in the AND subject and the non-existence of any complete, closed social order.
This only perpetuates university discourse – actually prevents action to "solve" warming, whatever that means
Representations come first in the context of climate change Foust et al. 8 (Christina R. Foust, Assistant Professor in the AND in San Diego, 11/20, p. 22-23)
Along with critiquing the misinformation created through poorly educated reporters, "balance-as AND apocalyptic frame in elite and popular press accounts of global warming is warranted.
Focusing on policy-making first absolves individual contribution and cedes the political – ensures their impacts are inevitable and provides an independent reason to vote negative Trennel 6 (Paul Trennel, Ph. D from the University of Wales, Department of International Politics; "The (Im)possibility of Environmental Security," September 2006, http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/410/trenellpaulipm0060.pdf?sequence=2)
Thirdly, it can be claimed that the security mindset channels the obligation to address AND the top-down, state oriented focus supplied by a security framework.
Affirmative cannot win that they have any practical effects Schlag 90 (Pierre, Stanford LR, November, Lexis)
In fact, normative legal thought is so much in a hurry that it will AND in a position to put any of its wonderful normative advice into effect.
2nc at: perm
Use of security reps is a strategic political choice – they already shifted the focus of the debate away from the reality of environmental impacts when they chose to represent them in apocalyptic terms Trennel 6 (Paul Trennel, Ph. D from the University of Wales, Department of International Politics; "The (Im)possibility of Environmental Security," September 2006, http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/410/trenellpaulipm0060.pdf?sequence=2) With the understanding of security as a performative rather than descriptive act in place the AND can be seen as beneficial to the attempt to develop effective environmental policy.
The alt cannot incorporate environmental threat construction – rethinking has to come before policy deliberation to ensure the new politics of the alt are effective Dalby 99 (Simon Dalby, Asst Prof Intl Affairs @ Carleton; "Contested Grounds: Security and Conflict in the New Environmental Politics," pg. 158-9) But there is much more than an academic research agenda involved in these discussions. AND thinking often obscures by its focus solely on states as political actors.13
2nc authoritarianism
Furthermore, political scapegoating ensures targeting of the third world Gilbert 12 Emily Gilbert, Canadian Studies and Geography University of Toronto, 2012, "The Militarization of Climate Change," ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 11 (1), 1-14 7
First, the military’s interest in climate change resurrects a narrow concept of security. AND national security impact of environmental change in other parts of the world.6 The bifurcation of domestic security and external threat reinforces a fiction of territorial and nationalist AND what are the costs when militarization becomes necessary to legitimize climate change action? The upshot is that the military is also legitimized, to the detriment of formal AND military ’encroachment’ on civilian-sponsored development (Hartmann 2010: 240).
2nc motivation fails
The link turn is empirically denied - alarmism is high now and responses to warming are low Foust and Murphy 2009 (Christina R. Foust is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver. William O’Shannon Murphy is a doctoral student in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver. "Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse" , Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture, 3:2, 151-167 ) Since the release of Al Gore’s award-winning documentary, An Inconvenient Truth, AND to sound the alarm with increasing urgency (Moser 26 Dilling, 2004).
t/
Securitization undermines cooperation – turns the environment Trombetta 8 (Maria Julia Trombetta, postdoctoral researcher at the department of Economics of Infrastructures, Delft University of Technology; "Environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse," Outh Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 21, Number 4, December 2008)
Opponents were quick to warn that the term ’security’ evokes a set of confrontational practices AND , environmental degradation as a security issue (United Nations Security Council 2007). The divide between those who oppose the use of the term environmental security by arguing AND security have developed and ’conditioned the possibility of thought and action’ (181). The article is presented in three parts. The first explores why the environment has AND framework to explore the development of environmental security and climate security discourses respectively.
1NR
Not Sufficient
====Oil-fueled transportation overwhelms their internal link==== Burwell 11 (David, Director of the Energy and Climate Program – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "ROAD to RECOVERY: Transforming America’s Transportation", http://carnegieendowment.org/files/road_to_recovery.pdf)
U.S. transportation is responsible for a significant share—30 to 85 AND population. Transportation pricing will be necessary to make this shift in behavior.
Fidel Castro hates ethanol. He thinks it punishes the poor by driving up food AND Department says it won’t lift the trade embargo on Cuba any time soon.
Cuba will only jump on the ethanol bandwagon if it can produce the biofuel from AND , I can’t imagine that happening for quite some time," he said.
Empirics prove
Specht, 1AC author, 12 (Jonathan – Legal Advisor, Pearlmaker Holsteins, Inc. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2009; J.D.,¶ Washington University in St. Louis 2012. "Raising Cane: Cuban Sugarcane Ethanol’s Economic and Environmental Effects on the United States" – ExpressO – http://environs.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/36/2/specht.pdf)
To speak of a Cuban sugarcane-based ethanol industry is, at this point AND to 2 billion gallons of¶ sugar-based ethanol per year."¶ 4
Some experts believe Cuba could become the world’s third ethanol producer after the United States and Brazil, but that would require huge investments, not just to improve its cane harvests, but also to finance the research and construction of distilleries.¶ The government, however, has been reluctant to allow foreign companies to administer farms, a precondition for any business wanting to invest in agriculture in Cuba.
2/26/14
Harvard Round 4 vs Lex
Tournament: Harvard | Round: 4 | Opponent: Lexington AX | Judge: Stephen Weil
1NC
Off
The affirmative’s claims to how China will act and react to certain policies like the plan depends on a rationalization of China – this flawed positivist epistemology seeks to render all of the international arena knowable and predictable – the result is the inevitable emergence of a ’China threat’ based on orientalization
Pan 4 – prof school of international and political studies, Deakin U. PhD in pol sci and IR, (Chengxin, "The "China threat" in American self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics," 1 June 2004, http://www.articlearchives.com/asia/northern-asia-china/796470-1.html) Having examined how the "China threat" literature is enabled by and serves the AND the containment perspectives and hegemonic ambitions of U.S. foreign policy.
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence
Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse)
This essay develops a theory about the causes of war — and thus aims to AND more sustainable, peaceful and non-violent global rule of the political.
Vote neg to overdetermine the ontological by exposing the contradictions of imperial knowledge production – this dissident act fractures hegemonic thought
Spanos 8 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, 2008, "American Exceptionalism in the Age of Globalization: The Specter of Vietnam," pp 27-30)
On the other hand, I do not want to suggest that the theoretical perspective AND and efficiently administering the Roman Empire in the name of the Pax Romana.
Every affirmation is a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – neutralizing that moment before a decision is in of itself violent
Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, "Another Justice," published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, in addition, that the condition of being-in AND derives from what I call the return of the ontological in continental thought.
Manufacturing
Their first card concludes investment in infrastructure is unnecessary and that internal strategic efforts are key which the aff doesn’t do
Wilson and Lee 12 (Christopher E. Wilson is an Associate at the Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, Erik Lee serves as Associate Director at the North American Center for Transborder Studies (NACTS) at Arizona State University, July 2012, "Whole Nations Waiting Trade sets records, but congestion threatens competitiveness." http://www.siteselection.com/issues/2012/jul/us-mex-border.cfm) Lexington’s card begins Commerce between the United States and Mexico is one of the great — yet underappreciated AND is the United States’ second largest export market and third largest trading partner. Seventy percent of bilateral commerce crosses the border via trucks, meaning the border region is literally where "the rubber hits the road" for bilateral relations. This also means that not only California and Baja California, but also Michigan and Michoacán, all have a major stake in efficient and secure border management. The quantity of U.S.-Mexico trade is impressive, but its quality AND the U.S. also have a high level of Mexican content. This system of joint production has two important consequences. First, it means that AND customs requirements each time they cross the U.S.-Mexico border. Corridors in Crisis This trade relationship requires major infrastructure to function effectively. The largest trade corridor, AND POEs that serve as nodes in this network — will experience added stress. Unfortunately, the infrastructure and capacity of the ports of entry to process goods and AND are needed that strengthen both border security and efficiency at the same time. The integrated nature of the North American manufacturing sector makes eliminating border congestion an important AND but has since rebounded strongly, growing significantly faster than trade with China. But the growth of trade continues to add pressure on the already strained POEs and AND costing the United States and Mexican economies many billions of dollars each year. Lexington’s card ends Moderate investments to update infrastructure and to fully staff the ports of entry are certainly AND vetted, low-risk individuals and shipments expedited passage across the border.
Your advantage is so 2012 – manufacturing is skyrocketing
Beschloss, 1/11 (Morris Beschloss, citing the Global Industrial Outlook by Industrial Info Resources and the ADP monthly analysis, "2014 Manufacturing/Construction Off to a Running Start," http://voices.mydesert.com/2014/01/11/2014-industrial-manufacturingconstruction-off-to-running-start/) gz Two simultaneous revelations right after the first of the year have magnified our predictions of AND to jump off its 63 plus base, where it rests today.
Zero chance of Taiwan war – China’s cooperating with them – most recent evidence
Jiao and Wanli, 13 Wu Jiao and Yang Wanli, reporters for China Daily, citing Ni Yongjie, deputy director of the Shanghai Institute of Taiwan Studies, AND Wang Yingjin, professor at the School of International Studies of Renmin University of China, AND Vincent Siew, honourary chairman of the Taiwan-based Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation, AND Zhang Zhijun, the mainland’s Taiwan affairs top official, AND Xi Jinping, current leader of China; "Direction charted to resolve disputes," 10/6/2013, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-10/06/content_17011582.htmbghs-ms Political disputes between the Chinese mainland and Taiwan could be gradually and eventually resolved, AND .8 billion from Taiwan, were permitted to operate in the mainland.
No nuclear escalation and outside powers will stay out
Roger Cliff, Ph.D. in international relations, Princeton, M.A. in history (Chinese studies), University of California, San Diego, Assistant for Strategy Development, Office of the Secretary of Defense, and David A. Shlapak, Ph.D., senior international policy analyst, RAND Project Air Force Report, 2007 This situation would occur if China attempted to use force to achieve unification, the AND region, which would be even less concerned about China’s use of force.
Deterrence theory is wrong
Wilson 8 (Ward Wilson, senior fellow at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, director of the Rethinking Nuclear Weapons Project, November 2008, "The Myth of Nuclear Deterrence," published in the Nonproliferation Review Volume 15 Number 3, http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/153_wilson.pdf-http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/153_wilson.pdf) gz Some people try to make the case for nuclear deterrence not by explaining its theoretical AND form of deterrence, the general¶ theoretical objections to it still apply.
Acts of sovereign violence due to the normalization of the state of emergency have made hegemony impossible forever for the United States – any exercise of US force in the future is only domination without hegemony that is doomed to fail
Gulli, 13 Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, "For the critique of sovereignty and violence," http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence-http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5 I think that we have now an understanding of what the situation is: The AND excellently incarnated by Africom), they know that they have lost their hegemony. ’Domination without hegemony’ is a phrase that Giovanni Arrighi uses in his study of AND hegemony entered what in all likelihood is its terminal crisis." He continues: Although the United States remains by far the world’s most powerful state, its relationship AND – in other words, a poetic rather than military and financial shift.
Air power this serves to construct a global police system that blurs the line between civilian and target—a failure to strategically reverse aerial power relations causes extinction
Neocleous 13—Department of Politics and History, Brunel University (Mark, "Air power and police power", Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 2013, volume 31, pages 578 – 593, dml) Moreover, and more pressingly, we need to understand that from the wider historical AND invention of air power (Hartigan, 1982, page 119).(5) The point is that seen from the perspective of air power as police power, AND "air occupation" (Carmichael et al, 1996, page viii). Drones have been described as the perfect technology for democratic warfare, combining as they AND merely the defeat of a military enemy but the victory of perpetual police.
Linearity fails in IR fails
Bernstein et al 2000 Steven Bernstein, Richard Ned Lebow, Janice Gross Stein and Steven Weber, University of Toronto, The Ohio State University, University of Toronto and University of California at Berkeley. "God Gave Physics the Easy Problems" European Journal of International Relations 2000; 6; 43 A deep irony is embedded in the history of the scientific study of international relations AND that knowledge is often impossible to obtain in the analysis of international relations.
Warming
Latin America will never adopt renewables – fossil fuels are too economically viable and oil lobby.
Renewables can’t solve warming—they’re not a replacement
Angus 12 – ecosocialist advocate, citing an extensive study by Richard York, professor at the University of Oregon with an MS in Environmental Studies from Bemidji State University (Iran, "Green energy won’t save the earth without social change", 3/21/12; http://climateandcapitalism.com/2012/03/21/green-energy-alone-wont-save-the-earth/)//Beddow The most popular techno-fix for global warming is green energy. If energy AND ignore the inherent destructiveness of the current system of unsustainable development – capitalism." Their Hanson evidence that s
Warming inevitable even if we cut emissions to zero—multiple studies confirm
Gillett et al. 10—director @ the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Nathan, "Ongoing climate change following a complete cessation of carbon dioxide emissions". Nature Geoscience Several recent studies have demonstrated that CO2-induced 17 global mean temperature change is AND several centuries owing to the long delay associated with 42 subsurface ocean warming.
China makes the impact inevitable and they don’t model
Downs, 8 Eric, Fellow @ Brookings, China Energy Fellow, Foreign Policy, John L. Thornton China Center U.S.-China Economic 26 Security Review Commission, China’s Energy Policies and Their Environmental Impacts, http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0813_china_downs.aspx China suffers from a disconnect between the increasingly prominent position of energy issues on its AND bend other actors, notably firms and local governments, to its will.
China key to solving emissions
Chen et al., 10 Chen, Qian, Peridas, Qiu, Ho: Natural Resources Defense Council, Friedmann: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Li, Wei: Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sung, Fowler: Clean Air Task Force, Seligsohn, Liu, Forbes: World Resources Institute, Zhang: China Tsinghua University, Zhao: Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Jason Chen, Jingjing Qian, George Peridas, Yueming Qiu, Bruce Ho, Julio Friedmann, Xiaochun Li, Ning Wei, S. Ming Sung, Mike Fowler, Deborah Seligsohn, Yue Liu, Sarah Forbes, Dongjie Zhang, Lifeng Zhao, December 2010, "Identifying Near-Term Opportunities For Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in China," http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)-http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR Coal—the most carbon-laden of the three major fossil fuels (i AND global effort to prevent the worst impacts of global warming from occurring.11
Solvency
Your solvency advocate says there’s a ton of stuff you need to do which you don’t do
Rodriguez 9 — Raul Rodriguez, serves as the Chairman of the Board of Advisors of the North American Center for Transborder Studies at Arizona State University, Benson Chair in Banking and Finance and Distinguished Professor at the HEB School of Business and Administration at the University of the Incarnate Word in San Antonio, Texas and the President of RMI, an investment and trade consulting firm in Mexico, former CEO and Managing Director of the North American Development Bank (NADBank) until October 2005. Prior to joining the NADBank, he was Executive Director of the Mexican Foreign Trade Bank; the Bank’s Director for Asia; Mexico’s Trade Commissioner in Canada during the NAFTA negotiation; and Secretary of Economic Development for the Mexican border State of Tamaulipas (Raul Rodriguez, The Wilson Center Mexico Institute and El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, June 2009, "The Future of the North American Development Bank", http://wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/RODRIGUEZ NADBANK.pdf, Accessed 08-21-2013) Lexington’s card begins Many agencies and programs have a bearing on border issues, but the region still AND least US24100 million should be ¶ justified for future funding cycles. Lexington’s card ends D. Review single-obligor lending limits: ¶ In order to further ramp AND and leadership capabilities necessary to operate a ¶ successful utility (see Appendix).
2NC
2NC FW
Giordano and Li is about computer simulation, not debate… effects of trade reforms is an extremely sensitive task highly¶ dependent on the quality of the data and the correct specification of the simulation instruments.
Ontology is politics Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, "Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics," pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find ourselves in the turbulent and now globalized wake AND mock innocent political slaves who claim only to be technocrats of decision making.
IR is tied to epistemology Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, "Dismantling Security," http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz
In contrast to traditional approaches to security, which assume an objective¶ world that AND security for rendering violence and¶ insecurity from the perspective of women.137
Representations and the affective field of images are the basis and motivation for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war. The AFF’s discourse is enmeshed in a form of affective securitization that makes war inevitable. As scholars, we have an obligation to refuse and problematize the cultural grammar of security. Elliott 2012 /Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online/
In a 1991 interview for the New York Times Magazine, Don DeLillo expressed his AND others to question the meaning and motives of what they see and hear.
2NC AT: Perm
Footnoting DA Der Derian 95 (James, Professor of Political Science – University of Massachusetts, International Theory: Critical Investigations, p. 374) But what happens - as seems to be the case to this observer - when AND , we might call this the ’Spiro-ette effect’ in International Relations.
The permutation is a teleological knee jerk which blocks out critique Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4) These frameworks are interrogated at the level both of their theoretical conceptualisation and their practice AND a claustrophic structure of political and ethical possibility that systematically wards off critique.
2NC China
Discourse of Chinese aggression is a neoliberal ploy masking the paranoiac fear of the decline of dollar hegemony – their discourse becomes a justification for further militarism and aggression Cunningham 12/1 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 12-1-13, "Dollar survival behind US-China tensions," http://nsnbc.me/2013/12/01/dollar-survival-behind-us-china-tensions/-http://nsnbc.me/2013/12/01/dollar-survival-behind-us-china-tensions/) gz The escalation of military tensions between Washington and Beijing in the East China Sea is AND . It is a pretext for the US to clench an iron fist.
2NC Warming
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; "From Apocalypse To Way of Life," pg. 185-186)
Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of liabilities AND give up, or even cut off ties to clearly terminal "nature."
1NR
Alt Causes
Their second 1ac card says that government action is both unnecessary and insufficient – private action solves
Uribe 12 (Monica Ortiz Uribe, is a public radio reporter based along the U.S./Mexico border in El Paso, Texas, Marketplace — World, 10/30/12, "NAFTA’s promise slowed by lack of border infrastructure", http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/naftas-promise-slowed-lack-border-infrastructure-http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/naftas-promise-slowed-lack-border-infrastructure | AK) Lexington’s card begins Every day, more than a billion dollars worth of goods moves across the border AND and those are things that are really important right now to our economy." Lexington’s card ends In an effort to speed things along, some binational business leaders have begun to AND determine the future of other privately funded commercial projects currently in the works.
Their third card has a litany of recommendations – none of them are the aff
Donohue and Zozaya 11 (Thomas Donohue, President and CEO of the US Chamber of Commerce, José Zozaya President American Chamber of Commerce of Mexico, 2011, "Steps to a 21st Century U.S.-Mexico Border A U.S. Chamber of Commerce Border Report" online @ http://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/reports/2011_us_mexico_report.pdf Lexington’s card begins Businesses rely on just-in-time inventory management ¶ and depend on predictability AND regulators in reforming policy; ¶ however, more needs to be done. Lexington’s card ends Imports Equal Exports Much discussion takes place today about the ability ¶ of U.S. companies AND ¶ should recognize, too, that exports sometimes rely ¶ on imports. For example, year after year, the Boeing Corporation ¶ is the largest U.S. exporter by value. The company ¶ designs, manufactures, and sells commercial jetliners, ¶ satellites, military aircraft, and other products in a ¶ worldwide marketplace. The completion of its newest ¶ commercial aircraft, the 787 Dreamliner, is truly a ¶ marvel to behold and a point of pride for the company ¶ and the entire country. While the Dreamliner is constructed in the United ¶ States, many of its parts AND inventory is¶ not an option. Trade facilitation is the only solution. What to Do In many instances, the solution to border congestion ¶ can be found in commonsense AND times and begin tracking them with benchmarks ¶ and clearly de? ned goals. De?ning goals will enable government agencies to ¶ review staf? ng levels and processes to AND 2014 expansion of the port there has the ¶ potential to double capacity. There are signi? cant security bene?ts to participating ¶ in the C-TPAT program AND Logistics Providers (3PLs) ¶ that do not operate their own equipment. 3PLs in all modes play an essential role in selecting and ¶ managing the carriers AND chain from the product’s point ¶ of origin or consolidation point to destination. C-TPAT should, therefore, be inclusive of 3PLs. By ¶ excluding them, we are failing to capture the security ¶ bene? ts of legitimate businesses willing to invest their ¶ own capital to secure our borders. Additionally, the ¶ European Union Authorized Economic Operator ¶ (AEO) program currently certi? es non-asset-based ¶ 3PLs. As we move toward mutual recognition, which ¶ is a positive goal, this inconsistency will have to be ¶ recti? ed. Other solutions are more long term and require ¶ coordination between the private sector and AND should explore opportunities ¶ to expand the program and attract greater ¶ participation. These opportunities include the following: • Develop commercial bene? ts for all participants ¶ to justify the cost of membership. • Develop a trusted shipper program for small and ¶ medium-size businesses. • Establish pilot programs for less-than-truck load ¶ carriers, non-asset third-party logistics providers, ¶ and low-risk food importers subject to regulation ¶ outside of the regulatory authority of CBP. • Help the Mexican government develop a trusted ¶ shipper program, along the lines of C-TPAT and ¶ Partners in Protection (PIP). • Provide Tier III status for all participants in the ¶ C-TPAT program, not just importers. • Develop a cooperative approach to law-abiding ¶ highway carriers entangled in a supply chain ¶ security breach. • Evaluate the Free and Secure Trade (FAST) ¶ lanes to ensure that congestion does not block ¶ entrances to the designated lanes prior to the ¶ port of entry. • Allow C-TPAT carriers to move shipments ¶ inland to their bonded warehouses for processing ¶ before the entries are submitted to CBP. The ¶ shipments would remain in complete control of ¶ the carrier that would sort out the small volume ¶ that requires CBP inspections (nonsecurity) and ¶ move them back to the border if necessary.
Fourth card says intel and a VTT program are key – not the aff – also says security is bad which means the aff goes the wrong direction
Leone 12 (Christopher Leone, Cronkite News, 6/1/12, "Panel says U.S.-Mexico border issues hinder huge economic opportunities" http://cronkitenewsonline.com/2012/06/panel-says-u-s-mexico-border-issues-hinder-huge-economic-opportunities/-http://cronkitenewsonline.com/2012/06/panel-says-u-s-mexico-border-issues-hinder-huge-economic-opportunities/) WE REJECT ANY ABLEIST LANGUAGE The U.S.-Mexico border holds a huge opportunity for increased trade and job creation, but it has become increasingly difficult to develop those opportunities since 2000, experts said Friday. Increased security has caused a "thickening" of the border, handicapping businesses and tourists with long delays, said Christopher Wilson of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Lexington’s card begins "Border friction costs us," Wilson said. "We don’t have to give up security to get efficiency, or efficiency to get security." He was one of a group of panelists from the government, academic and private sectors who met Friday at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce in advance of a series of visits to key border sites next week. The five days of visits, beginning Monday, will include meetings with public officials and businesses on both sides of the border, to get a close-up look at how trade actually happens each day along the 2,000-mile Southwest boundary. "The Mexico border region is one of the wealthiest areas on the planet, maybe the fourth-largest economy in the world," said Erik Lee, associate director of the North American Center for Transborder Studies at Arizona State University. But Lee and Wilson, who co-authored a report on transborder economics that was released Friday, said there are numerous obstacles to developing that economy. On top of stepped-up security efforts, Wilson said, deteriorating roads, bridges and ports of entry have added hours to the time it takes businesses and tourists to cross. Those delays have caused some business to move operations to Asia, according to their report. "We are way behind in constructing infrastructure to facilitate trade along the U.S.-Mexico border," said Lee, adding that there is as much as 246 billion in backlogged maintenance to that infrastructure. Lexington’s card ends He said U.S. manufacturing, tourism and retail businesses would feel a significant boost if the infrastructure were brought up to par. Wilson also said there is a greater need for "security intelligence" and a voluntary trusted-traveler program for frequent border crossers. He pointed out that 85 percent of Mexican tourists come through land ports of entry. "A border trusted-traveler program can shrink the haystack that border agents have to sift through, with intelligence offered voluntarily," Wilson said.
China
No China-Taiwan war – empirics
McCarthy 4 (Daniel McCarthy, lawyer in Salt Lake City, Utah, former resident of Taiwan, China traveler, US-Chinese businessman, and student of military affairs and of US-China-Taiwan relations; "Ignore the rhetoric, China won’t attack Taiwan," 2004, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FB11Ad06.html)
Over the past several years, reports of China threatening to attack Taiwan have become AND likely to take place. Here is an examination of China’s four conditions.
Deterrence
Moore is wrong – incentive theory doesn’t explain war and causes violence
Goodman ’5 (Ryan, Harvard Law School, "International Institutions and the Mechanisms of War" American Journal of International Law lexis) John Norton Moore’s Solving the War Puzzle raises important issues for fashioning institutions to prevent AND — suggests the potential significance of mechanisms that are not grounded in incentives. Identifying these mechanisms is essential to designing a coherent and effective international regime. Each AND these dynamics may hamper, rather than enhance, the prospects of peace.
Linearity fails in IR fails
Bernstein et al 2000 Steven Bernstein, Richard Ned Lebow, Janice Gross Stein and Steven Weber, University of Toronto, The Ohio State University, University of Toronto and University of California at Berkeley. "God Gave Physics the Easy Problems" European Journal of International Relations 2000; 6; 43 A deep irony is embedded in the history of the scientific study of international relations AND that knowledge is often impossible to obtain in the analysis of international relations.
Renewables
Doublebind – either Mexican renewable energy is cheap and doesn’t qualify for state funding, or it’s expensive and never gets adopted
Lokey 11 (Elizabeth Lokey, Environmental Studies, University of Colorado, "Barriers to clean development mechanism renewable energy projects in Mexico", Renewable Energy Vol. 34 Issue 3, 504-508, Science Direct | JJ) The most significant hurdle to renewable energy development is that CFE, which controls most AND would have occurred in a business-as-usual scenario ~16~.
Utilitarian calculability justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end
Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, "The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza," pp 8-10) The theological origins of the lesser evil argument cast a long shadow on the present AND so. The demand of his ethics are grounded in this impossibility.17
It is a moment of interest convergence between the Affirmative and the judge – This rhetorical alliance with alterity is a technology of political demand that repeats the strategic attitude of the system it seeks to overturn – The guilty solidarity of the 1AC masks the privilege that prevents the AFF project from directly changing the lives of the people they invoke to warrant a ballot. Chow, 93 – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17) While the struggle for hegemony remains necessary for many reasons-especially in cases where AND off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?
It is a form of self-subalternization, where the judge is encouraged to found solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing suffering portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis. Chow, 93 – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11) The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her AND the main a rhetorical renunciation of the material power that enables her rhetoric.
The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust Chow, 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.) In the "cultural studies" of the American academy in the 1990s. The AND is no longer distinguishable from those who have had our consciousnesses "raised."
Off
Next off – the counter-method
The affirmative’s critical pedagogy is change in the service of human freedom, taking for granted human/animal opposition – belief that language elevates biological value normalizes violence Bell and Russell, 2000 (Anne and Constance, Canadian journal of education, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)
Take, for example, Freire’s (1990) statements about the differences¶ between AND resonance that we¶ share with all expressive bodies (p. 80).
Discourse of "civil rights" is not neutral – it relies on an explicitly anthropocentric human rights paradigm and is the foundation of the dichotomy between "human" and the "environment" Burdon 12 (Peter Burdon – PhD in Earth Jurisprudence and lecturer at Alelaide Law School, August 10, 2010, "ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE LIMITS OF RIGHTS TALK", http://rightnow.org.au/topics/environment/environmental-protection-and-the-limits-of-rights-talk/**)MD
The rise of environmental human rights During the 1970s the language of human rights began to make sense to broad communities AND lead to a radical displacement of capitalist growth economics is a serious error.
To discuss oppression as "dehumanizing" only reasserts dominate forms of hierarchy in hidden ways and furthers anthropocentric thought. Adams 94 (Carol, feminist scholar and animal rights theorist. M.Div. from Yale Divinity School, B.A. from Rochester University. Neither Beast nor Man, P. 77 http://books.google.com/books?id=CinU6Vy_sYMC)
It is conventionally said that oppression dehumanizes, that it reduces humans to animal status AND , and thus inscribe as well the hierarchy that positions animals as lower?
The 1AC’s failure to incorporate the non-human world ensures the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations Bell and Russell 2k (Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and AND Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged. 1
Anthropocentrism guarantees violence—humanism is the original hierarchy—we need politics that can respect more than human life. Their politics dooms us to a future that endlessly repeats the oppression of the status quo. Best 2007 (Steven – Chair of Philosophy @ University of Texas – El Paso, Review of Charles Patterson’s "The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust", Journal for Critical Animal Studies, http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf-http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf)MD
While a welcome advance over the anthropocentric conceit that only humans shape human actions, AND and stewardship, which however was Judaic moral baggage official Christianity left behind.¶
Illuminating the oppression of animals is necessary to fight that of those humans who are treated "like animals" by revealing the foundation behind both. Adams 2010 (~Carol J: adjunct professor at perkins school of theology and a vegetarian feminist activist~), The Continuum International Publishing Group, "The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist Vegetarian Critical Theory," pgs. 90-91, pdf) be
When radical feminists talk as if cultural exchanges with animals¶ are literally true in AND worldview that accepts meat eating¶ and the muted minority viewpoint of vegetarianism.
We advocate a critical praxis centered on challenging anthropocentrism.
Our alternative is to endorse the thought experiment of the voluntary global suicide of humanity – that solves Kochi and Ordan 08 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law 26 International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, "An argument for the global suicide of humanity," Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf-http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf)
For some, guided by the pressure of moral conscience or by a practice of AND no matter how hard we try to forget, suppress or repress it.
2NC
2NC OV
We control the root cause – the first form of hierarchy involves human domination over AND through the Middle Passage and the modern cage of Guantanamo Bay– that’s Best
Anthropocentrism outweighs – it necessitates an ongoing ecocide Gottlieb 94 — Roger S. Gottlieb, Professor of Humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Brandeis University, 1994 ("Ethics and Trauma: Levinas, Feminism, and Deep Ecology," Crosscurrents: A Journal of Religion and Intellectual Life, Summer, Available Online at http://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm, Accessed 07-26-2011)
Here I will at least begin in agreement with Levinas. As he rejects an AND
neither for ourselves nor for the other, but for us all.
You can’t access the ethics of eating Pugliese 13—Research Director, MMCCS @ Macquarie U (Joseph, State Violence and the Execution of Law: Biopolitical Caesurae of Torture, Black Sites, Drones pg 44-45, dml)
In the course of her painstaking documentation of the scenes of violent subjection that mark AND non- negotiable claim to the human: they could not be eaten.
2NC ROB
We’ll offer a counter-role of the ballot—write in the place of animals that die—the role of the ballot is to move towards a true political space which necessarily entails consideration of speciesism as prior Collard 13—Geography Department at the University of British Columbia (Rosemary-Claire, "Apocalypse Meow", Capitalism Nature Socialism, 24:1, 35-41, dml)
’’A true political space,’’ writes Swyngedouw (2010b, 194), ’’ AND of animals that die seems a preferable, though still fraught, characterization. This paper is therefore written in the place of those uncounted and unnamed non- AND neglects how these very subversions and exclusions are the order’s condition of being.
2NC Human Rights
To explain violence as merely the suspension of the liberties or rights obscures the species war that is foundational to the law Kochi 9 (Tarik; Law, Culture, and the Humanities, "Species War: Law, Violence, and Animals", 353-359) In everyday speech, in the words of the media, politicians, protestors, AND resides a species war carried out by humans against non-human animals.
At first glance such a claim may sound like it has little to do with AND suggestion that at the foundation of the Law of war resides species war.
~Continues~
Grotius and Hobbes are sometimes described as setting out a prudential approach,28 or AND of life preferred for preservation within the early modern juridical ordering of war.
1NR
No cards
2/26/14
Harvard Semis vs Carrollton
Tournament: Harvard | Round: Semis | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Sara Sanchez, Eric Lanning, Andy McCoy
1NC
Off
Environmental reformism is merely an exercise in blame shifting and assuaging guilt, shielding us from ever having to take responsibility for our own personal complicity in the environmental crisis
Bobertz, 95 (Bradley, Nebraska Law, Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 711) A routine pattern in environmental lawmaking is a tendency to blame environmental problems on easily AND we create to solve them, this phenomenon should be cause for concern.
Additionally, the Affirmative’s production centered focus impoverishes our understanding of the environmental crisis, diminishing our ability to understand and respond to the consumptive practices that create pollution.
Princen, 3 (Thomas, Global Environmental Politics, February) Research within the economic strands of social science disciplines such as political science, sociology AND substitutabilities. n3 Global water management illustrates the need for such a focus.
Consumption is the root cause of the Affirmative harms and constitutes a systemic harm that not only outweighs the case, but creates the possibility of extinction
Dauvergne, 5 (Peter, "Dying of Consumption: Accidents or Sacrifices of Global Morality?" Global Environmental Politics, August) Private consumption expenditures are now more than 4 times higher than in 1960. The AND look at the guts of global morality in an era of consumptive prosperity.
Reject the way the 1AC frames the problem in favor of an interrogation of consumptive practices — before we can go about fixing the world, we have to start off with an examination of the self, and how we are all personally implicated.
Nayar, 99 (Jayan, Warwick Law, Transnational Law 26 Contemporary Problems, Fall) Rightly, we are concerned with the question of what can be done to alleviate AND of critique, it is necessary to consider the "technologies" of ordering
Warming
Biofuels can’t solve warming – they harm the environment more than fossil fuels and there’s tons of alt causes
Increasing production of biofuels to combat climate change will release between two and nine times AND fuel use and moving to carbon-free alternatives such as renewable energy.
Renewables can’t solve warming—they’re not a replacement
Angus 12 – ecosocialist advocate, citing an extensive study by Richard York, professor at the University of Oregon with an MS in Environmental Studies from Bemidji State University (Iran, "Green energy won’t save the earth without social change", 3/21/12; http://climateandcapitalism.com/2012/03/21/green-energy-alone-wont-save-the-earth/)//Beddow The most popular techno-fix for global warming is green energy. If energy AND ignore the inherent destructiveness of the current system of unsustainable development – capitalism."
China makes the impact inevitable and they don’t model Downs, 8 Eric, Fellow @ Brookings, China Energy Fellow, Foreign Policy, John L. Thornton China Center U.S.-China Economic 26 Security Review Commission, China’s Energy Policies and Their Environmental Impacts, http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0813_china_downs.aspx China suffers from a disconnect between the increasingly prominent position of energy issues on its AND bend other actors, notably firms and local governments, to its will.
China key to solving emissions Chen et al., 10 Chen, Qian, Peridas, Qiu, Ho: Natural Resources Defense Council, Friedmann: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Li, Wei: Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sung, Fowler: Clean Air Task Force, Seligsohn, Liu, Forbes: World Resources Institute, Zhang: China Tsinghua University, Zhao: Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Jason Chen, Jingjing Qian, George Peridas, Yueming Qiu, Bruce Ho, Julio Friedmann, Xiaochun Li, Ning Wei, S. Ming Sung, Mike Fowler, Deborah Seligsohn, Yue Liu, Sarah Forbes, Dongjie Zhang, Lifeng Zhao, December 2010, "Identifying Near-Term Opportunities For Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in China," http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR-http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR. H Coal—the most carbon-laden of the three major fossil fuels (i AND global effort to prevent the worst impacts of global warming from occurring.11
Warming inevitable even if we cut emissions to zero—multiple studies confirm
Gillett et al. 10—director @ the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Nathan, "Ongoing climate change following a complete cessation of carbon dioxide emissions". Nature Geoscience Several recent studies have demonstrated that CO2-induced 17 global mean temperature change is AND several centuries owing to the long delay associated with 42 subsurface ocean warming.
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case
Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; "From Apocalypse To Way of Life," pg. 185-186) Looked at critically, then, crisis discourse thus suffers from a number of liabilities AND give up, or even cut off ties to clearly terminal "nature."
That makes intervention and mass war inevitable
Brzoska 8 (Michael Brzoska, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg; "The securitization of climate change and the power of conceptions of security," Paper prepared for the International Studies Association Convention, 2008) In the literature on securitization it is implied that when a problem is securitized it AND military preparedness against the other major powers, thus leading to arms races.
Their apocalyptic warming focus trades off with environmentalism – turns its own end
Thesis claim: desire lacks as a result of the structure of language on the speaking organism – the aff is an attempt at providing a palliative to the ills of the social order which results only in scapegoating and political failure
Edkins 3 (Jenny, U of Wales Aberystwyth, Trauma and the Memory of Politics, p. 11-14)LA *Pronoun replacements by ||| in the text. In the psychoanalytic account the subject is formed around a lack, and in the AND subject and the non-existence of any complete, closed social order.
This only perpetuates university discourse – actually prevents action to "solve" warming, whatever that means
Multiple alt causes to ag the aff can’t solve Journal of Commerce, 12 ("Agriculture Trade a ’Risky Business’", April 16, Proquest) NK Analysts and economists at the U.S. Department of Agriculture are full of AND affected by the extreme climatic situation, and demand for imported food grew. Their Bryce internal link says biofuel production in general results in shocks not just corn, means the aff still links
Belief in market solutions to hunger only entrenches poverty—while the aff results in more organic crops on the market, the poor are left without access
Sharma 2002 (Devinder Sharma is a food and trade policy analyst, author and a commentator. Among his recent works include two books: GATT to WTO: Seeds of Despair and In the Famine Trap. He also chairs the New Delhi-based Forum for Biotechnology 26 Food Security, "Voices from the South: The Third World Debunks Corporate Myths on Genetically Engineered Crops") The reality of hunger and malnutrition is too harsh to be even properly understood. AND the ground realities, hunger will only grow in the years to come. It does not, however, mean that this writer is against technology. The AND marginalize the gains, if any. And herein lies a grave danger. While the political leadership and the development community is postponing till the year 2015 the AND hunger in the first place, there would be no "hidden hunger." Who will take on the biggest challenge of all times—the elimination of hunger AND very clear: the poor and hungry will have to live on hope.
The status quo food crisis in directly linked to the logic of neoliberal–speculation and land grabbing proves
Houtart 11 (Francois, Belgian Marxist Sociologist, serves as an advisor to CETRI (Centre Tricontinental) a Belgian non-governmental organization which he founded in 1976, was awarded the UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence, " FROM ’COMMON GOODS’ TO THE ’COMMON GOOD OF HUMANITY," ROSA LUXEMBURG FOUNDATION BRUSSELS, NOVEMBER)
There are two aspects to the food crisis. One is a conjunction of short AND conjunctural and structural aspects, is directly linked to the logic of capitalism.
Mexico
The 1AC’s calculative enframing of biofuels reduces the world to a standing reserve
-concealing its inner nature as an inexhaustible source of emergence. -purifies complexities of biofuels -calculative linearity -calculative enframing to gain a tighter control over the world -holy fuck this card is good -note: iLUC=indirect land use change impacts of biofuels Joronen and Humalsito 13 (Mikko Joronen-University of Turku, Department of Geography and Geology, Section Geography, Vesilinnantie 4, 20014 Turku, Finland, Niko Heikki Humalisto=Corresponding Author; "Looking beyond calculative spaces of biofuels: Onto-topologiesof indirect land use changes"; lord Faulkner) 3. Ontological politics of calculation and iLUC In order to exemplify assumptions behind the AND the complex geographies of topological relatedness, which we will next turn into.
Economic engagement is an imperialist tool used to forward US geopolitical dominance – perpetuates North/South warfare
Jones, 4 (Martin Jones* - PhD in Human Geography from the University of Manchester, Rhys Jones; Professor of Human Geography at the University of Wales Aberystwyth - Professor in Human Geography @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, Michael Woods* - PhD in Human Geography from Bristol University; Professor of Human Geography and Director of the Institute of Geography and Earth Sciences @ the University¶ of Wales Aberystwyth, 2004, "AN INTRODUCTION TO POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Space, place and politics", http://118.97.161.124/perpus-fkip/Perpustakaan/Geography/Geografi20manusia/Pengantar20Geografi20Politik.pdf) MD
Political domination can take on many forms. At¶ its most basic and uncompromising AND and the broader international political economy (see Agnew and Corbridge¶ 1995).¶
That causes imperialistic violence versus the Latin "other" – root cause of 1AC conflict claims, promotes militaristic ethics, and legitimizes faulty, hegemonic knowledge-production
Grandin 6 (Empire’s Workshop: Latin America, the United States, and the Rise of the New Imperialism, Greg Grandin, Macmillan, May 2, 2006 –BRW)
The ARGENTINE WRITER Jorge Luis Borges once remarked that the lack of camels in the AND in the Cold War, of which Central America was the tragic endgame.
2NC
2NC AT: FW
Focusing on policy-making first absolves individual contribution and cedes the political – ensures their impacts are inevitable and provides an independent reason to vote negative Trennel 6 (Paul Trennel, Ph. D from the University of Wales, Department of International Politics; "The (Im)possibility of Environmental Security," September 2006, http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/410/trenellpaulipm0060.pdf?sequence=2)
Thirdly, it can be claimed that the security mindset channels the obligation to address AND the top-down, state oriented focus supplied by a security framework.
Affirmative cannot win that they have any practical effects Schlag 90 (Pierre, Stanford LR, November, Lexis)
In fact, normative legal thought is so much in a hurry that it will AND in a position to put any of its wonderful normative advice into effect.
Within the legal order the relations between individuals will resemble this logic where suffering is AND – the law infiltrates into and seeks to rule our most private conflicts.
2NC AT: Perm
The permutation still links—it includes the plan and its attendant macropolitical focus—both of which are direct links to our argument per the 1NC Bobertz evidence and this new card: Princen, Maniates and Conca (Thomas Princen, Michael Maniates, and Ken Conca, July 2002, Confronting Consumption)
How might ordinary people living in high-consumption societies begin to clarify and act AND that is, to the processes of supplying consumers with what they desire.
At: no extinction
Framing the environment in terms of the economy makes collapse inevitable – terminal uniqueness Weiskel 97 (Timothy - Research Director @ the Cambridge Climate Research Associates – PhD in Anthropology from Oxford, "Selling Pigeons in the Temple: The Danger of Market Metaphors in an Ecosystem", Harvard Seminar on Environmental Values, http://www.ecoethics.net/OPS-008.HTM-http://www.ecoethics.net/OPS-008.HTM)MD
The natural order of the world and our role within it is affirmed by market AND demise of industrial society as the unavoidable outcome of "business as usual."
In short, public leadership needs now to define, declare and defend the public AND may well constitute our last, best hope for survival as a species.
Economic collapse is inevitable due to limits to growth – tech can’t solve fast enough DENNIS MEADOWS Emeritus Professor of Systems Management, and former director of the Institute for Policy and Social Science Research at the University of New Hampshire http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/limits-to-growth-author-dennis-meadows-says-that-crisis-is-approaching-a-871570.html 12-7-12 SPIEGEL ONLINE: Several central forecasts you made in the book have come true, AND us just like that, he does not know how technology is developed.
2nc motivation fails
The link turn is empirically denied - alarmism is high now and responses to warming are low Foust and Murphy 2009 (Christina R. Foust is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver. William O’Shannon Murphy is a doctoral student in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver. "Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse" , Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture, 3:2, 151-167 ) Since the release of Al Gore’s award-winning documentary, An Inconvenient Truth, AND to sound the alarm with increasing urgency (Moser 26 Dilling, 2004).
2nc authoritarianism
Furthermore, political scapegoating ensures targeting of the third world Gilbert 12 Emily Gilbert, Canadian Studies and Geography University of Toronto, 2012, "The Militarization of Climate Change," ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 11 (1), 1-14 7
First, the military’s interest in climate change resurrects a narrow concept of security. AND national security impact of environmental change in other parts of the world.6 The bifurcation of domestic security and external threat reinforces a fiction of territorial and nationalist AND what are the costs when militarization becomes necessary to legitimize climate change action? The upshot is that the military is also legitimized, to the detriment of formal AND military ’encroachment’ on civilian-sponsored development (Hartmann 2010: 240).
1NR
Psycho
Third is scapegoating – the attempt to suture the lack through the presentation of the plan text inevitability runs up against a wall and must find an explanation for such failure – this ensures a replication of domination and oppression
Stavrakakis 99 (Yannis, Prof @ U of Essex, Lacan and the Political, p. 107-8)LA In the light of our theoretical framework, fantasy can only exist as the negation AND cohesion, it brought totalitarian coercion. (Talmon, 1971: 95)
James Hansen and other prominent climatolo AND in reverse—hundreds of billions of tons of that stuff.
Ag
The status quo food crisis in directly linked to the logic of neoliberal–speculation and land grabbing proves
Houtart 11 (Francois, Belgian Marxist Sociologist, serves as an advisor to CETRI (Centre Tricontinental) a Belgian non-governmental organization which he founded in 1976, was awarded the UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence, " FROM ’COMMON GOODS’ TO THE ’COMMON GOOD OF HUMANITY," ROSA LUXEMBURG FOUNDATION BRUSSELS, NOVEMBER)
There are two aspects to the food crisis. One is a conjunction of short AND conjunctural and structural aspects, is directly linked to the logic of capitalism.
Developmental approach to resolving politics has been tried and failed – it only serves to inflict structural violence on populations while filling the pockets of elites
Nhanenge 11 (Jytte Nhanenge, ecological and social activist, MA in development and MA in philosophy from the University of South Africa, extremely prominent theorist in development studies, 2011, "Ecofeminism: Towards Integrating the Concerns of Women, Poor People, and Nature into Development," pp 19-22) gz
The official intention with establishing the development program in the South was to increase economic AND development cycle." Ted Trainer (1997)calls it "inappropriate development."
To discuss oppression as "dehumanizing" only reasserts dominate forms of hierarchy in hidden ways and furthers anthropocentric thought. Adams 94 (Carol, feminist scholar and animal rights theorist. M.Div. from Yale Divinity School, B.A. from Rochester University. Neither Beast nor Man, P. 77 http://books.google.com/books?id=CinU6Vy_sYMC) It is conventionally said that oppression dehumanizes, that it reduces humans to animal status AND , and thus inscribe as well the hierarchy that positions animals as lower?
Anthropocentrism guarantees violence humanism is the original hierarchy—we need politics that can respect more than human life. Their politics dooms us to a future that endlessly repeats the oppression of the status quo. Best, 7 (Steven – Chair of Philosophy @ University of Texas – El Paso, Review of Charles Patterson’s "The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust", Journal for Critical Animal Studies, http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf-http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf)MD
While a welcome advance over the anthropocentric conceit that only humans shape human actions, AND and stewardship, which however was Judaic moral baggage official Christianity left behind.¶
Our alternative is to endorse the thought experiment of the voluntary global suicide of humanity – that solves Kochi and Ordan, 8 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law 26 International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, "An argument for the global suicide of humanity," Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf-http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf) For some, guided by the pressure of moral conscience or by a practice of AND no matter how hard we try to forget, suppress or repress it.
Off
To the affirmative, the Other is dangerous yet alluring – something to be mapped AND is not just useless neutrality but rather the lynchpin of the Western intellectual subject Spivak 88 (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian literary theorist, philosopher and University Professor at Columbia University, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, 1988 "Can the Subaltern Speak?," Online, azp) SOME OF THE most radical criticism coming out of the West today is the result AND supplementing an earlier economic text, can the subaltern speak? . . .
Isn’t it off-putting that the affirmative merely expresses solidarity with the oppressed yet does little to nothing to actually relieve their oppression? – What do you think their endless theories, intellectual movements, and speech acts actually DO to resolve anything? – the answer is absolutely nothing – they aren’t subversive, nor radical, nor even that interesting – their speech act is an intellectual façade designed to avoid having to resolve oppression Raskin 99 (Marcus Raskin, Professor of Public Policy at George Washington University, 1999, Transnational Law 26 Contemporary Problems, Fall)
As I have noted, world social categories and knowledge systems have changed so that AND where knowledge is an instrument of domination for the few, demands recognition.
The ballot is a moment of interest convergence between the Affirmative and the judge – This rhetorical alliance with alterity is a technology of political demand that repeats the strategic attitude of the system it seeks to overturn – the guilty solidarity of the 1AC masks the privilege that prevents the AFF project from directly changing the lives of the people they invoke to warrant a ballot. Chow, 93 – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17, 1993)
Why are "tactics" useful at this moment? As discussions about "multiculturalism AND off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?
It is also a form of self-subalternization, where the judges are encouraged to found a vacuous solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing the material deprivation portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis. Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11, 1993)
The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in order to highlight her AND the main a rhetorical renunciation of the material power that enables her rhetoric.
The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust Chow, 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.)
In the "cultural studies" of the American academy in the 1990s. The AND is no longer distinguishable from those who have had our consciousnesses "raised."
This knowledge production is merely an attempt to map out the coordinates of alterity for the targeting computers of our death machines Chow, 6 (Rey Chow, Humanities and Modern Culture 26 Media Studies at Brown University, 2006 The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work, 40-1) Often under the modest apparently innocuous agendas of fact gathering and documentation, the " AND a definable object"—and by "the problem of the vanishing object."
Case
The AFF’s claims of dehumanization subscribes to a humanist understanding of subjection which accepts the idea that humanity can be taken away thereby granting violence the full weight it wishes to achieve. The AFF erases the subjects they wish to rescue and justify war. Esmeir, 6 /Samera, former lawyer, is an assistant professor in the Department of Rhetoric at the University of California, Berkeley. "On Making Dehumanization Possible," PMLA, Vol. 121, No. 5 (Oct., 2006), pp. 1544-1551/ The understanding of humanity as a status that can be taken away or given back AND political possibilities exist for them, aside from being victims awaiting humanitarian interventions?
2NC
OV
Their failure to recognize privilege as speaking subjects takes out any solvency and means there’s only a risk of a link. Chow 93 (Rey Chow, professor of English and comparative literature and director of the comparative literature program at the University of California, Writing Diaspora: tactics of intervention in contemporary cultural studies, p. 118-9)
For "third world" intellectuals, the lures of diaspora consist in this masked AND privileged speech, one is helping to save the wretched of the earth.
Your role as a judge is to interrogate how we should deal with our privileged positions which allow us to speak in the first place. Chow 1993 /Rey, Professor Comparative Lit at Brown, "Writing Diaspora" p 15-17 google books/ While the struggle for hegemony remains necessary for many reasons-especially in cases where AND off field, in the military no less than in the academic sense?
UC
the space of the University serves as a site of social death – the production of radicalized knowledge serves only to legitimize the very system which was built on the back of colonial domination An anonymous UC Berkeley Student in 2010 (anonymous graduate student in philosophy, "The University, Social Death and the Inside Joke," http://news.infoshop.org/article.php?story=20100220181610620)
Universities may serve as progressive sites of inquiry in some cases, yet this does AND interpretation and every connotation, no longer denoting anyone or anything."~56~
1NR
AT Schapp
We reject the notion of a pure politics - this inversion of language of the aff challenges anthropocentrism
Chambers, 2005 (Samuel, teaches political theory at the University of Wales Swansea, "The politics of Literarity," Theory 26 Event 8:3, TH) Ranciere reads Aristotle in such as way as to call the original logos "tainted AND of Aristotle involves a direct, if tacit, challenge to anthropocentrism.3-http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theory_and_event/v008/8.3chambers.html
AT: Perm
Total rejection is key Kochi and Ordan 08 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law 26 International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, "An argument for the global suicide of humanity," Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf)
Both liberal and social revolutionary models thus seem to run into the same problems that surround the notion of progress; each play out a modern discourse of sacrifice in which some forms of life and modes of living are set aside in favour of the promise of a future good. Caught between social hopes and political myths, the challenge of responding to environmental destruction confronts, starkly, the core of a discourse of modernity characterised by reflection, responsibility and action. Given the increasing pressures upon the human habitat, this modern discourse will either deliver or it will fail. There is little room for an existence in between: either the Enlightenment fulfils its potentiality or it shows its hand as the bearer of impossibility. If the possibilities of the Enlightenment are to be fulfilled then this can only happen if the old idea of the progress of the human species, exemplified by Hawking’s cosmic colonisation, is fundamentally rethought and replaced by a new form of self-comprehension. This self-comprehension would need to negate and limit the old modern humanism by a radical anti-humanism. The aim, however, would be to not just accept one side or the other, but to re-think the basis of moral action along the lines of a dialectical, utopian anti-humanism. Importantly, though, getting past inadequate conceptions of action, historical time and the futural promise of progress may be dependent upon radically re-comprehending the relationship between humanity and nature in such a way that the human is no longer viewed as the sole core of the subject, or the being of highest value. The human would thus need to no longer be thought of as a master that stands over the non-human. Rather, the human and the non-human need to be grasped together, with the former bearing dignity only so long as it understands itself as a part of the latter.
Link
Their 1AC impact card – Horrorism leads to dehumanization
Debrix 26 Barder ’12 (François, and Alexander, Beyond Biopolitics: Theory, violence, and horror in world politics, pp. 127-132)
To make sense of what we believe can be referred to as agonal sovereignty; AND production of such language or vocabulary- that it will not do so.
The 1AC’s failure to incorporate the non-human world ensures the replication of prevailing anthropocentric power relations Bell and Russell 2k (Anne C. by graduate students in the Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University and Constance L. a graduate student at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)
For this reason, the various movements against oppression need to be aware of and AND Russell, Bell, 26 Fawcett, 2000), anthropocentrism passes unchallenged. 1
2NC Impact
We control the root cause – the first form of hierarchy involves human domination over AND on ships and branding irons used to mark slaves as property – that’s Best
Gottlieb 94 — Roger S. Gottlieb, Professor of Humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Brandeis University, 1994 ("Ethics and Trauma: Levinas, Feminism, and Deep Ecology," Crosscurrents: A Journal of Religion and Intellectual Life, Summer, Available Online at http://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm, Accessed 07-26-2011)
Here I will at least begin in agreement with Levinas. As he rejects an AND
neither for ourselves nor for the other, but for us all.
From the outset it is important to make clear that the argument for the global AND human to the non-human have, so far, been unavailing.
Collard 13—Geography Department at the University of British Columbia (Rosemary-Claire, "Apocalypse Meow", Capitalism Nature Socialism, 24:1, 35-41, dml)
’’A true political space,’’ writes Swyngedouw (2010b, 194), ’’ AND of animals that die seems a preferable, though still fraught, characterization. This paper is therefore written in the place of those uncounted and unnamed non- AND neglects how these very subversions and exclusions are the order’s condition of being.
2/26/14
MBA Quarters vs St Marks
Tournament: MBA | Round: Quarters | Opponent: St Marks JM | Judge: James Herndon, Kelly Haselton, John Hines 1NC
Off
Since World War I, violence has been normalized by the globalization of the state of exception when the law justifies its own suspension, transforming itself into a killing machine, and ushering in global civil war. Return to the legal normal authorizes such violent international aggression Agamben, 5 Giorgio Agamben, famous philosopher, The State of Exception, pg. 85
It is perhaps … toward global civil war.
Refuse attempts to reform the legal system and doom it to its own nihilistic destruction—we must refuse all conceptual apparatuses of capture Prozorov, 10 Sergei Prozorov, professor of political and economic studies at the University of Helsinki, “Why Giorgio Agamben is an optimist,” Philosophy Social Criticism 2010 36: pg. 1065
In a later work, … the following section.¶
The impact is the sovereign’s ability to exploit fundamental flaws in the legal system and continue the global biopolitical war—the ballot should side with the global countermovement against such violence Gulli, 13 Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 1
We live in an … and police brutality¶ Off
Text: We advocate the entirety of the aff sans the plan
There is no internal link between the plan text and the solvency – we should recognize our own role in imperialism Schlag, 90 (Pierre Schlag, professor of law@ univ. Colorado, stanford law review, november, page lexis) In fact, normative … advice into effect.
The assumption of 1AC solvency papers over the rough edges of the world with warm and fuzzy normative legal talk, emotionally disconnecting them from the implications of the speech act Delgado 91 (richard delgado , colorado law professor, 139 pa. L. Rev. 933, april)
But what is … with subsistence claims.
They are more interested in playing hermeneutic games than engaging in politics, the preoccupation with pretending to be policymakers traps them in a spectator position and bars them from recognizing the bureaucratic violence of legal praxis. Schlag, 90 (Pierre Schlag, professor of law@ univ. Colorado, stanford law review, november, page lexis) All of this … -- academic and otherwise. Off Reject the 1AC’s call for the ballot –
It is a moment of interest convergence between the Affirmative and the judge – This rhetorical alliance with alterity is a technology of political demand that repeats the strategic attitude of the system it seeks to overturn – The guilty solidarity of the 1AC masks the privilege that prevents the AFF project from directly changing the lives of the people they invoke to warrant a ballot. Chow, 93 – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17)
Why are "tactics" … the academic sense?
It is a form of self-subalternization, where the judge is encouraged to found solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing suffering portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis. Chow, 93 – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11)
The Orientalist has a … enables her rhetoric.
The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust Chow, 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.)
In the “cultural studies” … our consciousnesses “raised.”
2NC
OV
The biopolitical determination of the threshold beyond which life ceases to have juridical value creates the category of a “life devoid of value” which nullifies value to death – this the root cause of modern violence Agamben, 98 – professor of philosophy at university of Verona (Giorgio, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 139-140) It is not our … every living being.
2NC AT: FW
Representations and exposition are the organizing principles behind the debate which we can challenge to alter power Agamben, 2000 – professor of philosophy at the College International de Philosophie in Paris (Giorgio, Means Without End: Notes on Politics, p. 93-95) Exposition is the … over its management.
2NC AT: Perm
The only ethical position is to refuse the sovereign fiction of lines between inside and outside – the aff attempts to redraw the line which is an independent link Edkins and Pin-Fat 05. Jenny Edkins, professor of international politics at Prifysgol Aberystwyth University (in Wales) and Veronique Pin-Fat, senior lecturer in politics at Manchester Universit, “Through the Wire: Relations of Power and Relations of Violence,” Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2005 34: pg. 14
One potential form … sciences and jurisprudence.60
2NC Link
2. Reform – it maintains the fluid nature of sovereign power – that’s Prozorov – their attempt to correct the harms of imperialism through piece-meal reform and economic integration makes global civil war inevitable Agamben 98. Giorgio Agamben, professor of philosophy at the University of Verona, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 179
The CP solves best – criticizing their normative form opens up a space for reflection where true solvency becomes impossible. Winter 91 (Steven L. June, Prof of Law @ U. of Miami, Texas Law Review ”On Building Houses”)
As this last … terrifyingly dependent on law." AT: Policy Good Policymaking absolves individual responsibility for violence – ensures violence will be inevitable – independent reason to vote aff Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11) War does not … of war and violence. AT: McClean Nitty-gritty policy details isn’t good education Frase 13 (Peter Frase, PhD student in sociology at the CUNY Graduate Center, predoctoral scholar at the LIS Cross-National Data Center, April 16th 2013, “The Perils of Wonkery,” http://www.peterfrase.com/2013/04/the-perils-of-wonkery/) But rather than … facts, ma’am” pretensions.
2/12/14
MBA Round 1 vs Maine East
Tournament: MBA | Round: 1 | Opponent: Maine East AL | Judge: Jared Haselton 1NC
Off
Discourse of Chinese aggression is a neoliberal ploy masking the paranoiac fear of the decline of dollar hegemony – their discourse becomes a justification for further militarism and aggression Cunningham 12/1 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 12-1-13, “Dollar survival behind US-China tensions,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/12/01/dollar-survival-behind-us-china-tensions/) gz The escalation of … clench an iron fist.
China threats are products of narcissistic understandings of the U.S.’s role in global politics – it results in containment which un-brackets war Pan, 4 – PhD in Political Science and International Relations and member of the International Studies Association ISA (Chengxin Pan: Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 29 Pg. 305 -307) I have argued … case of China."93
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops … of the political.
Vote neg to overdetermine the ontological by exposing the contradictions of imperial knowledge production – this dissident act fractures hegemonic thought Spanos, 8 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, 2008, “American Exceptionalism in the Age of Globalization: The Specter of Vietnam,” pp 27-30) On the other … the Pax Romana.
Every affirmation is a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – neutralizing that moment before a decision is in and of itself violent Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to … in continental thought. Solvency
Renewables worsen the quality of life for the poor Cecelski, 2k – (Elizabeth, worked for more than twenty-five years in problems of energy and developing countries, specializing in energy, poverty and gender issues, especially in household and rural energy; and in rural electrification and rural development; holds a BA from Duke University and an MA from John Hopkins.¶ As an energy economist at Resources for the Future, she co-authored Household Energy and the Third World Poor (1979) and Energy Strategies for Developing Nations (1981). She later worked for an appropriate technology NGO, VITA, and in the Rural Employment Policies Branch of the International Labour Organisation in Geneva. She is a founding member, and presently member of the Advisory Group and Technical Adviser for Advocacy and Research of ENERGIA, the International Network on Gender and Sustainable Energy, and is the author of several standard references on gender and energy; “ENABLING EQUITABLE ACCESS TO RURAL ¶ ELECTRIFICATION: CURRENT THINKING AND MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN ENERGY, POVERTY AND GENDER,” 27 January 2000, http://www.sarpn.org/genderenergy/resources/cecelski/energypovertygender.pdf//HO Sustainable energy development … fuelled ¶ technologies facilitate.
Renewable assistance to Mexico pads corporate coffers, while robbing the inhabitants of their land Pasqualetti 11 (Martin J. Pasqualetti, Senior Sustainability Scientist, Global Institute of Sustainabillity, 5/25/2011, “Social Barriers to Renewable Energy Landscapes”, Wiley Online Library | JJ) GENDER MODIFIED BECAUSE JJ DOESN’T KNOW WHAT PRONOUNS ARE *Oaxaca – wa-ha-kah The ultimate scale … people and heaven itself” (Giordano 2006).
Neoliberalism is the driving force of all impact scenarios Deutsch, 9 /Judith, president, Science for Peace. Member of Canadian psychoanalytic society, “Pestilence, Famine, War, Neoliberalism, and Premature Deaths,” Peace Magazine, http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v25n3p18.htm/ At present, threats …"terrorism from above."
The affirmative’s developmental approach to resolving politics has been tried and failed – it only serves to inflict structural violence on populations while filling the pockets of elites Nhanenge, 11 (Jytte Nhanenge, ecological and social activist, MA in development and MA in philosophy from the University of South Africa, extremely prominent theorist in development studies, 2011, “Ecofeminism: Towards Integrating the Concerns of Women, Poor People, and Nature into Development,” pp 19-22) gz The official intention … it “inappropriate development.”
These developmental discourses manifest themselves in a form of violent imperialism and militarism, waging perpetual war through the power to let die Duffield 7 (Mark Duffield, professor emeritus at the University of Bristol, former director of the Global Insecurities Centre, 2007, “Development, Security and Unending War,” pp 1-8) gz Since the end of … curriculum decided elsewhere.
The impossibility of the gift necessitates a violent conception of debt that reinforces the economy logic of calculability – turns the case Trussel 09 (Taylor Trussel – PhD candidate in Philosophy at Villanova University, January 2009, “The Gift of Power: Foucault, Derrida, and Normalization”, http://gradworks.umi.com/3352258.pdf)MD
Here, then, for Derrida, … requires giving back.
2NC
Framework
situated position underpins political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, … of decision making.
Moreover, representations and the affective field of images are the basis and motivation for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war. The AFF’s discourse is enmeshed in a form of affective securitization that makes war inevitable. As scholars, we have an obligation to refuse and problematize the cultural grammar of security. Elliott 2012 /Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online/
In a 1991 … see and hear.
4) The aff’s identification with the state destroys agency and the value to life—reforming the state without first changing our relationship with it triggers all their harms Schaffer 7 (Butler, Prof @ Southwestern U School of Law, Identifying with the State, LewRockwell.com, http://archive.lewrockwell.com/shaffer/shaffer159.html)//LA*We don’t endorse ableist language.
One of the … in our lives.
Util
Utilitarian problem solving justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, “The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza,” pp 8-10) The theological origins … in this impossibility.17
AT: perm
The permutation is a teleological knee jerk which blocks out critique Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4) These frameworks are … wards off critique.
The affirmative’s discourse of Iran is not only patently false but plays into a larger structure of militarism dominating the modern public sphere – this economy of violence actualizes their apocalyptic rhetoric and perpetuates endless genocide Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 4-23-13, “Hagel on Middle East Tour; US Steps Up Regime Change Bid on Iran,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/04/23/hagelC2B4s-middle-east-tour-us-steps-up-regime-change-bid-on-iran/) gz Hagel’s cozying up … economic and military war.
AT: Warming
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; “From Apocalypse To Way of Life,” pg. 185-186)
Looked at critically, … clearly terminal “nature.”
1NR
SCS No Chinese aggression in the SCS Fravel 12—Associate Professor of Political Science and member of the Security Studies Program at MIT. (Taylor, All Quiet in the South China Sea, 3/22/12, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137346/m-taylor-fravel/all-quiet-in-the-south-china-sea?page=show)
Little noticed, however, … the Gulf of Tonkin.
don’t evaluate apocalypse – replace your view of war as event with war as presence – otherwise the militarization of society will consume the planet cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and `Postmodern' War," Robin Schott introduces some of the ways in which war is currently best seen not … of war and militarism.
Reform Neolib/Development
Development link--- “energy access alleviates poverty through improved productivity, greater incomegenerating opportunities, and micro-enterprise development”
Lack of regulations set forth by the Mexican government means that the aff causes more harm than it alleviates – five internal links AIDA 12 (The Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense, 12/17/12, “The challenges of deploying wind energy in Mexico. The case of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec”, http://www.aida-americas.org/en/pubs/challenges-deploying-wind-energy-mexico-case-isthmus-tehuantepec | JJ) The Mexican government … the promised development.
Gift
Reformism bad Arrigo and Williams 2000 (*BRUCE A. ARRIGO – Professor of Criminology, Law, and Society at UNC Charlotte, and CHRISTOPHER R. WILLIAMS – Professor of Criminology at UWG, August 1, 2000, “The (Im) Possibility of Democratic Justice and the ''Gift'' of the Majority: On Derrida, Deconstruction, and the Search for Equality”, http://ccj.sagepub.com/content/16/3/321)MD
The impediments to … supporting majority directives.¶
1/13/14
MBA Round 4 vs St Ignatius
Tournament: MBA | Round: 4 | Opponent: St Ignatius PP | Judge: Val McIntosh 1NC
off
Acts of sovereign violence due to the normalization of the state of emergency have made hegemony impossible forever for the United States—any exercise of US force in the future is only domination without hegemony that is doomed to fail Gulli 13 Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5
I think that … and financial shift.
American hegemony is dead—the only thing that remains is a racist sovereign violence that makes all their impacts and the destruction of American polity only a matter of inevitability Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 14
It is then … enslavement, robbery, and murder” (ibid.).
The impact is the sovereign’s ability to exploit fundamental flaws in the legal system and continue the global biopolitical war—the ballot should side with the global countermovement against such violence Gulli 13 Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 1
We live in an … and police brutality.
The alternative is to base demands for care and rights on the concept of dignity – an individualizing and anti-universal approach to life – anything less makes resort to violent sovereign action inevitable Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 8
Power as care … of life itself. heg EU centralization scenario makes no sense
Internal link is not reverse causal – Edison says there is a push for centralization now, not that growth can reverse that push – consensus already exists 2. Their impact is from a columnist from the Trumpet, a random organization providing news analysis “in the light of Bible prophecy.” It cites the chairman of the German Christian Social Union – not qualified to talk about German foreign policy. 3. No evidence that says Obama would leave US warheads in the hands of NATO, just that he could 4. There’s no warrant why Germany would randomly start nuking the US and Russia
The purported attempt to preserve the European Union exists only within the frame of continued expansion of US-led neoliberalism which ensures colonialism, warfare, and mass oppression Cunningham 12/6 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 12-6-13, “Ukraine and the Bigger Picture of US and European Assault on Russia’s Sphere of Influence,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/12/06/ukraine-and-the-bigger-picture-of-us-and-european-assault-on-russias-sphere-of-influence-2/) gz Alleged Russian interference … new Eastern territory.
Hegemonic stability theory is nonsensical Mack 10 (Andrew Mack, literally the person that they cite in their card, the guy who doesn’t like heg, “The Causes of Peace”) gz As with other … will inexorably increase. Inevitable decline takes out solvency Layne 11 (Christopher Layne, PhD in political science from the University of California at Berkeley, JD from the University of Southern California Law Center, LLM in international law from the University of Virginia Law School, Mary Julia and George R Jordan professor of international affairs at the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas AandM University, research fellow with the Center on Peace and Liberty at the Independent Institute, former associate professor of international studies at the University of Miami, former fellow in the Center for Social Theory and Comparative History at the University of California Los Angeles, former fellow at the CATO Institute, former fellow at the Center for International Studies at the University of Southern California, former MacArthur Foundation fellow in global security, former visiting professor at the Naval Postgraduate School, former research fellow at the Center for Science and International Affairs in the Kennedy School at Harvard University, former member of the professional staff at the Arroyo Center at the California Institute of Technology, former foreign policy analyst for NATO, 3-28-11, “Bye bye, Miss American Pie,” http://theeuropean-magazine.com/223-layne-christopher/231-pax-americana) International politics is … in slow motion.
Retrenchment doesn’t cause conflict MacDonald and Parent 11 (Paul K., Assistant Professor of Political Science at Williams College and a former International Security Program research fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Joseph M., Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of Miami, “Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,” International Security 35:4, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ISEC_a_00034-MacDonald_proof2.pdf, LVS) Contrary to these … foreign policy adventurism.94
The affirmative’s hegemony impact is reminiscent of the Algonquian monster, the Wendigo – insatiable and bloodthirsty, its only purpose is endless destruction as it struggles to maintain itself – in a similar way, hegemony is a constant process of enemy-creation – a paranoid politics towards the impossible telos of world domination – this politics is responsible both for every atrocity in the 20th century as well as the exacerbation of every modern geopolitical crisis Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 3-11-13, “US Creates Nuclear Armed Cyber-attack Retaliation Force. Psychotic Superpower on a Hair Trigger,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/03/11/us-creates-nuclear-armed-cyberattack-retaliation-force-psychotic-superpower-on-a-hair-trigger/) gz Since at least …against the entire world. wto
Trade doesn’t solve war Martin et. al. 8 (Phillipe, University of Paris 1 Pantheon—Sorbonne, Paris School of Economics, and Centre for Economic Policy Research; Thierry MAYER, University of Paris 1 Pantheon—Sorbonne, Paris School of Economics, CEPII, and Centre for Economic Policy Research, Mathias THOENIG, University of Geneva and Paris School of Economics, The Review of Economic Studies 75) Does globalization pacify …e number of sovereign states.
Trade destroys quality of goods and leads to poverty Armentrout, 11 – writer for The Last Tech Age (Charles J., “Free Trade is Bad for US” Last night, the magazine The Hill posts current notes on items of immediate concern. Today, sometime, Pres Obama is to sign … this value) dropped
That’s a decision rule Andre and Velasquez 92 (Claire Andre, Markkula Center for Applied Ethics Associate Director; and Manuel Velasquez, Charles J. Dirksen Professor of Business Ethics, “World Hunger: A Moral Response” http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v5n1/hunger.html Spring 1992) Finally, it is … Liberal commercial peace is a mask for a cult of patriarchal violence Neocleous 11 (Mark Neocleous, professor of the critique of the political economy (yes that is a thing) at Brunel University, PhD in philosophy, November 2011, “’O Effeminacy! Effeminacy!’ War, Masculinity and the Myth of Liberal Peace,” European Journal of International Relations Volume 19 Issue 1, GENDER MODIFIED OR IN CONTEXT) gz ‘O Effeminacy! Effeminacy! … the liberal spirit.
Neoliberalism is the driving force of all impact scenarios Deutsch, 9 /Judith, president, Science for Peace. Member of Canadian psychoanalytic society, “Pestilence, Famine, War, Neoliberalism, and Premature Deaths,” Peace Magazine, http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v25n3p18.htm/ At present, threats …"terrorism from above."
2NC
2NC OV
We control the root cause of modern violence – the operation of inclusion/exclusion makes extermination inevitable Duarte, 5 – professor of Philosophy at Universidade Federal do Paraná (André, “Biopolitics and the dissemination of violence: the Arendtian critique of the present,” April 2005, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017andcontext=andre_duarte)//bghs-BI These historic transformations … solidarity towards others.
2NC AT: FW
Representations and the affective field of images are the basis and motivation for war. What we lack is not a proper scientific or empirical challenge to violence; we lack the cultural critics willing to fight the fear mongering which results in war. The AFF’s discourse is enmeshed in a form of affective securitization that makes war inevitable. As scholars, we have an obligation to refuse and problematize the cultural grammar of security. Elliott 2012 /Emory, University Professor of the University of California and Distinguished Professor of English at the University of California, Riverside Terror, Theory, and the Humanities ed. Di Leo, Open Humanities Press, Online/
In a 1991 interview … they see and hear.
5) knowledge production is uniquely influential for ir Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz In contrast to …perspective of women.137
2NC AT: Perm
The only ethical position is to refuse the sovereign fiction of lines between inside and outside. Edkins and Pin-Fat 05. Jenny Edkins, professor of international politics at Prifysgol Aberystwyth University (in Wales) and Veronique Pin-Fat, senior lecturer in politics at Manchester Universit, “Through the Wire: Relations of Power and Relations of Violence,” Millennium - Journal of International Studies 2005 34: pg. 14
One potential form … sciences and jurisprudence.60
Utilitarian problem solving justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, “The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza,” pp 8-10) The theological origins … in this impossibility.17
1NR
Defense
Data disproves hegemony impacts Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps … on faith alone.
Their impacts are non-falsifiable junk – people don’t just start randomly fighting Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO Assertions that without … without the United States.
Wohlforth ignores pretty much everything about how the world works Montiero 12 Nuno P. Monteiro is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University, where he teaches International Relations theory, security studies, and the philosophical foundations of the study of politics. He earned a Licentiate’s degree in International Relations from the University of Minho (1997), an M.A. degree in Political Theory and Science from the Catholic University of Portugal (2003), and A.M. and Ph.D. degrees in Political Science from the University of Chicago (2004/09). Dr. Monteiro’s research focuses on great-power politics, power transitions, nuclear proliferation, preventive war, deterrence, and the role of philosophy-of-science arguments in the production of scientific knowledge in IR. His commentary on these topics has appeared in the Guardian, Foreign Affairs, The National Interest, Project Syndicate, and the USA Today and been featured in the media, including radio (e.g., BBC) and print (e.g., the Boston Globe). Dr. Monteiro is a research fellow at Yale’s Whitney and Betty MacMillan Center for International and Area Studies and a member of the Scientific Council of thePortuguese International Relations Institute (IPRI). His research has appeared in International Security and International Theory.” Winter 2011/2012“Unrest Assured – why unipolarity is not peaceful” http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00064 Clearly, great power …unipolarity leads to peace.
Decline is smooth Preble 12 (Christopher Preble, vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, PhD in history from Temple University, former professor of history at St Cloud University and Temple University, 6-28-12, “The Critique of Pure Kagan,” http://nationalinterest.org/bookreview/the-critique-pure-kagan-7061) GZ
The world is both … even less supportive. Cunningham
Cuomo
Don’t evaluate apocalypse – replace your view of war as event with war as presence – otherwise the militarization of society will consume the planet Cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and `Postmodern' … of war and militarism. Poverty Trade only solves poverty in affluent countries – the aff doesn’t solve STRUCTURAL problems Raju Jan Singh 2/19/13, Raju Jan Singh is the Lead Economist for Central Africa, based in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Prior to joining the World Bank, Mr. Singh held positions at the International Monetary Fund in Washington DC, at the Swiss Ministry of Finance in Bern, and at Lombard Odier and Cie (private banking) in Geneva. He was also a consultant for the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, working with the central banks of Rwanda and Tanzania, and taught at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, “Evidence That Trade Does Reduce Poverty, But Only If the Conditions Are Right” So does trade reduce … levels of poverty.
1/13/14
MBA Round 6 vs GBN
Tournament: MBA | Round: 6 | Opponent: GBN DK | Judge: Ed Lee 1NC
Off
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; “From Apocalypse To Way of Life,” pg. 185-186) Looked at critically, … clearly terminal “nature.”
That causes mass wars Brzoska 8 (Michael Brzoska, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg; “The securitization of climate change and the power of conceptions of security,” Paper prepared for the International Studies Association Convention, 2008) In the literature … leading to arms races.
Our alternative is to reject the affirmative - focusing solely on justifications of the affirmative prior to questions of implementation is necesssary to reclaim the political sphere from violent discourse - reconstituting the way that the political sphere operates is a prerequisite to determining if policies like the affirmative are valuable Spanos 8 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, 2008, “American Exceptionalism in the Age of Globalization: The Specter of Vietnam,” pp 27-30) On the other … the Pax Romana.
This shift away from traditional militaristic discourse makes room for an individual and ethical approach to environmental politics Deudney, 90 (Daniel Deudney, assistant professor of political science at John Hopkins’; “The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security,” Millenium – Journal of International Studies 1990, http://people.reed.edu/~ahm/Courses/Reed-POL-372-2011-S3_IEP/Syllabus/EReadings/07.2/07.2.Deudney1990The-Case.pdf, pg. 469) Fortunately, environmental awareness … of national security. Off
Environmental reformism is merely an exercise in blame shifting and assuaging guilt, shielding us from ever having to take responsibility for our own personal complicity in the environmental crisis Bobertz, 95 (Bradley, Nebraska Law, Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 711) A routine pattern … cause for concern.
Additionally, the Affirmative’s production centered focus impoverishes our understanding of the environmental crisis, diminishing our ability to understand and respond to the consumptive practices that create pollution. Princen, 3 (Thomas, Global Environmental Politics, February) Research within the … such a focus.
Consumption is the root cause of the Affirmative harms and constitutes a systemic harm that not only outweighs the case, but creates the possibility of extinction Dauvergne, 5 (Peter, “Dying of Consumption: Accidents or Sacrifices of Global Morality?” Global Environmental Politics, August) Private consumption expenditures … of consumptive prosperity.
Reject the way the 1AC frames the problem in favor of an interrogation of consumptive practices — before we can go about fixing the world, we have to start off with an examination of the self, and how we are all personally implicated. Nayar, 99 (Jayan, Warwick Law, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Fall) Rightly, we are … "technologies" of ordering. Case
China makes the impact inevitable and they don’t model Downs, 8 Eric, Fellow @ Brookings, China Energy Fellow, Foreign Policy, John L. Thornton China Center U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, China’s Energy Policies and Their Environmental Impacts, http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0813_china_downs.aspx China suffers from … to its will.
China key to solving emissions Chen et al., 10 Chen, Qian, Peridas, Qiu, Ho: Natural Resources Defense Council, Friedmann: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Li, Wei: Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sung, Fowler: Clean Air Task Force, Seligsohn, Liu, Forbes: World Resources Institute, Zhang: China Tsinghua University, Zhao: Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Jason Chen, Jingjing Qian, George Peridas, Yueming Qiu, Bruce Ho, Julio Friedmann, Xiaochun Li, Ning Wei, S. Ming Sung, Mike Fowler, Deborah Seligsohn, Yue Liu, Sarah Forbes, Dongjie Zhang, Lifeng Zhao, December 2010, “Identifying Near-Term Opportunities For Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in China,” http://docs.nrdc.org/international/files/int_10121001a.pdf)//DR. H Coal—the most … warming from occurring.11
The invocation of the CO2 catastrophe constructs nature as universally shaped by one signifier, obscuring the heterogeneity of nature and thus depoliticizing it around the fascination of CO2 Erik Swyngedouw, Geography, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester A. Lewis Building, July/Dec. 2011 "Whose environment? The end of nature, climate change and the process of post-politicization" Ambient. soc. vol.14 no.2 Campinas The negativity of … term "post-democracy".
Calls for sustainability suture the fantasy of socio-ecological cohesion through a neoliberalization of environmental management - this technical fix presumes that nature is always already given, depoliticizing dissensual contestation and ensuring that the intersection of social justice with environmental politics is marginalized Erik Swyngedouw, Geography, School of Environment and Development, and Ian R. Cook, Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of Portsmouth, April 2009 (revised version June 2010), "Cities, social cohesion and the environment: towards a future research agenda" Although it does … shall now turn to.
tech fixes create scientific authoritarianism—only the alt enables deliberative citizenship Byrne and Toly 6 http://seedconsortium.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/45925604/Byrne_etal.pdf Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Established in 1980 at the University of Delaware, the Center is a leading institution for interdisciplinary graduate education, research, and advocacy in energy and environmental policy. CEEP is led by Dr. John Byrne, Distinguished Professor of Energy and Climate Policy at the University. For his contributions to Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) since 1992, he shares the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with the Panel's authors and review editors.
The Technique of … and technologically unassailable.
2NC
2NC FW
Representations come first in the context of climate change Foust et al. 8 (Christina R. Foust, Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, et al., with William O. Murphy, Doctoral Student and Graduate Teaching Instructor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, and Chelsea Stow, Doctoral Student and Graduate Teaching Instructor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, 2008, “Global Warming and Apocalyptic Rhetoric: A Critical Frame Analysis of US Popular and Elite Press Coverage from 1997-2007,” Paper Submitted to the Environmental Communication Division of the National Communication Association Convention in San Diego, 11/20, p. 22-23)
Along with critiquing … warming is warranted.
As a critical intellectual it’s your responsibility to challenge the discourses that constitute our collective relationship to the environment through crisis rhetoric and externalizing managerialism – only this can clear the space for new environmental paradigms not based on apocalypticism – that’s key to preventing the right from driving wedges in environmental movements that discredit the aff’s politics and turn the case – any perm fails – reformism isn’t possible; rejection is key Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; “From Apocalypse To Way of Life,” pg. 30-31)
If ecoterrorism, ecocentrism, … take its place.
Your first priority as an environmentalist has to be to step back and rethink the foundational assumptions of the aff’s project – the aff answers the question before it has been asked Shellenberger and Nordhaus 5 (Michael Shellenberger, president of Breakthrough Institute, AND Ted Nordhaus, executive editor of the Breakthrough Journal and co-founder of the Breakthrough Institute; "The death of environmentalism: Global warming politics in a post-environmental world" 1/14/05 http://www.thebreakthrough.org/images/Death_of_Environmentalism.pdf)
Environmentalists are learning … a better model.
The question in this debate is not what the neg does it’s what the aff needs to do better – the stories we tell about the environment frame our relationship to the biosphere in ways that can have irreparable consequences – as such prioritizing the framing of the aff is key Doremus 2k (Holly Doremus, Professor of Law at the University of California, Berkeley, and co-faculty director of the California Center for Environmental Law and Policy; "The Rhetoric and Reality of Nature Protection:Toward a New Discourse" 1/1/2000, scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1311andcontext=wlulr)
The stories we … into the next one.
2nc at: perm
Use of security reps is a strategic political choice – they already shifted the focus of the debate away from the reality of environmental impacts when they chose to represent them in apocalyptic terms Trennel 6 (Paul Trennel, Ph. D from the University of Wales, Department of International Politics; “The (Im)possibility of Environmental Security,” September 2006, http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/410/trenellpaulipm0060.pdf?sequence=2)
With the understanding … effective environmental policy.
The alt cannot incorporate environmental threat construction – rethinking has to come before policy deliberation to ensure the new politics of the alt are effective Dalby 99 (Simon Dalby, Asst Prof Intl Affairs @ Carleton; “Contested Grounds: Security and Conflict in the New Environmental Politics,” pg. 158-9)
But there is much … as political actors.13
2nc authoritarianism
Furthermore, political scapegoating ensures targeting of the third world Gilbert 12 Emily Gilbert, Canadian Studies and Geography University of Toronto, 2012, "The Militarization of Climate Change," ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 11 (1), 1-14 7
First, the military’s … civilian-sponsored development (Hartmann 2010: 240).
turn coop
Securitization undermines cooperation – turns the environment Trombetta 8 (Maria Julia Trombetta, postdoctoral researcher at the department of Economics of Infrastructures, Delft University of Technology; “Environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse,” Outh Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 21, Number 4, December 2008)
Opponents were quick … security discourses respectively.
1NR
FW
Focusing on policy-making first absolves individual contribution and cedes the political – ensures their impacts are inevitable and provides an independent reason to vote negative Trennel 6 (Paul Trennel, Ph. D from the University of Wales, Department of International Politics; “The (Im)possibility of Environmental Security,” September 2006, http://cadair.aber.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/handle/2160/410/trenellpaulipm0060.pdf?sequence=2)
Thirdly, it can be … a security framework.
Affirmative cannot win that they have any practical effects Schlag 90 (Pierre, Stanford LR, November, Lexis) In fact, normative … advice into effect. Environmental Security
Climate movements dying now—financial concerns—that’s uniqueness and also a solvency deficit to the aff Swyngedouw 13 (Erik, Prof of Geography @ U of Manchester, The Non-political Politics of Climate Change, ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 2013 , 12(1), p. 1-8)LA
The climate change … of climate activism.
Apocalyptic warming rhetoric depoliticizes the issue and makes it impossible for effective action to ever mobilize - particularly in the social sphere that debate attempts to create Foust and Murphy 09 Christina R. Foust, Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, and William O'Shannon Murphy, doctoral student in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, 12 Jun 2009 "Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse" Special Issue: Discursive Constructions of Climate Change: Practices of Encoding and Decoding Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture, Volume 3, Issue 2, 2009, pages 151-167
While frames "cannot … hope for intervention.
1/13/14
New Trier Quarters vs Barstow
Tournament: New Trier | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Barstow DN | Judge: Gabe Murillo, Patrick Kennedy, Martin Osborn 1NC Off Interpretation –
Economic engagement means the plan must utilize solely economic means Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, “Containment and Engagement as Middle-Range Theories” Baltic Journal of Law and Politics Volume 3, Number 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/V10076-010-0015-7) The approach to … to improve bilateral relations
That means trade and aid in the form of loans or grants Resnick, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” Vol. 54 No. 2, Political Science Complete) A REFINED DEFINITION … and academic exchanges(n25)
Wrecks precision Resnick, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete)
In matters of national security, … states of the 21st century.
In Legitimizing the “War on Terror”: ... human rights practices.
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops a theory … and non-violent global rule of the political.
The alternative is to deterritorialize the 1AC through a historical and critical lens – rather than objectively approaching their threat discourse, we choose more diverse forms of analysis Krause and Williams 97 (Keith Krause, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute on International and Development Studies, Michael C Williams, professor of international relations at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, “From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies,” chapter 2 of Critical Security Studies, p 49-50)
The challenges to the … of timeless structures.56
Every affirmation is fundamentally a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – their attempt to elevate their particular method of decision to the status of metaphysics links to all of our offense and begs the question of their justification for exclusion Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, in addition, … ontological in continental thought. Econ Primacy
Solvency deficit – work visas are key but the plan is not (GREEN) Wilson, 1AC Author, 11 – Christopher E. Wilson, Program Associate with the Woodrow Wilson Center’s Mexico Institute, where he focuses on U.S.-Mexico economic integration and border issues. He previously served as a Mexico Analyst for the U.S. Military and has also worked with the Center for North American Studies at American University and IQOM, Inteligencia Comericial, in Mexico City. Christopher completed his M.A. in International Affairs at American University, Mexico institute, Woodrow Wilson international Center for Scholars, “Mexico Institute Working Together: Economic Ties Between the United States and Mexico,” http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Working20Together20Full20Document.pdf//BGHS-IS-OKIGUESS
As the baby boom … that do not involve migration.
Competitiveness not key to heg Brooks and Wohlforth, 8 Stephen G. Brooks is Assistant Professor and William C. Wohlforth is Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College, “World out of Balance, International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy,” p. 32-35
American primacy is also … The next section explains why.
No workforce crisis Hosek, National Defense Research Institute at RAND, PhD Economics @ Chicago, ‘8 (James, and Titus Galama, “U.S. Competitiveness in Science and Technology,” http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2008/RAND_MG674.pdf)
We consider two … of PhDs in the life sciences.
No impact to heg Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth … their view on faith alone.
Khalilzad’s theories are wrong Nashashibi, 3 (Isaam M. Nashashibi, Frequent Writer on Arab Issues, US-Based Director of Deir Yassin; Remembered, “The Neocon’s Bagman to Baghdad”, Counterpunch, 4/17/2003, http://www.counterpunch.org/issam04172003.html)
His many critics … sacked long ago."
His views are single minded Nashashibi, 3 (Isaam M. Nashashibi, Frequent Writer on Arab Issues, US-Based Director of Deir Yassin; Remembered, “The Neocon’s Bagman to Baghdad”, Counterpunch, 4/17/2003, http://www.counterpunch.org/issam04172003.html)
More importantly, perhaps, … not the last policy option."
The affirmative’s economic nationalism makes possible the sacrifice of populations deemed impure Whyte 7 – PHD and reader in Sociology at the University of Liverpool School of Sociology and Social policy (Dave Whyte, “Market Patriotism and the "War on Terror"”, in Social Justice, vol 34 iss 3/4, Proquest)
It is doubtful whether … bulwarks against terrorism.
Aging Crisis
Empirics prove democratic states still go to war Rosato 11 Sebastian, Dept of Political Science at Notre Dame. “The Handbook on the Political Economy of War”, Google Books Despite imposing these … exception to the finding.
The fear of disease securitizes the alien body of the infected – justifies ethnic cleansing in pursuit of the “perfect human” Gomel 2000 (Elana Gomel, English department head at Tel Aviv University, Winter 2000, published in Twentieth Century Literature Volume 46, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_4_46/ai_75141042) In the secular apocalyptic … of the apocalyptic body.
No extinction Malcolm Gladwell, writer for The New Yorker and best-selling author The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32
Every infectious agent … microscopic life forms.
Representations of China as a threat ignore the normative value-judgments inherent to the process of claiming to empirically know Chinese national and political identity—this makes security threats self-fulfilling prophecies Pan, 4 – PhD in Political Science and International Relations and member of the International Studies Association ISA (Chengxin Pan: “The "China threat" in American self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics”, Alternatives RC)
China and its relationship … spy-plane incident.
No nuclear escalation and outside powers will stay out Roger Cliff, Ph.D. in international relations, Princeton, M.A. in history (Chinese studies), University of California, San Diego, Assistant for Strategy Development, Office of the Secretary of Defense, and David A. Shlapak, Ph.D., senior international policy analyst, RAND Project Air Force Report, 2007 This situation would … China’s use of force.
Discourse of Russian threats Otherize Russia and actualizes itself JÆGER 2000 (Øyvind, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute, “Securitizing Russia: Discursive Practices of the Baltic States,” Peace and Conflict Studies, November, http://shss.nova.edu/pcs/journalsPDF/V7N2.pdf) Security is a field of … discursive chain that follows.
US-Russia war would end in peace negotiations before nukes were launched – Russian generals concede. Ivashov, 2007 Colonel General Leonid Ivashov, President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems. July 2007 “WILL AMERICA FIGHT RUSSIA”. Defense and Security, No 78. LN
Ivashov: Numerous scenarios … negotiations into motion.
2NC
T
AT: W/M
Engagement should be defined as the means, not an end – it’s necessary for education and effective policy analysis Resnik, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” v54, n2, political science complete) DEFINING ENGAGEMENT TOO … an array of ends.
K FW
Framework
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz
In contrast to traditional … perspective of women.137
4. Their framework causes passivity Antonio 95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, “Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1, GENDER MODIFIED)
According to Nietzsche, … 1974, pp. 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).
Their framework destroys agency and makes violence inevitable Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, p. 10-11)
`We are the war' does not … the values of war and violence.
A2: Util
Utilitarian calculability makes annihilation of everything inevitable Dillon 99 – (Michael, professor of political science at the University of Lancaster, Political Theory, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Apr., 1999), pg 163- 164 jstor)
Otherness is born(e) within … the human way of being.
AT Link
Cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and `Postmodern' … inevitability of war and militarism.
1NR
Heg
Hegemony never existed – system is de-centralized, applying hegemonic mythology to policy causes blowback and destroys cooperation Doran, 09 (Charles F., Andrew W. Mellon Prof. of International Relations, Director of the Global Theory and History Program, Director of the Center for Canadian Studies @ Johns Hopkins U., “Fooling Oneself: The Mythology of Hegemony” International Studies Review, Vol. 11.1)
More than a catalogue of … self-enforcing, and self-sufficient. Econ Rationality Their impacts rely on the concept of the homo calculan – this creates a sadistic necro-economy that makes their impacts inevitable and turns us into slaves Bifo 11 (Franco Berardi is an is Italian Marxist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism, After the Future , 09/20/11, http://www.sok.bz/web/media/video/AfterFuture.pdf, JJ)
More than ever, economic … of language and imagination.
Predictions
Linearity fails Bernstein et al 2000 Steven Bernstein, Richard Ned Lebow, Janice Gross Stein and Steven Weber, University of Toronto, The Ohio State University, University of Toronto and University of California at Berkeley. “God Gave Physics the Easy Problems” European Journal of International Relations 2000; 6; 43 A deep irony is embedded in … in past or future time.5
Aging Crisis Their aging crisis impact creates an economy of ageist and racist victimization Gee 2 (Ellen M Gee, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Simon Fraser University, 2002, “Misconceptions and misapprehensions about population ageing,” http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/4/750.full#sec-1) gz As a preface, it is …not subject to question.
10/23/13
New Trier Round 1 vs Wayzata
Tournament: New Trier | Round: 1 | Opponent: Wayzata HL | Judge: Val McIntosh 1NC
Off
Debt compromise likely now Cohen et al, 10/10 Tom Cohen, CNN reporter, AND Dana Bash, AND Deirdre Walsh; “House Republicans meeting with Obama called 'very useful',” 10/10/2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/10/politics/shutdown-showdownbghs-ms Washington (CNN) -- … a possible default.
Debt freeze collapse the global economy and sparks food crisis Min ‘10 (David, Associate Director for Financial Markets Policy at the Center for American Progress, 2010 “The Big Freeze The Conservative Pledge to Freeze the Debt Ceiling Is a Looming Disaster”, 10/28/10, http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2010/10/big_freeze.html) A freeze on the debt … even a global economic depression.
Food wars outweigh your contrived security impact on probability and magnitude Cribb ‘10 Julian Cribb, Professor in Science Communication at the University of Technology Sydney, 2010 (Julian, principal of JCA, fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, “The Coming Famine: The Global Food Crisis and What We Can Do to Avoid It”, pg 10 The character of human … world threat than global warming." Off
used to say that people or things are together in one place —used to say that two or more people or things are doing something together or are involved in something : having (a particular characteristic, possession, etc.) Off
Status quo IFF laws are insufficient to curtail the drug trade – plan uniquely destroys IFFs and cartels Gascoigne, 13 Clark Gascoigne, researcher for Global Financial Integrity, a Washington, DC-based research and advocacy organization which promotes transparency in the international financial system as a means to global development; “U.S. Senate Report: Tackle Money Laundering to Curtail Drug Trafficking,” 4/26/2013, http://www.gfintegrity.org/content/view/611/70bghs-ms WASHINGTON, DC / LONDON – … Drug Caucus clearly recognizes that.”
That’s bad – Drug cartels are key to the Mexican economy – generates valuable liquidity in the banking system Lange, 10 – Washington Correspondent for Reuters, citing US officials in Mexico; additional reporting by Lizbeth Diaz in Tijuana (Jason, “From spas to banks, Mexico economy rides on drugs,” Reuters, 22 January 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/22/us-drugs-mexico-economy-idUSTRE60L0X120100122)
Mexican cartels, which control … most sectors of the economy.
Mexican growth is key to the US economy – turns the case Marczak 4/18 ¬– director of policy at Americas Society and Council of the Americas, senior editor of the AS/COA policy journal, Americas Quarterly, and managing editor of AQ Online (Jason, “Immigration Reform get U.S. in on Mexico’s Boom”, 4/18/13; http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/18/opinion/marczak-immigration-the-new-mexico) As Congress crafts … political agreement. Off The federal government of Mexico should: - implement a risk-based system to curtail the mispricing of export and import transactions - accompany all tax invoices with a legal undertaking by exporters and importers as to pricing accuracy - subject all multinationals to financial and accounting reporting requirements - initiate an automatic exchange of information with all countries with whom Mexico has trade and market links - commit to transparency in all financial accounts and transactions - improve governance and surveillance of the underground economy - exert leadership in international and regional forums
CP solves illicit financial flows – prerequisite to the aff Kar, 1AC author, in 12 Lead Economist at Global Financial Integrity, Former Economist at IMF (Dev, Global Financial Integrity, Mexico: Illicit Financial Flows, Macroeconomic Imbalances, and the Underground Economy, January 2012, http://mexico.gfintegrity.org/en)bghs-ms The method of estimating … the receipt of illicit funds.
A United Nations independent … attaches to life,” he said.
Shun them – a priori Beversluis, 89 (Eric H. April 1989. “On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions.” Public Affairs Quarterly, April, vol. 3, no. 2) A fundamental task of morality … might have put it.
Off
Neoliberalism is dying in Latin America – we should resist attempts at triage that promote deregulation and unrestrained pursuit of profit like the affirmative Pineo, 13 – Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, and Professor and Chair of the Department of History at Towson University (Ron, Posted on April 11, 2012 - See more at: http://www.coha.org/22227/#sthash.L5CsywQs.dpuf ) Poverty in Latin … for some good economics.
Unchecked neoliberal expansions risks extinction Nhanenge 7 (Jytte Masters @ U South Africa, “ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT) There is today an increasing … for the present purpose. (Ekins 1992: 1).
The alternative is to reject the 1AC in favor of non-hegemonic engagement Broillet, 10 – Current Concerns 2010 No 8, May 2010 Latin America: The Advent of an Alternative to Neo-Liberalism and Authoritarian Socialism http://www.currentconcerns.ch/index.php?id=1028 A different world is … have anything to describe.
Solvency
The US and Mexico are currently doing your aff Seo and Derouin, 12 Andrew Seo, Editor-in-Chief of the Harvard Political Review, AND Laura Derouin, reporter for the Harvard Independent; “Drug Cartel Financing: A Focus on Money Laundering,” September 2012, http://www.iop.harvard.edu/sites/default/files_new/research-policy-papers/TheWarOnMexicanCartels.pdfbghs-ms The Government of … professions.”63 Heg
Data disproves hegemony impacts Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO It is perhaps worth … view on faith alone.
Mexico’s former president, … to build on it,” he said.
Small farms are key to food security—Latin America is key Altieri 8 (Miguel Altierei Professor of Agro ecology at the Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management at the University of California, Berkeley since 1981. He is a member of the Steering Committee of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)’s Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) programmer, whose goal is to dynamically conserve the world’s remaining traditional farming systems. He is also President of the Latin American Scientific Society of Agro ecology (SOCLA) and Coordinator of the International Agro ecology Program of the Center for the Study of the Americas in Berkeley. He periodically lectures at universities in the USA, Latin America and Europe, and provides technical expertise to international organizations as well as farmers’ organizations and nongovernmental organizations throughout the world. He is the author of 12 books, including Agro ecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture and Biodiversity and Pest Management in Agro ecosystems, as well as more than 250 scientific journal articles “Small Farms as a Planetary Ecological Asset: Five Key Reasons Why We Should Support the Revitalisation of Small Farms in the Global South” http://agroeco.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/smallfarmes-ecolasset.pdf) While 91 of the planet’s … modified seeds.
Extinction Brown, 9 (Lester R., American agricultural economist and writer. He is also the founder and president of the Worldwatch Institute. A strong advocate of sustainable agriculture, Brown has overseen numerous publications and has written as many on his own, “Could Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?”, Scientific American, 4/22/09, http://www.sovrn.com/PDF/articles_Could-Food-Shortages-Bring-Down-Civilization_.pdf) The biggest threat to … civilization itself. Econ No ME escalation Fettweis, Asst Prof Poli Sci – Tulane, Asst Prof National Security Affairs – US Naval War College, ‘7 (Christopher, “On the Consequences of Failure in Iraq,” Survival, Vol. 49, Iss. 4, December, p. 83 – 98)
Without the US presence, … likely than outright warfare.
No Israeli strike—they know the barriers are too high Isenberg, adjunct national security fellow – Cato, 2/15/’12 (David, “Israeli Attack on Iran's Nuclear Facilities Easier Said than Done,” Asia Times)
Since NAFTA was passed, … emerging-market country.
Drugs Link
Relations solve drug networks Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of CRS, 1/18/2006 “Mexico’s Importance and Multiple Relationships with the United States”, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33244_20060118.pdf)
Sharing a 2,000-mile border …, environment, and energy issues.
Counterplan
CP The CP solves --- it shrinks the underground economy to help curtail illicit flows --- models prove Kar, 1AC author, in 12 Lead Economist at Global Financial Integrity, Former Economist at IMF (Dev, Global Financial Integrity, Mexico: Illicit Financial Flows, Macroeconomic Imbalances, and the Underground Economy, January 2012, http://mexico.gfintegrity.org/en)bghs-ms
The results of model simulations … transfer of illicit capital.
Cyberwar
Cyber war infeasible Clark, MA candidate – Intelligence Studies @ American Military University, senior analyst – Chenega Federal Systems, 4/28/’12 (Paul, “The Risk of Disruption or Destruction of Critical U.S. Infrastructure by an Offensive Cyber Attack,” American Military University)
The Department of Homeland … measures (Gohn and Wheelock 2010).
No risk of cyberattacks – no empirics, and their evidence is alarmist fearmongering based on inaccurate corporate reports Rid 3/13 (Thomas, reader in war studies at King's College London, author of "Cyber War Will Not Take Place," "The Great Cyberscare," 3/13/13, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/13/the_great_cyberscare slim_) The White House likes a bit … in the security establishment.
Heg defense
More evidence – international complexity proves and other things solve Preble 12 (Christopher Preble, vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, PhD in history from Temple University, former professor of history at St Cloud University and Temple University, 6-28-12, “The Critique of Pure Kagan,” http://nationalinterest.org/bookreview/the-critique-pure-kagan-7061) GZ
Kagan returns to both this theme and … before, and he doesn’t now.
For all these reasons, … middle of the twentieth century.
ME War Deterrence solves Russell, senior lecturer, National Security Affairs – Naval Postgraduate School, managing editor – Strategic Insights, December ‘9 (James A, “Extended Deterrence, Security Guarantees, and Nuclear Weapons: U.S. Strategic and Policy Conundrums in the Gulf,” Strategic Studies Institute) footnote 26 included
The build out of the U.S. … regimes hosting those forces.
No Mideast war – Iran, Iraq and Saudis lack the requisite military to be aggressive Gholz and Press 10 - Professor of public affairs @ University of Texas-Austin and Professor of government @ Dartmouth University Eugene Gholz and Daryl G. Press, “Protecting “The Prize”: Oil and the U.S. National Interest,” Security Studies, 19:453–485, 2010
The majority of the world’s … for hegemony. Pg. 474-476
1NR
OV ONLY reason surplus countries still invest Masters 13 Jonathan Masters, has a graduate degree in social theory from The New School University where he focused on media and international relations. He also holds a B.A. in political science from Emory University, writes on issues related to national security and civil liberties, and contributes to CFR's Renewing America initiative that focuses on the economic underpinnings of U.S. foreign policy, “U.S. Debt Ceiling: Costs and Consequences”, Council on Foreign Relations, January 2nd, 2013, http://www.cfr.org/international-finance/us-debt-ceiling-costs-consequences/p24751#p8
WASHINGTON -- The standoff … that shut down last week Link The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers opposes IFF legislation and lobbies Congress – empirics prove NACDL, no date National Association of Criminal Defense Laywers, “S. 569, Incorporation Transparency and Law Enforcement Assistance Act,” n.d., http://www.nacdl.org/criminaldefense.aspx?id=9913bghs-ms The Incorporation Transparency … and Governmental Affairs.
10/12/13
New Trier Round 3 vs Barstow
Tournament: New Trier | Round: 3 | Opponent: Barstow MW | Judge: Dominic Jose 1NC Off China’s engagement in Latin America is high now and its zero sum- even if US engagement is happening now, China’s influence is overpowering us Rosenthal, 9/11 – political consultant and writer who is currently interning at The Center for Security Policy in Washington DC (Terence, 2013, “China’s Pivot to Latin America”, Global Balita, http://globalbalita.com/2013/09/11/chinas-pivot-to-latin-america/)//VP
The quest for global … influence in South America. China’s influence in Mexican trade is expanding - Mexico and US trade decreasing because China’s trading more and more with Mexico - US losing Latin American trade Shaiken et al ‘13 Harley. Prof in the Center for Latin American Studies at UC-Berkeley. And Enrique Peters – Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami. And Adrian Hearn – Centro de Estudios China-Mexixo at Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. China and the New Triangular Relationships in the Americas: China and the Future of US-Mexico Relations, 2013. Pg 7-8
Former Mexican President … country's economy. . China influence solves every impact – collapse causes conflict Zhang ’12 Prof of Diplomacy and IR at the Geneva School of Diplomacy. “The Rise of China’s Political Softpower” 9/4/12 http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-09/04/content_26421330.htm
As China plays an … to surprise the world.
Off A. Interpretation – “economic engagement” means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, “Containment and Engagement as Middle-Range Theories” Baltic Journal of Law and Politics Volume 3, Number 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/V10076-010-0015-7) The approach to … bilateral relations
That means trade and aid in the form of loans or grants Resnick, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” Vol. 54 No. 2, Political Science Complete) A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT In order to establish … and academic exchanges(n25)
Off Neoliberalism is dying in Latin America – we should resist attempts at triage that promote deregulation and unrestrained pursuit of profit like the affirmative Pineo, 13 – Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, and Professor and Chair of the Department of History at Towson University (Ron, Posted on April 11, 2012 - See more at: http://www.coha.org/22227/#sthash.L5CsywQs.dpuf ) Poverty in Latin America … for some good economics.
Unchecked neoliberal expansions risks extinction Nhanenge 7 (Jytte Masters @ U South Africa, “ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT) There is today an increasing critique of economic development, whether it takes place in the North or in the South. Although the … the present purpose. (Ekins 1992: 1).
The alternative is to reject the 1AC in favor of non-hegemonic engagement Broillet, 10 – Current Concerns 2010 No 8, May 2010 Latin America: The Advent of an Alternative to Neo-Liberalism and Authoritarian Socialism http://www.currentconcerns.ch/index.php?id=1028 A different world is … have anything to describe. Aging Crisis
Disease doesn’t cause extinction Malcolm Gladwell, writer for The New Yorker and best-selling author The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32
Every infectious agent … of microscopic life forms.
Prefer our ev-public health authorities have an incentive to massively exaggerate pandemic scenarios Michael Fitzpatrick, General Practitioner @ Barton House Health Center, November 2010. “Pandemic Flu: Public Health and the Culture of Fear” http://www.rsis.edu.sg/NTS/resources/research_papers/NTS20Working20Paper2.pdf
Projections by leading … in dramatic posturing.
No impact to offshore balancing Layne, 7 /Christopher, holds the Mary Julia and George R. Jordan professorship of international affairs @ Texas A and M University’s George H. W. Bush School of Government and Public Service, “America's Middle East Grand Strategy after Iraq: The Moment for Offshore Balancing has Arrived,” presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association/ Offshore balancing is … and risks of their defense. Econ
No impact to the economy Thomas P.M. Barnett (senior managing director of Enterra Solutions LLC and a contributing editor/online columnist for Esquire magazine) August 2009 “The New Rules: Security Remains Stable Amid Financial Crisis” http://www.aprodex.com/the-new-rules~-~-security-remains-stable-amid-financial-crisis-398-bl.aspx When the global … That's what the Internet is for. Collapse is inevitable – now iss better than later Mackenzie 9 – BBC Correspondant. Quotes Joe Tainter - an archaeologist at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, and author of the 1988 book The Collapse of Complex Societies, and Yaneer Bar-Yam, head of the New England Complex Systems Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts 4/5/2008 (Deborah, “Are WE doomed?” Ebsco) DOOMSDAY. The end … cannot be sustainable.
Growth makes eco-collapse inevitable Speth, law prof, 8—Served as President Jimmy Carter’s White House environmental adviser and as head of the United Nations’ largest agency for international development Prof at Vermont law school. Former dean of the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University . Former Professor of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, teaching environmental and constitutional law. .Former Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality in the Executive Office of the President. Co-founder of the Natural Resources Defense Council. Was law clerk to U.S. Supreme Court Justice Hugo L. Black JD, Yale. (James Gustave, The Bridge at the Edge of the World: Capitalism, the Environment, and Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability, Gigapedia, 6-9, ) But the much larger and … transformative changes needed. Extinction Chen 2k—Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis, ) Ellipses in original Conscious decisions to … a hundred million. 348 Growth makes war inevitable Trainer, 2 – (Ted, Senior Lecturer of School of Social Work at the University of New South Wales, “If you want affluence, prepare for War,” Democracy and Nature: The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy, July, Vol. 8 Issue 2, p. 281-299)
If this limits to growth … to "The Simpler Way." Dedev key to solve warming Siegel 9 (Lee, Is Global Warming Unstoppable? Theory Also Says Energy Conservation Doesn't Help, 22 November 2009, http://www.unews.utah.edu/p/?r=112009-1, AMiles)
Competitiveness not key to heg Brooks and Wohlforth, 8 Stephen G. Brooks is Assistant Professor and William C. Wohlforth is Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College, “World out of Balance, International Relations and the Challenge of American Primacy,” p. 32-35 American primacy is … section explains why.
Data disproves hegemony impacts Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth … their view on faith alone.
2NC
T
.
AT: Reasonability (Short)
Reasonability is impossible—it undermines decision-making, research and preparation Resnick, 1 – assistant professor of political science – Yeshiva University (Evan, “Defining Engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 54, Iss. 2)
In matters of national … effective foreign policy.
Economy
Environment Prefer our impact—growth causes extinction Chen 2k—Professor of Law and Vance K. Opperman Research Scholar, University of Minnesota Law School (Jim, Globalization and Its Losers, Winter 2000, 9 Minn. J. Global Trade 157, Lexis, )
Globalization marks … of the human understanding." 12 Vote neg Bostrom 7 – Oxford philosophy professor (Nick, April, Humanity's biggest problems aren't what you think they are, transcribed from video 5:22 to 5:52, http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/44, AG)
Then, even a one-percentage-point …benefit you could hope to achieve.
Globalization changed the game—we control every internal link Barlow 1—National chairperson of The Council of Canadians. Co-founder of the Blue Planet Project. Chairs the board of Washington-based Food and Water Watch and is also an executive member of the San Francisco–based International Forum on Globalization and a Councillor with the Hamburg-based World Future Council. She is the recipient of eight honorary doctorates. Served as Senior Advisor on Water to the 63rd President of the United Nations General Assembly (Maude, The Global Water Crisis and the Commodification of the World's Water Supply, Spring 2001, http://www.ratical.org/co-globalize/BlueGold.pdf, )
Globalization creates economic … destroying the world." Ere negative—we control uniqueness—growth is wrecking the environment Speth, law prof, 8—Served as President Jimmy Carter’s White House environmental adviser and as head of the United Nations’ largest agency for international development Prof at Vermont law school. Former dean of the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University . Former Professor of Law at Georgetown University Law Center, teaching environmental and constitutional law. .Former Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality in the Executive Office of the President. Co-founder of the Natural Resources Defense Council. Was law clerk to U.S. Supreme Court Justice Hugo L. Black JD, Yale. (James Gustave, The Bridge at the Edge of the World: Capitalism, the Environment, and Crossing from Crisis to Sustainability, Gigapedia, 1-2, )
The remarkable charts … we are making. Barry Continued growth guarantees extinction—collapse now is our only hope Barry 8—President and Founder of Ecological Internet. Ph.D. in "Land Resources" from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, a Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development" also from Madison, and a Bachelor of Arts in "Political Science" from Marquette University (Glen, Economic Collapse and Global Ecology, 14 January 2008, http://www.countercurrents.org/barry140108.htm, )
Humanity and the Earth … fragile than it looks. It’s linear—the longer we wait, the worse it will be Barry 10—President and Founder of Ecological Internet. Ph.D. in "Land Resources" from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, a Masters of Science in "Conservation Biology and Sustainable Development" also from Madison, and a Bachelor of Arts in "Political Science" from Marquette University (Glen, Resisting Global Ecological Change, 5 January 2010, https://mail.google.com/mail/?shva=1#inbox, )
The human family … remains to be renewed.
Unustainable
Economic growth is unsustainable – resource scarcity, land use, global warming, and overconsumption Trainer, 7 – Visiting Fellow in the Faculty of Arts at the University of NSW (Ted, “We can't go on living like this”, http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/author.asp?id=1973) Several lines of … is grossly unsustainable.
Technology can’t sustain unlimited growth – if we win limits to growth are necessary it short-circuits all technology solves arguments Trainer, 01 – Visiting Fellow in the Faculty of Arts at the University of NSW (Ted, “Natural Capitalism – Cannot Overcome Resource Limits”, Minnesotans For Sustainability) The minority … the necessary adaptations.)
Prefer our inevitability claims – we might be wrong about one factor, but the likelihood that we are wrong about all factors is exceedingly small Gowdy, 98 – Professor of Economics at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (John M., “Biophysical Limits to Industrialization: Prospects for the Twenty-first Century," The Coming Age of Scarcity: Preventing Mass Death and Genocide in the Twenty-first Century, edited by Michael N. Dobkowski and Isidor Wallimann, Published by Syracuse University Press, p. 65-66)
Among physical … and mass death is inevitable?
Transition Collapse of the economy shifts to local communities—the transition might be bad, but it’s the only way to stop inevitable extinction Lewis 2k—prof, U Colorado, Boulder. Ph.D. (Chris, Global Industrial Civilization: The Necessary Collapse, http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/ecology/lewglo.pdf, )
The First World's failure … web of life on Earth.
Turn Shield Draw a line here—all their arguments assume that growth is linear, not exponential—the rate of economic growth is constantly increasing, so adaptation and building tech and regulation are doomed since we can’t stabilize the population fast enough Bartlett 4 Dr. Albert Bartlett is a Physics Professor Emeritus at the. University of Colorado at Boulder, “Dr. Albert Bartlett on Compounding,” http://www.chrismartenson.com/dr_albert_bartlett *gender modified
Fact: Since the 1960s, … of water, and more. AT: Heg
More evidence – international complexity proves and other things solve Preble 12 (Christopher Preble, vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, PhD in history from Temple University, former professor of history at St Cloud University and Temple University, 6-28-12, “The Critique of Pure Kagan,” http://nationalinterest.org/bookreview/the-critique-pure-kagan-7061) GZ
Decline is smooth Preble 12 (Christopher Preble, vice president for defense and foreign policy studies at the Cato Institute, PhD in history from Temple University, former professor of history at St Cloud University and Temple University, 6-28-12, “The Critique of Pure Kagan,” http://nationalinterest.org/bookreview/the-critique-pure-kagan-7061) GZ
The world is both …they grow even less supportive.
Their impacts are non-falsifiable junk – people don’t just start randomly fighting Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
Assertions that without … without the United States.
No nuclear escalation of China war and outside powers will stay out Roger Cliff, Ph.D. in international relations, Princeton, M.A. in history (Chinese studies), University of California, San Diego, Assistant for Strategy Development, Office of the Secretary of Defense, and David A. Shlapak, Ph.D., senior international policy analyst, RAND Project Air Force Report, 2007 This situation would occur if …concerned about China’s use of force.
US-Russia war would end in peace negotiations before nukes were launched – Russian generals concede. Ivashov, 7 Colonel General Leonid Ivashov, President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems. July 2007 “WILL AMERICA FIGHT RUSSIA”. Defense and Security, No 78. LN Ivashov: Numerous scenarios … negotiations into motion.
10/23/13
New Trier Round 5 vs Pine Crest
Tournament: New Trier | Round: 5 | Opponent: Pine Crest GJ | Judge: Martin Osborn 1NC
Off New AFFs bad
Second is dialogic clarity – your education is meaningless if we have nothing to say Gerald Graff, University of Englishand Education, University of Illinois at Chicago, Clueless in Academe: How Schooling Obscures The Life of The Mind, ‘3, p. 11-12
But an even more … the life of the mind.
Third is ideological coalitions – you prevent self-reflexive politics Torvalds and Diamond ‘1 Linus (Creator of Linux) and David (freelance contributor to the New York Times and Business Week); “Why Open Source Makes Sense”; Educause Review; November/December; p. 71-2 nick
It's the best illustration … that has no, er, peer.
Off
We’ll begin with a story from Meinzerin, Kuhn, and Klausmann in 1997 (Marion Meinzerin, professor of history at Cambridge University, Gabriel Kuhn, Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Innsbruck, Ulrike Klausman, freelance journalist, “Woman Pirates and the politics of the Jolly Roger”, Pg 18-22, azp)
Medusa is the Gorgon’s … and swallowing seafarers.
The affirmative’s view of the subject under capital is that of Perseus’s perception of women – the Other is dangerous yet alluring – something to be mapped yet radically unknowable – something to be defeated yet something to be won – a roll of the ballot calling for the liberation of the oppressed is symptomatic of the masculine heroism Perseus is engrained in – the ballot becomes a symbol of the prize of Otherness while ontologically erasing the subaltern – the affirmative’s distancing of themselves from those they invoke is like Perseus’s shield – they view the subaltern through a kaleidoscopic lens while sitting comfortably in this air conditioned simulacra we call the debate round – this knowledge production is not just useless neutrality but rather the lynchpin of the Western intellectual subject – any argument the affirmative makes about how the subaltern would totally be on-board with their project relies on the same logic that reinforces conceptions of the inferior Other – their forcus on voice in the first contention is ironic because a ballot for the affirmative rips out the subaltern’s vocal chords Spivak 88 (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian literary theorist, philosopher and University Professor at Columbia University, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, 1988 “Can the Subaltern Speak?,” Online, azp) SOME OF THE most radical … can the subaltern speak? . . .
Isn’t it off-putting that the affirmative merely expresses solidarity with the oppressed yet does little to nothing to actually relieve their oppression? – What do you think their endless theories, intellectual movements, and speech acts actually DO to resolve anything? – the answer is absolutely nothing – they aren’t subversive, nor radical, nor even that interesting – their speech act is an intellectual façade designed to avoid having to resolve oppression Raskin 99 (Marcus Raskin, Professor of Public Policy at George Washington University, 1999, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Fall)
As I have noted, world … demands recognition.
The affirmative’s narrative structure perpetuates a politics of forced presencing that extends the disciplinary logic of the system to the confessional while depoliticizing their speech act, ensuring that dominant relations go unaltered Brown 96 (Wendy Brown * Wendy Brown is Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and is Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz. The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 1996) But if the silences in … depoliticizing their conditions.
The 1AC is a form of vampirism which allows privileged institutions and individuals to enhance their social position at the expense of those without privilege. The AFF is merely a market exchange in the political economy of debate which covers over the contradictions of commodification. Leong 2012 /Nancy, Assistant Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, “Racial Capitalism,” Harvard Law Review, http://www.utexas.edu/law/colloquium/papers-public/2012-2013/09-20-12_Leong20~-~-20Racial20Capitalism.pdf/
The exchange mechanism …expectations of white society.123
The ballot is also a form of self-subalternization, where the judges are encouraged to found a vacuous solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing the material deprivation portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis. Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11)
The Orientalist has a … power that enables her rhetoric.
The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.)
In the “cultural studies” of … our consciousnesses “raised.”
This knowledge production is merely an attempt to map out the coordinates of alterity for the targeting computers of our death machines Chow, 6 (Rey Chow, Humanities and Modern Culture and Media Studies at Brown University, 2006 The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work, 40-1)
Often under the … of the vanishing object.”
Off
The affirmative’s valorization of “human rights” is not natural – it is explicitly anthropocentric and is the foundation of the dichotomy between “human” and the “environment” Burdon 12 (Peter Burdon – PhD in Earth Jurisprudence and lecturer at Alelaide Law School, August 10, 2010, “ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE LIMITS OF RIGHTS TALK”, http://rightnow.org.au/topics/environment/environmental-protection-and-the-limits-of-rights-talk/)MD
The rise of environmental human rights … economics is a serious error.
Our alternative is to endorse the thought experiment of the voluntary global suicide of humanity – that solves Kochi and Ordan 08 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law and International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, “An argument for the global suicide of humanity,” Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf)
For some, guided by … suppress or repress it. Off ASPEC
Third, absent specifying, these debates will always lead to a permutation obviating the research ground for comparative institutional analysis Komesar 94 (Neil Komesar, professor of Law at the University of Wisconsin, “Imperfect Alternatives: Choosing Institutions in Law, Economics, and Public Policy,” p 41-2) Even the constitutions … definitions of the good.
Comparative institutional analysis is the most fundamental question for academics working for social change. Failure to guarantee this ground guarantees organizational failures and prevents critical questioning of ethical responsibility Heminway, 05 (Joan, professor of law at the University of Tennessee, 10 Fordham J. Corp. and Fin. L. 225, lexis) This article offers a model … with these decisions. 581 Off
The logic of preemption is the organizing principle of the global war on terror De Goede 8 Security Dialogue April 2008 vol. 39 no. 2-3 155-176 icle: Beyond Risk: Premediation and the Post-9/11 Security Imagination Author: De Goede, M. Journal: Security dialogue ISSN: 0967-0106 Date: 04/2008 Volume: 39 Issue: 2-3 Page: 155 DOI: 10.1177/0967010608088773 Marieke de Goede is Professor of Politics, with a focus on 'Europe in a Global Order,' at the … only speculate’ (emphasis added). Case
The aff reveals the perspective of the oppressed, and in so doing shares their secrets—this undermines the potential for resistance, turning the case Hundleby 5 (Catherine, U of Windsor, The Epistemological Evaluation of Oppositional Secrets, Hypatia, 20(4), Fall 2005, p. 44-58)LA
I keep secrets. Even … that morally require secrecy.
2NC
2NC Impact – OV
Anthropocentrism outweighs Gottlieb 94 — Roger S. Gottlieb, Professor of Humanities at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Brandeis University, 1994 (“Ethics and Trauma: Levinas, Feminism, and Deep Ecology,” Crosscurrents: A Journal of Religion and Intellectual Life, Summer, Available Online at http://www.crosscurrents.org/feministecology.htm, Accessed 07-26-2011)
Here I will at least begin in agreement with Levinas. … the other, but for us all. 2NC Link – Human Rights – Turns Case
Dichotomizing humans and nature turns the case – anthropocentrism ensures the dominant conception of “human rights” will only recreate violence Lucas-Rose 06 (Rebecca Garcia Lucas-Rose – Trinity College, University of Melbourne, 2006, “Human Rights: ¶ An Earth-based Ethics”, http://artsonline.monash.edu.au/colloquy/download/colloquy_issue_12_november_2006/rose.pdf)MD
At present, the extremity … the environment itself.”21
Link
To discuss oppression as “dehumanizing” only reasserts dominate forms of hierarchy in hidden ways and furthers anthropocentric thought. Adams 94 (Carol, feminist scholar and animal rights theorist. M.Div. from Yale Divinity School, B.A. from Rochester University. Neither Beast nor Man, P. 77 http://books.google.com/books?id=CinU6Vy_sYMC)
It is conventionally said … positions animals as lower?
Obsession with language and human communication replicates anthropocentric norms Bell and Russel 2k (Anne C. Bell, department of education, York University, Canada, and Constance L. Russel, Associate Professor, Faculty of Education, Lakehead University, Co-Editor, Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, “Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn,” CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000):188–203, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)
Although we acknowledge … aspirations as educators.
Take, for example, Freire’s … all expressive bodies (p. 80).
AT: Perm
Total rejection is key Kochi and Ordan 08 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law and International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, “An argument for the global suicide of humanity,” Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf)
Both liberal and social … itself as a part of the latter.
AT: Humans are Valuable
The human capacity for self-awareness and planning makes human violence more destructive and horrific. Animals don’t commit the holocaust or build slaughterhouses. Our history is a history of genocide and mass death starting with the murder of the Neanderthals. Kochi and Ordan 08 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law and International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, “An argument for the global suicide of humanity,” Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf)
Certainly many organisms … individually and collectively.
1NR
The logic of pre-emption leads to both geoengineering as the mass sacrifice of vulnerable populations to secure liberal zones of peace Anderson 10 Progress in Human Geography 34(6) 777–798 ª The Author(s) 2010 Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav 10.1177/0309132510362600 phg.sagepub.com Corresponding author: Department of Geography, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK Email: ben.anderson@durham.ac.uk \ The most high-profile examples … abandoned and dispossessed.
10/23/13
New Trier Semis vs GBS
Tournament: New Trier | Round: Semis | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Patrick Kennedy, Shawn Kennedy, Nate Bennett 1NC
Off
They depict Cuba as unruly and lawless, to be subjugated and controlled by American imperialism – this drive for security turns the case Slater 97 (David, Ph.D from London School of Economics and Professor Emeritus of Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitical imaginations across the North-South divide: issues of difference, development and power,” Political Geography Vol. 16 Issue 8, November 1997, pp. 631-653, Muse, slim_) By the beginning of the … and the child black.27
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops a … rule of the political.
Vote neg to overdetermine the ontological by exposing the contradictions of imperial knowledge production – this dissident act fractures hegemonic thought Spanos 8 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, 2008, “American Exceptionalism in the Age of Globalization: The Specter of Vietnam,” pp 27-30) On the other hand, I do not … name of the Pax Romana.
Every affirmation is fundamentally a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – their attempt to elevate their particular method of decision to the status of metaphysics links to all of our offense and begs the question of their justification for exclusion Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, in addition, that …in continental thought. Off
A. Interpretation – engagement is a strategy depending on positive incentives which seeks to shape the behavior of a target country Haass and O’Sullivan, 2000 – *Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND *Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, (Richard N and Meghan L., “Terms of engagement: alternatives to punitive policies,” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 42, No. 2, Summer 2000, pp. 113–35, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1093/survival/42.2.113#preview) The term ‘engagement’ was …has important disagreements.
That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo De LaHunt, 6 – Assistant Director for Environmental Health and Safety Services in Colorado College's Facilities Services department (John, “Perverse and unintended” Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science Direct) Incentives work on … and perverse incentives.
Ag
That means that don’t solve because transportation is key – comparatively outweighs the aff’s internal link Burwell 11 (David, Director of the Energy and Climate Program – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “ROAD to RECOVERY: Transforming America’s Transportation”, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/road_to_recovery.pdf)
U.S. transportation is responsible …this shift in behavior.
The status quo food crisis in directly linked to the logic of neoliberal–speculation and land grabbing proves Houtart 11 (Francois, Belgian Marxist Sociologist, serves as an advisor to CETRI (Centre Tricontinental) a Belgian non-governmental organization which he founded in 1976, was awarded the UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence, “ FROM ‘COMMON GOODS’ TO THE ‘COMMON GOOD OF HUMANITY,” ROSA LUXEMBURG FOUNDATION BRUSSELS, NOVEMBER)
There are two aspects to… to the logic of capitalism.
No impact to biodiversity Sagoff 97 Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, “INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT”, 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, L/N Note – Colin Tudge - Research Fellow at the Centre for Philosophy at the London School of Economics. Frmr Zoological Society of London: Scientific Fellow and tons of other positions. PhD. Read zoology at Cambridge. Simon Levin = Moffet Professor of Biology, Princeton. 2007 American Institute of Biological Sciences Distinguished Scientist Award 2008 Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 2009 Honorary Doctorate of Science, Michigan State University 2010 Eminent Ecologist Award, Ecological Society of America 2010 Margalef Prize in Ecology, etc… PhD Although one may agree with … things are quite useless.
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; “From Apocalypse To Way of Life,” pg. 185-186)
Looked at critically, then, … clearly terminal “nature.”
Adaptation solves the extinction impact NIPCC 11 Archived 8 March, Surviving the Unprecedented Climate Change of the IPCC, http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html (Citing: Willis, K.J., Bennett, K.D., Bhagwat, S.A. and Birks, H.J.B. 2010. 4°C and beyond: what did this mean for biodiversity in the past? Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 3-9.) In a paper published in Systematics …amplitude fluctuations in climate." Legitimacy
As a matter of fact, together … towards effective multilateralism.
No impact to hegemony Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth … view on faith alone.
Cooperation will not be value neutral – American foreign policy is overdetermined by the logic of integration which will view the plan as a concession and expect compliance with whatever our next foreign policy goal is – if the countries they cooperate with don’t follow US command they will suffer the consequences Campbell, 7 - International Boundaries Research Unit, Geography Department, Durham University (David, “Performing security: The imaginative geographies of current US strategy” 2007)
It is important to highlight … geographies of exclusion.
Legitimacy is a weapon for the national-security apparatus. Legal restrictions enable the U.S. to wage more precisely regulated and brutal forms of war. Francisco J. CONTRERAS Prf. Philosophy of Law @ Seville AND Ignacio de la RASILLA Ph.D. candidate in international law, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva, 8 “On War as Law and Law as War” Leiden Journal of International Law Vol. 21 Issue 3 p. 770-773
Kennedy begins by coldly … autonomous, perverted dynamism.
The spectral threat of nuclear war is itself part of a system of deterrence which neutralizes all events, including the real possibility of nuclear war. This is an implosive violence; the balance of terror is the terror of balance. That all things must be quilted through the nuclear issue marks its function as a simulacrum to conceal the death of politics Baudrillard 81 (Jean Baudrillard, ask Jack, “Simulacra and Simulation,” pp 32-4) The apotheosis of simulation: … circumscribed stakes remain.
2NC
Framework
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find … of decision making.
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz
In contrast to traditional … the perspective of women.137
Giving the tool of imagination over to the state exonerates us from responsibility – we should imagine our own role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not suddenly … values of war and violence.
And, it cause passivity Antonio 95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, “Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1, GENDER MODIFIED)
According to Nietzsche, the "subject" … 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).
Link
Cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30)
In "Gender and `Postmodern' War," …of war and militarism.¶
1NR
Legitimacy Linearity fails Bernstein et al 2000 Steven Bernstein, Richard Ned Lebow, Janice Gross Stein and Steven Weber, University of Toronto, The Ohio State University, University of Toronto and University of California at Berkeley. “God Gave Physics the Easy Problems” European Journal of International Relations 2000; 6; 43 A deep irony is embedded in … in past or future time.5
Extend Fettweis – all empirical data goes our way – every time the US has cut its forces, the world has grown more peaceful Trade doesn’t solve war Martin et. al. 8 (Phillipe, University of Paris 1 Pantheon—Sorbonne, Paris School of Economics, and Centre for Economic Policy Research; Thierry MAYER, University of Paris 1 Pantheon—Sorbonne, Paris School of Economics, CEPII, and Centre for Economic Policy Research, Mathias THOENIG, University of Geneva and Paris School of Economics, The Review of Economic Studies 75) Does globalization pacify … number of sovereign states. Heg and legitimacy don’t exist—they perpetuate racist violence Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5 I think that we have now an … military and financial shift. Must be rejected Memmi ‘0 (MEMMI Professor Emeritus of Sociology @ Unv. Of Paris Albert-; RACISM, translated by Steve Martinot, pp.163-)SEW
The struggle against racism will …stakes are irresistible.
Facts are meaningless and bad. Their internal link chains are factoids, which are worse. 1ac was detrimental to the cause of their position. Schlag ’13 Pierre Schlag, “Facts (The),” his blog, 1/28/2013, http://brazenandtenured.com/2013/01/28/facts-the/ But let me explain about the facts. First, notice, … but something more. Ag
More evidence – apocalyptic focus causes paranoiac denialism because people don’t want to grasp the severity of their actions Foust et al. 8 (Christina R. Foust, Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, et al., with William O. Murphy, Doctoral Student and Graduate Teaching Instructor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, and Chelsea Stow, Doctoral Student and Graduate Teaching Instructor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, 2008, “Global Warming and Apocalyptic Rhetoric: A Critical Frame Analysis of US Popular and Elite Press Coverage from 1997-2007,” Paper Submitted to the Environmental Communication Division of the National Communication Association Convention in San Diego, 11/20, p. 22-23)
Elements of an apocalyptic … to resolve the issue.
10/23/13
Notre Dame Finals vs Damien
Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Finals | Opponent: Damien MR | Judge: Joel Lemuel, Clara Purk, Alyssa Lucas-Bolin 1NC
Off
Terrorism is constructed through speech – invoking this threat is counterproductive Jackson 9 (Richard Jackson is Reader in the Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, and a Senior Researcher at the Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Contemporary Political Violence (CSRV). He is the founding editor of the journal, Critical Studies on Terrorism, and the author of Writing the War on Terrorism: Language, Politics and Counterterrorism (2005). “Knowledge, power and politics in the study of politsical terrorism” in Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, ed. Richard Jackson, Marie Breen Smyth and Jeroen Gunning, Routledge)
As explained earlier, a ?rst order … intellectual and political projects.
This securitizing logic manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops … rule of the political.
The alternative is to deterritorialize the 1AC through a historical and critical lens – rather than objectively approaching their threat discourse, we choose more diverse forms of analysis Krause and Williams 97 (Keith Krause, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute on International and Development Studies, Michael C Williams, professor of international relations at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, “From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies,” chapter 2 of Critical Security Studies, p 49-50) The challenges to the …outcome of timeless structures.56
Only a discursive focus ruptures dominant power relations Bruce and Cheeseman 96 (Robert, Associate Professor in Social Science – Curtin University and Graeme Cheeseman, Senior Lecturer – University of New South Wales, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9) This goal is pursued … understand them, and why?
Every affirmation is fundamentally a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – their attempt to elevate their particular method of decision to the status of metaphysics links to all of our offense and begs the question of their justification for exclusion Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, in … in continental thought. Off A. Interpretation – engagement is a strategy depending on positive incentives which seeks to shape the behavior of a target country Haass and O’Sullivan, 2000 – *Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND *Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, (Richard N and Meghan L., “Terms of engagement: alternatives to punitive policies,” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 42, No. 2, Summer 2000, pp. 113–35, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1093/survival/42.2.113#preview) The term ‘engagement’ …has important disagreements.
That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo De LaHunt, 6 – Assistant Director for Environmental Health and Safety Services in Colorado College's Facilities Services department (John, “Perverse and unintended” Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science Direct) Incentives work …and perverse incentives. Terror
No scenario for nuclear terror---consensus of experts Matt Fay 13, PhD student in the history department at Temple University, has a Bachelor’s degree in Political Science from St. Xavier University and a Master’s in International Relations and Conflict Resolution with a minor in Transnational Security Studies from American Military University, 7/18/13, “The Ever-Shrinking Odds of Nuclear Terrorism”, webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HoItCUNhbgUJ:hegemonicobsessions.com/3Fp3D902+andcd=1andhl=enandct=clnkandgl=usandclient=firefox-a For over a decade now, … alarmist assessments indicate it should.
No risk of nuclear terror – assumes every warrant Mueller 10 (John, professor of political science at Ohio State, Calming Our Nuclear Jitters, Issues in Science and Technology, Winter, http://www.issues.org/26.2/mueller.html)
Politicians of all …one in three billion per attempt.
Their terrorism advantage is epistemologically suspect---the ballot is crucial to reject state-sponsored knowledge that legitimizes global violence Raphael 9—IR, Kingston University (Sam, Critical terrorism studies, ed. Richard Jackson, 49-51) ellipses in orig.
Over the past thirty years, … serves for the US state.
Hidden behind dark corners, …occupation can commence.
Terror rhetoric creates a perpetual state of fear permeating our lives that remakes the public sphere, placing dissent as the enemy Neil Smith directs the Center for Place Culture and Politics and distinguished professor of Political economy, urban social theory, space, nature-culture, history and theory of geography 2006 (“Global Executioner” The South Atlantic Quarterly 105:1, Winter 2006.)
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find …of decision making.
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz
In contrast to … perspective of women.137
Theoretical thinking concerning security problematizes militarized practices – it constitutes reality Bilgin, 5 – Professor of IR, Bikent University, Regional Security In The Middle East A Critical Perspective, Page 7
From a critical perspective, … in theory and practice.
Giving the tool of imagination over to the state exonerates us from responsibility – we should imagine our own role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not … war and violence.
The aff’s identification with the state destroys agency and the value to life—reforming the state without first changing our relationship with it triggers all their harms Schaffer 7 (Butler, Prof @ Southwestern U School of Law, Identifying with the State, LewRockwell.com, http://archive.lewrockwell.com/shaffer/shaffer159.html)//LA*We don’t endorse ableist language.
One of the deadliest … integrity in our lives.
AT: Perm
The permutation engages security through a political telos – blocks off critique Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4) These frameworks are … wards off critique.
Link
Terror discourse is self fulfilling Zulaika, 10 (Joseba, Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, “The terror/counterterror edge: when non-terror becomes a terrorism problem and real terror cannot be detected by counterterrorism,” Critical Studies on Terrorism, Vol. 3, No. 2, August 2010, pg. 247-260, Taylor and Francis, pdf¬) In fact, between … terrorism’s best ally.
AT: Policy Good
Refusal to address the epistemological assumptions of the affirmative dooms their project to serial policy failure Dillon and Reid 2000 (Michael, Professor of Politics – University of Lancaster, and Julian, Lecturer in International Relations – King’s College, “Global Governance, Liberal Peace, and Complex Emergency”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, January / March, 25(1))
More specifically, where … problematized by it.
1NR
No Nuke Terror Even if any single step is possible, terrorists have to succeed at every step – it’s statistically impossible Mueller 9 - John Mueller, Woody Hayes Chair of National Security Studies, Mershon Center Professor of Political Science 30 April 2009 “THE ATOMIC TERRORIST?” http://www.icnnd.org/research/Mueller_Terrorism.pdf
In an article on the …even more prohibitive.
Our statistics are for the most plausible scenarios-anything else is even less likely. Mueller 8, John, Prof. Pol. Sci. @ Ohio State, 1/1/ (http://polisci.osu.edu/faculty/jmueller/APSACHGO.PDF) These odds are … even more prohibitive.
Terrorists aren’t pursuing nukes Wolfe 12 – Alan Wolfe is Professor of Political Science at Boston College. He is also a Senior Fellow with the World Policy Institute at the New School University in New York. A contributing editor of The New Republic, The Wilson Quarterly, Commonwealth Magazine, and In Character, Professor Wolfe writes often for those publications as well as for Commonweal, The New York Times, Harper's, The Atlantic Monthly, The Washington Post, and other magazines and newspapers. March 27, 2012, "Fixated by “Nuclear Terror” or Just Paranoia?" http://www.hlswatch.com/2012/03/27/fixated-by-“nuclear-terror”-or-just-paranoia-2/
If one were to read …caused by CBRN hazards. Predictions Prediction is impossible – linear analysis causes policy failure Sa, 04 – Deug Whan, Dong-U College, South Korea, (“CHAOS, UNCERTA I N T Y, AND POLICY CHOICE: UTILIZING THE ADAPTIVE MODEL,” International Review of Public Administration, vol. 8, no. 2, 2004, scholar)RK
In many cases, … same causal relationships.
Util Utilitarian calculability justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end – it’s not inevitable Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, “The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza,” pp 8-10) The theological origins … in this impossibility.17
11/6/13
Notre Dame Quarters vs Juan Diego
Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: Quarters | Opponent: Juan Diego WF | Judge: Clara Purk, Roger Copenhaver, John Kephart 1NC
Off
Liberal commercial peace is a mask for a cult of patriarchal violence Neocleous 11 (Mark Neocleous, professor of the critique of the political economy (yes that is a thing) at Brunel University, PhD in philosophy, November 2011, “’O Effeminacy! Effeminacy!’ War, Masculinity and the Myth of Liberal Peace,” European Journal of International Relations Volume 19 Issue 1, GENDER MODIFIED OR IN CONTEXT) gz
‘O Effeminacy! Effeminacy! … exercise of the liberal spirit.
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; “From Apocalypse To Way of Life,” pg. 185-186) Looked at critically, … or even cut off
This securitizing logic manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops … rule of the political.
The alternative is to deterritorialize the 1AC through a historical and critical lens – rather than objectively approaching their threat discourse, we choose more diverse forms of analysis Krause and Williams 97 (Keith Krause, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute on International and Development Studies, Michael C Williams, professor of international relations at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, “From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies,” chapter 2 of Critical Security Studies, p 49-50)
The challenges to …outcome of timeless structures.56
Only a discursive focus ruptures dominant power relations Bruce and Cheeseman 96 (Robert, Associate Professor in Social Science – Curtin University and Graeme Cheeseman, Senior Lecturer – University of New South Wales, Discourses of Danger and Dread Frontiers, p. 5-9)
This goal is pursued …them, and why?
Every affirmation is fundamentally a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – their attempt to elevate their particular method of decision to the status of metaphysics links to all of our offense and begs the question of their justification for exclusion Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, in … in continental thought.
Off
Interpretation – “economic engagement” means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, “Containment and Engagement as Middle-Range Theories” Baltic Journal of Law and Politics Volume 3, Number 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/V10076-010-0015-7)
The plan fails and that public backlash takes out solvency Lake 10 (Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego, David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG At the same time, … a new multilateral compact.
Guantanamo, Kyoto, ICC and CRC are alt causes Burgsdorff, 9 (Ph. D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf)//NG As a matter of fact, …towards effective multilateralism.
Countries share resources and it is not the root cause of any conflict Victor 07— professor of law at Stanford Law School and the director of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development. He is also a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (David, Nov 14, “What resource wars?” http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/IK14Dj04.html) Jacome
While there are … deeper causal forces. Their discourse of “resource conflicts” is a militartized justification for unending liberal violence and intervention ---example : Iraqi invasion of Kuwaiti oilfields, to civil wars fuelled by diamonds in West Africa, Ugandan or Zimbabwean military deployment in the Democratic Republic of Congo over issues like diamonds with the Ugandan or Zimbabwean military deployment in the Democratic Republic of Congo Le Billon, 4 a geographer, author and Associate Professor at the University of British Columbia, and a researcher at the Liu Institute for Global Issues, PhD from Oxford (Philippe, “The Geopolitical Economy of 'Resource Wars,” 2004 http://www.neiu.edu/~dgrammen/2004LEBILLON.pdf Natural resources have …global strategic importance.17
Zero risk of protectionism Ahearn 9 Raymond, CRS Specialist in International Trade and Finance, “The Global Economic Downturn and Protectionism,” March 23, 2009, http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/bitstreams/19395.pdf There are a number … surged in 2008.”13
Economic threat predictions will cause the US to manipulate regimes in a non-democratic fashion---link turns the whole case and empirically kills millions Neocleous, Prof of Gov, 08 Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, Critique of Security, p95- In other words, the … strategy proposed.111
Status quo adaptation solves the warming impact NIPCC 11 Archived 8 March, Surviving the Unprecedented Climate Change of the IPCC, http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html (Citing: Willis, K.J., Bennett, K.D., Bhagwat, S.A. and Birks, H.J.B. 2010. 4°C and beyond: what did this mean for biodiversity in the past? Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 3-9.) In a paper published …fluctuations in climate."
Environmental alarmism is unfounded and not a justification for taking action Kaleita, 7 – PHD, Assistant Professor Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (Amy, “Hysteria’s History” Environmental Alarmism in Context”, http://www.pacificresearch.org/docLib/20070920_Hysteria_History.pdf) Apocalyptic stories …reality, not hysteria.
Biodiversity is resilient - models are based on islands and not true for larger land areas Lomborg, 1; (Bjørn, director of the Copenhagen Consensus Center, Danish author, academic, “The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World,” Cambridge University Press, originally published in Danish in 1998) The correlation between … more species of birds?
Soil erosion inevitable – natural and artificial alt causes Maine Bureau of Land and Water Quality, 2000 (http://www.state.me.us/dep/blwq/doceducation/dirt.htm) Soil erosion is the #1 source of pollution to surface water in Maine. Each year rainstorms and snowmelt wash tons of dirt off the land around Maine. How could something so ‘natural’ be so bad? Soil … water quality problem.
No extinction from disease Gladwell, 95 – writer for The New Yorker and best-selling author The New Republic (Malcolm, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32) Every infectious agent … of microscopic life forms.
The fear of disease securitizes the alien body of the infected – justifies ethnic cleansing in pursuit of the “perfect human” Gomel 2000 (Elana Gomel, English department head at Tel Aviv University, Winter 2000, published in Twentieth Century Literature Volume 46, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_4_46/ai_75141042) In the secular apocalyptic … of the apocalyptic body.
2NC
FW
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find … of decision making.
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz
In contrast to traditional … perspective of women.137
Giving the tool of imagination over to the state exonerates us from responsibility – we should imagine our own role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not … values of war and violence.
More specifically, environmental reformism is merely an exercise in blame shifting and assuaging guilt, shielding us from ever having to take responsibility for our own personal complicity in the environmental crisis Bobertz, 95 (Bradley, Nebraska Law, Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 711)
A routine pattern in … be cause for concern.
FW A2: Institutions
Their concerns over ceding the political are superficial and misdirected—they ignore all of the other avenues for social change in a myopic rush to seek state-centered solutions Weissberg 4 (Professor of Political Science Emeritus at the University of Illinois-Urbana Robert Weissberg is., Society “Abandoning Politics,” May/June,http://transactionpub. metapress.com/app/home/content.asp)
The conventional wisdom …quietly moves rightward.
Environment Agency
Specifically the 1AC’s claim that warming is an inevitable phenomen that controls every other impact is a form of climate reductionism that results in fatalism and turns its own end Hulme, 11 Mike Hulme, Climate and Culture in the Department of Geography in the School of Social Science and Public Policy at King’s College London and a member of the Environment, Politics and Development Group; “Reducing the future to climate: a story of climate determinism and reductionism more,” August 2010, http://www.academia.edu/739876/Reducing_the_future_to_climate_a_story_of_climate_determinism_and_reductionismbghs-ms
Now, a hundred years later, …or analytical justification.¶
That cedes our agency to the biological sciences – this is uniquely true in the context of the aff’s argument that nobody can adapt to climate change without the plan – agency is an independent impact Hulme, 11 Mike Hulme, Climate and Culture in the Department of Geography in the School of Social Science and Public Policy at King’s College London and a member of the Environment, Politics and Development Group; “Reducing the future to climate: a story of climate determinism and reductionism more,” August 2010, http://www.academia.edu/739876/Reducing_the_future_to_climate_a_story_of_climate_determinism_and_reductionismbghs-ms
In summary, my argument …human imagination ignored.
AT: Perm
Footnoting DA Der Derian 95 (James, Professor of Political Science – University of Massachusetts, International Theory: Critical Investigations, p. 374) But what happens - as seems to be the case to this observer - when the 'we' fragments, 'realism' takes on prefixes and goes plural, the meaning of meaning itself is up for grabs? A stop-gap … in International Relations.
The permutation engages security through a political telos – blocks off critique Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4) These frameworks are …wards off critique. Environment Link
a. Securitization undermines cooperation – turns the case Trombetta 8 (Maria Julia Trombetta, postdoctoral researcher at the department of Economics of Infrastructures, Delft University of Technology; “Environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse,” Outh Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 21, Number 4, December 2008)
Opponents were … security discourses respectively.
It is a moment of interest convergence between the Affirmative and the judge – This rhetorical alliance with alterity is a technology of political demand that repeats the strategic attitude of the system it seeks to overturn – The guilty solidarity of the 1AC masks the privilege that prevents the AFF project from directly changing the lives of the people they invoke to warrant a ballot. Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 16-17)
Why are "tactics" useful … in the academic sense?
It is a form of self-subalternization, where the judge is encouraged to found solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing suffering portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis. Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11) The Orientalist has a … that enables her rhetoric.
The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.) In the “cultural studies” of …our consciousnesses “raised.” Off
And reciprocally, everything … politics” (Edelman 2004: 13).
Such anthropocentrism guarantees violence – humanism is the original hierarchy – we need politics that can respect more than human life. Their politics dooms us to a future that endlessly repeats the oppression of the status quo. Best, 7 (Steven – Chair of Philosophy @ University of Texas – El Paso, Review of Charles Patterson’s “The Eternal Treblinka: Our Treatment of Animals and the Holocaust”, Journal for Critical Animal Studies, http://www.drstevebest.org/EternalTriblenka.pdf)MD
While a welcome advance … official Christianity left behind.
Our alternative is to endorse the thought experiment of the voluntary global suicide of humanity – that solves Kochi and Ordan, 8 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law and International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, “An argument for the global suicide of humanity,” Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf) For some, guided … suppress or repress it.
Off
The affirmative’s logic of preemption as per their Meszaros evidence is violent – it replicates the organizing principle of the global war on terror – turns the case De Goede 8 Security Dialogue April 2008 vol. 39 no. 2-3 155-176 icle: Beyond Risk: Premediation and the Post-9/11 Security Imagination Author: De Goede, M. Journal: Security dialogue ISSN: 0967-0106 Date: 04/2008 Volume: 39 Issue: 2-3 Page: 155 DOI: 10.1177/0967010608088773 Marieke de Goede is Professor of Politics, with a focus on 'Europe in a Global Order,' at the Department of Politics of the University of Amsterdam Previously, she worked as Senior Lecturer at the Department of European Studies of the University of Amsterdam. She received her doctorate in International Politics from the University of Newcastle in 2001. She previously held the Vera List Fellowship at the Graduate Faculty of the New School University in New York (1997-1998) and a post-doctoral Fellowship of the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) (2001-2003).
Through its self-conscious … only speculate’ (emphasis added). Case
The aff reveals the perspective of the oppressed, and in so doing shares their secrets—this undermines the potential for resistance, turning the case Hundleby 5 (Catherine, U of Windsor, The Epistemological Evaluation of Oppositional Secrets, Hypatia, 20(4), Fall 2005, p. 44-58)LA
I keep secrets. Even … morally require secrecy.
2NC
*Preemption
Impact
The destruction of otherness results in the destruction of our own identities and oppositional violence. Woodward 2k10 (Ashley Woodward is a member of the Melbourne School of Continental Philosophy, Australia. Baudrillard Dictionary. 2010. Edinburgh university press Pg. 147-150)
Baudrillard sees the … exchange and so on.
*Anthro Link
Obsession with language and human communication replicates anthropocentric norms Bell and Russel 2k (Anne C. Bell, department of education, York University, Canada, and Constance L. Russel, Associate Professor, Faculty of Education, Lakehead University, Co-Editor, Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, “Beyond Human, Beyond Words: Anthropocentrism, Critical Pedagogy, and the Poststructuralist Turn,” CANADIAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION 25, 3 (2000):188–203, http://www.csse-scee.ca/CJE/Articles/FullText/CJE25-3/CJE25-3-bell.pdf)
Although we acknowledge … aspirations as educators.
The affirmative’s valorization of “human rights” is not natural – it is explicitly anthropocentric and is the foundation of the dichotomy between “human” and the “environment” Burdon 12 (Peter Burdon – PhD in Earth Jurisprudence and lecturer at Alelaide Law School, August 10, 2010, “ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND THE LIMITS OF RIGHTS TALK”, http://rightnow.org.au/topics/environment/environmental-protection-and-the-limits-of-rights-talk/)MD
The rise of environmental … is a serious error.
AT: Perm
Total rejection is key Kochi and Ordan 08 – (Dec. 2008, Tarik Kochi, PhD, Lecturer in Law and International Security, University of Sussex, Noam Ordan, linguist and translator, conducts research in Translation Studies at Bar Ilan University, research focus on human cultural history, “An argument for the global suicide of humanity,” Borderlands, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol7no3_2008/kochiordan_argument.pdf)
Both liberal and social … as a part of the latter.
11/2/13
Notre Dame Round 3 vs St Vincent de Paul
Tournament: Notre Dame | Round: 3 | Opponent: St Vincent de Paul CD | Judge: Gene Chien 1NC
Off
Economic threat predictions will cause the US to manipulate regimes in a non-democratic fashion---link turns the whole case and empirically kills millions Neocleous, 8 Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, Critique of Security, p95-
In other words, the new … strategy proposed.111 Their reliance on economic rationality presupposes a neoliberal form of subjectivity that they superimpose upon the world in order to justify mass violence and homogenization. This also makes transition wars and economic collapse inevitable, as it fails to understand how the crucial problem today is one of symbolic exchange. Against this, we should withdraw from necronomics. Bifo 11 – (Franco, “After the Future,” ed. Genesko and Thoburn, AKPress, p. 141-7)Loyola
More than ever, economic … of language and imagination.
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops … rule of the political.
The alternative is to deterritorialize the 1AC through a historical and critical lens – rather than objectively approaching their threat discourse, we choose more diverse forms of analysis Krause and Williams 97 (Keith Krause, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute on International and Development Studies, Michael C Williams, professor of international relations at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, “From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies,” chapter 2 of Critical Security Studies, p 49-50)
The challenges to … outcome of timeless structures.56
Every affirmation is fundamentally a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – their attempt to elevate their particular method of decision to the status of metaphysics links to all of our offense and begs the question of their justification for exclusion Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, in … in continental thought. Off A. Interpretation – “economic engagement” means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, “Containment and Engagement as Middle-Range Theories” Baltic Journal of Law and Politics Volume 3, Number 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/V10076-010-0015-7) The approach to … improve bilateral relations
That means trade and aid in the form of loans or grants Resnick, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” Vol. 54 No. 2, Political Science Complete) A REFINED DEFINITION … and academic exchanges(n25)
Royal votes neg – the next page says decline disincentives saber rattling Royal, their author, 10—director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, published in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 217, google books)
There is, however, … needed most' (Schweller, 2006, p. 130).
No risk of cyberattacks – no empirics, and their evidence is alarmist fearmongering based on inaccurate corporate reports Rid 13 (Thomas, reader in war studies at King's College London, author of "Cyber War Will Not Take Place," "The Great Cyberscare," 3/13/13, www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/03/13/the_great_cyberscare slim_) The White House likes … the security establishment.
Their understanding of development relies on Western conceptions of the North/South divide Howard, Hume, and Oslender 07 (*David Howard – PhD in Latin America Studies from the University of Oxford; he is a lecturer in Sustainable Urban Development at the University of Oxford, Mo Hume – PhD in Latin American studies from the University of Liverpool; she is a professor of Development and Latin American Politics (Department of Politics) at the University of Glasgow, and *Ulrich Oslender – PhD in Hispanic Studies from the University of Glasgow; former research fellow at the University of Glasgow in the Department of Geography, November 2007, “Violence, fear, and development in Latin America: a critical overview”, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/25548278.pdf)MD
Others, however, have … political projects of self-affirmation. Drugs
The “war on drugs” renders the US-Mexico border a space of exception where law is suspended by the sovereign Parker, 11 – master’s degree in cultural and political studies from Royal Holloway, University of London, written extensively in the academic arena on geopolitics, ‘radical’ politics and protest, and mass media (Lindsay, “The Making of a Space of Exception: the War on Drugs, Agamben, and Ciudad Juarez,” Cultural Geography, August 2011, http://lindsayparkerdotnet.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/the-making-of-a-space-of-exception.pdf)//bghs-BI The “war on drugs” was … power to drug cartels.
This biopolitical determination of life enables mass violence Agamben, 98 – professor of philosophy at university of Verona (Giorgio, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 139-140) It is not our intention …of every living being.
No risk of Mexican collapse – their authors are alarmists NAM, 11 New America Media, the country's first and largest national collaboration and advocate of 2000 ethnic news organizations, founded by the nonprofit Pacific News Service in 1996; “Mexico and the Myth of the ‘Failed State’,” 7/9/2011, http://newamericamedia.org/2011/07/mexico-and-the-myth-of-the-failed-state.phpbghs-ms MERIDA, Mexico— For … civil government is possible.”
The affirmative’s discourse of “failed states” legitimizes an interventionist epistemology that effaces difference, makes north-south inequality inevitable, and is self-fulfilling Eisenträger 12 (Stian Eisenträger, MA student in IR, board member at International Reporter, a Norwegian NGO, 3-27-12, “Failed State or Failed Label?: The Concealing Concept and the Case of Somalia,” http://www.e-ir.info/2012/03/27/failed-state-or-failed-label-the-concealing-concept-and-the-case-of-somalia/) gz
The end of the Cold … and especially Somalia.
Discourse of proliferation fears creates a racialized division between have and have nots – that ensures political exclusion Gusterson, 99, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999, (Hugh, Nuclear Weapons and the Other in the Western Imagination, Cultural Anthropology 14(1):111-143. American Anthropological Association. According to the … recognized nuclear powers.
2NC
FW
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we … of decision making.
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz
In contrast to … perspective of women.137
Giving the tool of imagination over to the state exonerates us from responsibility – we should imagine our own role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not … of war and violence.
AT: Perm
Footnoting DA Der Derian 95 (James, Professor of Political Science – University of Massachusetts, International Theory: Critical Investigations, p. 374) But what happens - as seems to be the case to this observer - when the 'we' fragments, 'realism' takes on prefixes and goes plural, the meaning of meaning itself is up for grabs? A stop-gap … in International Relations.
AT: drive for growth natural
Human nature can be changed Schor 10 (Julie Schor, professor of economics at Boston College, “Plentitude: The New Economies of True Wealth, pages 11-2) And we don’t have to. … That’s what plenitude offers.
AT: Util
Utilitarian problem solving justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, “The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza,” pp 8-10) The theological origins … in this impossibility.17
More evidence – countries turn inward Lloyd deMause, director of The Institute for Psychohistory, postgraduate work in political science, “Nuclear War as an Anti-Sexual Group Fantasy” Updated December 18th 2002, http://www.geocities.com/kidhistory/ja/nucsex.htm The nation "turns inward" … peace treaties multiply.
Their evidence cites correlation not causation Niall Ferguson (Laurence A. Tisch Professor of History at Harvard University and a Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University) 2006 Foreign Affairs, September/October, Vol. 85, Issue 5 Nor can economic …not followed by wars.
Drugs
The war metaphor collapses the distinction between criminal and enemy – peace becomes impossible until the enemy is annihilated Lajous, 12 – doctor of Law at Yale, professor and researcher at Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económica, a Mexican center of research and higher education specialized in social sciences (Alejandro Madrazo, “Criminals and enemies? The Mexican drug trafficker in official discourse and in narcocorridos,” translated by Fernanda Alonso)bghs-BI III. The criminal and … only shares his label).11
The entirety of the world is reduced to bare life in an attempt to rid the public sphere of all risk. The only option becomes the extermination of all life – turns their nuclear war impacts Duarte, 5 – professor of Philosophy at Universidade Federal do Paraná (André, “Biopolitics and the dissemination of violence: the Arendtian critique of the present,” April 2005, http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017andcontext=andre_duarte)//bghs-BI These historic transformations …solidarity towards others. Failed States
Do not evaluate short term impact framing in the context of our kritik Bilgin and Morton 4 Pinar Bilgin IR @ Bilikent AND Adam David MORTON Senior Lecturer and Fellow of the Centre for the Study of Social and Global Justice IR @ Nottingham“From ‘Rogue’ to ‘Failed’ States? The Fallacy of Short-termism” Politics 24 (3) p. Wiley Interscience
Calls for alternative … policymaking communities alike.
The affirmative’s hegemony impact is reminiscent of the Algonquian monster, the Wendigo – insatiable and bloodthirsty, its only purpose is endless destruction as it struggles to maintain itself – in a similar way, hegemony is a constant process of enemy-creation – a paranoid politics towards the impossible telos of world domination – this politics is responsible both for every atrocity in the 20th century as well as the exacerbation of every modern geopolitical crisis Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 3-11-13, “US Creates Nuclear Armed Cyber-attack Retaliation Force. Psychotic Superpower on a Hair Trigger,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/03/11/us-creates-nuclear-armed-cyberattack-retaliation-force-psychotic-superpower-on-a-hair-trigger/) gz Since at least World War II, … against the entire world.
This politics is maintained by a farce of legitimacy which justifies endless destruction Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5 I think that we …lost their hegemony.
Liberal commercial peace is a mask for a cult of patriarchal violence Neocleous 11 (Mark Neocleous, professor of the critique of the political economy (yes that is a thing) at Brunel University, PhD in philosophy, November 2011, “’O Effeminacy! Effeminacy!’ War, Masculinity and the Myth of Liberal Peace,” European Journal of International Relations Volume 19 Issue 1, GENDER MODIFIED OR IN CONTEXT) gz ‘O Effeminacy! Effeminacy! … of the liberal spirit.
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops a … rule of the political.
The alternative is to deterritorialize the 1AC through a historical and critical lens – rather than objectively approaching their threat discourse, we choose more diverse forms of analysis Krause and Williams 97 (Keith Krause, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute on International and Development Studies, Michael C Williams, professor of international relations at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, “From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies,” chapter 2 of Critical Security Studies, p 49-50)
The challenges to … of timeless structures.56
Every affirmation is fundamentally a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – their attempt to elevate their particular method of decision to the status of metaphysics links to all of our offense and begs the question of their justification for exclusion Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, in … in continental thought.
There is no uniqueness to this advantage – no evidence that multilat is declining now – here’s evidence that says the opposite Walt 11 (Stephen, Professor of International Relations – Harvard University, “Does the U.S. still need to reassure its allies?” Foreign Policy, 12-5, http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/12/05/us_credibility_is_not_our_problem, GDI File) --threats to our cred are always exaggerated --nobody can overtake us A perennial preoccupation … incentive to actually do it.
1AC Lake evidence concludes the plan fails and that public backlash takes out solvency Lake 10 (Professor of Social Sciences, distinguished professor of political science at UC San Diego, David A., “Making America Safe for the World: Multilateralism and the Rehabilitation of US authority”, http://dss.ucsd.edu/~dlake/documents/LakeMakingAmericaSafe.pdf)//NG At the same time, if …new multilateral compact.
So are Guantanamo, Kyoto, ICC and CRC Burgsdorff, 9 (Ph. D in Political Science from Freiburg University, EU Fellow at the University of Miami (Sven Kühn von, “Problems and Opportunities for the Incoming Obama Administration”, http://aei.pitt.edu.proxy.lib.umich.edu/11047/1/vonBurgsdorfUSvsCubalong09edi.pdf)//NG As a matter of fact, … towards effective multilateralism.
Hegemonic stability theory is nonsensical Mack 10 (Andrew Mack, literally the person that they cite in their card, the guy who doesn’t like heg, “The Causes of Peace”) gz As with other realist claims, … will inexorably increase.
No impact to heg Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth … their view on faith alone.
Discourse of proliferation fears creates a racialized division between have and have nots – that ensures political exclusion Gusterson, 9, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999, Nuclear Weapons and the Other in the Western Imagination, Cultural Anthropology 14(1):111-143. American Anthropological Association. According to the …recognized nuclear powers.
Your proliferation discourse creates a wave of racialized colonialism and mass atrocity Hecht, 6 professor of history at the University of Michigan, September 2006, (Gabrielle, "Nuclear Ontologies" Volume 13, Issue 3, pages 320–331, We cannot understand …geopolitical power: uranium.
They depict Cuba as unruly and lawless, to be subjugated and controlled by American imperialism – this drive for security turns the case Slater 97 (David, Ph.D from London School of Economics and Professor Emeritus of Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitical imaginations across the North-South divide: issues of difference, development and power,” Political Geography Vol. 16 Issue 8, November 1997, pp. 631-653, Muse, slim_) By the beginning of …and the child black.27
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find … of decision making.
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz
In contrast to traditional …perspective of women.137
Giving the tool of imagination over to the state exonerates us from responsibility – we should imagine our own role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not suddenly …of war and violence.
AT: pursuit inev
Interventionism is only inevitable through the lens of the epistemological realism which they perpetuate Hoover 11 (Joseph Hoover, fellow at the department of international relations at the London School of Economics, 2011, “Egypt and the Failure of Realism,” published in the Journal of Critical Globalization Studies, http://www.criticalglobalisation.com/Issue4/127_137_EGYPT_REALISM_JCGS4.pdf) GZ
My criticism does …action. (Carr, 1964, p. 89)
AT: Perm
8. Risk of a link coopts the perm Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer Adelaide University School of History and Politics, “What makes security possible,” Working Paper 2007/1, p. 8-9) Booth's version of … and international society at once?)
9. Their initial framing precludes change. Forgetting the 1AC is necessary. Bleiker 1 (Roland, Senior Lecturer and Co-Director – Rotary Centre of International Studies in Peace and Conflict Resolution, The Zen of International Relations, Ed. Chan, Mandeville, and Blieker, p. 38-39) The power to tell … to tell different stories about IR, for once theres stories have become validated , they may well open up spaces for a more inclusive and less violence prone practice of real world politics. Link
Even if they win hegemony is real, the universalization of hegemonic ontology makes violence through backlash the only possible response – they’re in a double bind Mouffe 7 Chantal Mouffe, Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, 2007, “Carl Schmitt’s warning on the dangers of a unipolar world,” in The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt, Edited by: Odysseos and Petito, p. 152 I submit that it is … in fact, contributing.
1NR
Util Utilitarian calculability justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, “The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza,” pp 8-10) The theological origins …in this impossibility.17 Alt Causes Grandin 10 – teaches history at New York University and is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Greg, “Empire's Senescence: U.S. Policy in Latin America,” New Labor Forum, 19:1, Winter 2010, pg. 14-23) -Lack of US opening its market to Brazil -Lack of yielding on the FTA of the Americas -Military operations in Columbia Here’s what such … of cocaine and heroin. Prolif
Your proliferation discourse creates a wave of racialized colonialism and mass atrocity Hecht, 6 professor of history at the University of Michigan, September 2006, "Nuclear Ontologies" Volume 13, Issue 3, pages 320–331, We cannot understand … power: uranium.
Predictions Bernstein et al 2000 Steven Bernstein, Richard Ned Lebow, Janice Gross Stein and Steven Weber, University of Toronto, The Ohio State University, University of Toronto and University of California at Berkeley. “God Gave Physics the Easy Problems” European Journal of International Relations 2000; 6; 43 A deep irony is …analysis of international relations.
11/6/13
Ohio Valley Round 2 vs University School of Nashville
Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 2 | Opponent: University School of Nashville KW | Judge: Adam Grellinger 1NC
off The affirmative’s hegemony impact is reminiscent of the Algonquian monster, the Wendigo – insatiable and bloodthirsty, its only purpose is endless destruction as it struggles to maintain itself – in a similar way, hegemony is a constant process of enemy-creation – a paranoid politics towards the impossible telos of world domination – this politics is responsible for 20th century atrocities as well as the exacerbation of modern geopolitical crisis Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 3-11-13, “US Creates Nuclear Armed Cyber-attack Retaliation Force. Psychotic Superpower on a Hair Trigger,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/03/11/us-creates-nuclear-armed-cyberattack-retaliation-force-psychotic-superpower-on-a-hair-trigger/) gz Since at least … against the entire world. This politics is maintained by a farce of legitimacy which justifies endless destruction Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5 I think that …lost their hegemony. Their apocalyptic warming focus trades off with environmentalism – turns its own end Crist, 7 (Eileen Crist, 2007, “Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse”, http://journal.telospress.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/content/2007/141/29.full.pdf+html) While the dangers … destruction of life on Earth.
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; “From Apocalypse To Way of Life,” pg. 185-186)
Looked at critically… clearly terminal “nature.” This securitizing logic manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops … rule of the political. Vote neg to overdetermine the ontological by exposing the contradictions of imperial knowledge production – this dissident act fractures hegemonic thought Spanos 8 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, 2008, “American Exceptionalism in the Age of Globalization: The Specter of Vietnam,” pp 27-30) On the other … of the Pax Romana. Every affirmation is a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – neutralizing that moment before a decision is in of itself violent Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue…in continental thought. manufacturing Manufacturing loss inevitable Thompson 12 (Derek Thompson is a senior editor at The Atlantic, where he oversees business coverage for the website., 3/9/2012, "Trade My Brain, Please! Why We Don't Need to 'Make Something' to Export It", www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/03/trade-my-brain-please-why-we-dont-need-to-make-something-to-export-it/254274/)
The president is … to sell it "there." Hegemonic stability theory is nonsensical Mack 10 (Andrew Mack, literally the person that they cite in their card, the guy who doesn’t like heg, “The Causes of Peace”) gz As with other realist … will inexorably increase. No impact to heg Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO It is perhaps worth …view on faith alone.
Discourse of proliferation fears in their brooks card creates a racialized division between have and have nots – that ensures political exclusion Gusterson, 9, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999, Nuclear Weapons and the Other in the Western Imagination, Cultural Anthropology 14(1):111-143. American Anthropological Association. According to the …recognized nuclear powers.
warming Status quo Mexican investment either solves or proves the impact is inevitable Miller and DeLeon 9 - *Stephanie, consultant on U.S.-Latin America relations and was formerly the Research Associate for the Americas Project on the National Security Team. Born in Venezuela with family from Colombia, Miller earned her degree from Duke University in International Comparative Studies with a focus on Latin America. She currently lives in Bogotá, Colombia, Rudy, Senior Vice President of National Security and International Policy at American Progress (“Transcending the Rio Grande,” http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2009/04/pdf/mexico.pdf)//BB Mexico’s energy consumption … sustainable energy sources. Latin America will never adopt renewables – fossil fuels are too economically viable and oil lobby. Meisen and Krumpel, 9 – President of the Global Energy Network Institute / Research-Associate at GENI (Peter and Sebastian, “Renewable Energy Potential of Latin America”, December 2009; http://www.geni.org/globalenergy/research/renewable-energy-potential-of-latin-america/Potential20of20Renewables20in20Latin20America-edited-12-1620_Letter_.pdf)//Beddow In reality the … to promote them. No evidence new climate accords would be effective – Kyoto and Copenhagen prove they aren’t Renewables can’t solve warming—they’re not a replacement Angus 12 – ecosocialist advocate, citing an extensive study by Richard York, professor at the University of Oregon with an MS in Environmental Studies from Bemidji State University (Iran, “Green energy won’t save the earth without social change”, 3/21/12; http://climateandcapitalism.com/2012/03/21/green-energy-alone-wont-save-the-earth/)//Beddow The most popular … unsustainable development – capitalism.”
Environmental alarmism is unfounded and not a justification for taking action Kaleita, 7 – PHD, Assistant Professor Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (Amy, “Hysteria’s History” Environmental Alarmism in Context”, http://www.pacificresearch.org/docLib/20070920_Hysteria_History.pdf)
Apocalyptic stories about … on reality, not hysteria.
Adaptation solves the extinction impact to warming NIPCC 11 Archived 8 March, Surviving the Unprecedented Climate Change of the IPCC, http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html (Citing: Willis, K.J., Bennett, K.D., Bhagwat, S.A. and Birks, H.J.B. 2010. 4°C and beyond: what did this mean for biodiversity in the past? Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 3-9.) In a paper published …fluctuations in climate." water infrastructure Empirics prove there’s no link between food shortages and war – correlation not causation Scheschkewitz 11 (Daniel, correspondent for Deutsche Welle in Washington, D.C., “Food wars: hunger as a threat to global security,” 11/14, http://www.dw.de/food-wars-hunger-as-a-threat-to-global-security/a-15444860, LVS)
It can be very … land belongs to the state. Food security pays lip service to the hungry while serving as a justification for the violent expansion of global governance Alcock 9 (Rupert, graduated with a distinction in the MSc in Development and Security from the Department of Politics, University of Bristol in 2009, MSc dissertation prize joint winner 2009, “Speaking Food: A Discourse Analytic Study of Food Security” 2009, pdf available online, p. 10-14 MT) Since the 1970s, … its governmental rationale.
2NC
framework
situated position underpins political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, … of decision making.
4) ceding imagination to the state effaces agency and unlocks atrocity – choose to confront your role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not …war and violence.
5) knowledge production is uniquely influential for ir Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz In contrast to …perspective of women.137
t/enviro
their politics is guilt assuaging which ignores personal complicity in environmental crisis Bobertz, 95 (Bradley, Nebraska Law, Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 711)
A routine pattern … cause for concern.
2nc motivation fails
apocalyptic warming rhetoric depoliticizes the issue and makes it impossible for effective action to ever mobilize - particularly in the social sphere that debate attempts to create Foust and Murphy 09 Christina R. Foust, Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, and William O'Shannon Murphy, doctoral student in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, 12 Jun 2009 "Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse" Special Issue: Discursive Constructions of Climate Change: Practices of Encoding and Decoding Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture, Volume 3, Issue 2, 2009, pages 151-167
While frames "cannot …hope for intervention.
Links turns enviro
Securitization undermines cooperation – turns the environment Trombetta 8 (Maria Julia Trombetta, postdoctoral researcher at the department of Economics of Infrastructures, Delft University of Technology; “Environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse,” Outh Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 21, Number 4, December 2008)
Opponents were quick …ecurity discourses respectively.
A2 perm
The permutation is a teleological knee jerk which blocks out critique Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4) These frameworks are … wards off critique.
1NR
Manu Data disproves hegemony impacts Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth … view on faith alone.
Warming China doesn’t model Downs 8 Eric, Fellow @ Brookings, China Energy Fellow, Foreign Policy, John L. Thornton China Center U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, China’s Energy Policies and Their Environmental Impacts, http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0813_china_downs.aspx China suffers from a … to its will.
No extinction Malcolm Gladwell, writer for The New Yorker and best-selling author The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32
Every infectious agent … microscopic life forms.
The affirmative’s discourse of disease securitizes the alien body of the infected – justifies ethnic cleansing in pursuit of the “perfect human” Gomel 2000 (Elana Gomel, English department head at Tel Aviv University, Winter 2000, published in Twentieth Century Literature Volume 46, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_4_46/ai_75141042)
In the secular …the apocalyptic body.
Food Don’t evaluate apocalypse – replace your view of war as event with war as presence – otherwise the militarization of society will consume the planet cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and …of war and militarism.
12/16/13
Ohio Valley Round 3 vs New Trier
Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 3 | Opponent: New Trier BK | Judge: Dustin Meyers-Levy 1NC off The affirmative’s hegemony impact is reminiscent of the Algonquian monster, the Wendigo – insatiable and bloodthirsty, its only purpose is endless destruction as it struggles to maintain itself – in a similar way, hegemony is a constant process of enemy-creation – a paranoid politics towards the impossible telos of world domination – this politics is responsible for 20th century atrocities as well as the exacerbation of modern geopolitical crisis Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 3-11-13, “US Creates Nuclear Armed Cyber-attack Retaliation Force. Psychotic Superpower on a Hair Trigger,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/03/11/us-creates-nuclear-armed-cyberattack-retaliation-force-psychotic-superpower-on-a-hair-trigger/) gz Since at least …against the entire world. This politics is maintained by a farce of legitimacy which justifies endless destruction Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5 I think that … lost their hegemony. Their apocalyptic warming focus trades off with environmentalism – turns its own end Crist, 7 (Eileen Crist, 2007, “Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse”, http://journal.telospress.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/content/2007/141/29.full.pdf+html) While the dangers … of life on Earth.
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; “From Apocalypse To Way of Life,” pg. 185-186)
Looked at critically, … clearly terminal “nature.” This securitizing logic manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops … rule of the political. Vote neg to overdetermine the ontological by exposing the contradictions of imperial knowledge production – this dissident act fractures hegemonic thought Spanos 8 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, 2008, “American Exceptionalism in the Age of Globalization: The Specter of Vietnam,” pp 27-30) On the other … the Pax Romana. Every affirmation is a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – neutralizing that moment before a decision is in of itself violent Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, … in continental thought.
science diplomacy Status quo discussions between US and Cuban scientists solve Haven 4/11/13 (Paul, Associated Press Havana reporter, “Under the radar, Cuba and U.S. often work together,” The Associated Press Nation and World, http://www.denverpost.com/nationworld/ci_22997924/under-radar-cuba-and-u-s-often-work) HAVANA — Cuba and … baseball caps as gifts. Alt-Cause - Funding barriers Redden, 8 Elizabeth, writer, July 16, 2008, “ Science Knows No Borders. But Funders Do.,” Inside Higher Ed., http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2008/07/16/science James A. Calvin, … progress on that front. Science Diplomacy fails – can’t overwhelm political conflict Dickson, 9 David, Director, SciDev.Net, 4 June 2009, “ The limits of science diplomacy,” SciDev, http://www.scidev.net/en/editorials/the-limits-of-science-diplomacy.html Recently, the Obama … to useful purposes. Adaptation solves the extinction impact to warming NIPCC 11 Archived 8 March, Surviving the Unprecedented Climate Change of the IPCC, http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html (Citing: Willis, K.J., Bennett, K.D., Bhagwat, S.A. and Birks, H.J.B. 2010. 4°C and beyond: what did this mean for biodiversity in the past? Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 3-9.) In a paper published … fluctuations in climate." No methane impact Archer, computational ocean chemist – University of Chicago, 3/6/’10 (David, “Arctic Methane on the Move?” http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2010/03/arctic-methane-on-the-move/) For some background … make that happen. cooperation No risk of a spill – safety coop now, emergency authority and there is so little recoverable oil there won’t be much drilling Cardenas, 12 – former senior official at the U.S. State Department (Jose, “The phony Cuba embargo debate”, Foreign Policy, March 21, 2012, http://shadow.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/03/21/the_phony_cuba_embargo_debate)//eek In recent weeks, … the Castro dictatorship.
Environmental alarmism is unfounded and not a justification for taking action Kaleita, 7 – PHD, Assistant Professor Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (Amy, “Hysteria’s History” Environmental Alarmism in Context”, http://www.pacificresearch.org/docLib/20070920_Hysteria_History.pdf) Apocalyptic stories about … reality, not hysteria.
Tons of alt causes to ocean biod Kunich 6 – Professor of Law, Appalachian School of Law (John, Killing Our Oceans, p 122-3, AG) It is crucial, albeit … paradoxically, miss the boat.
The affirmative’s discourse of disease securitizes the alien body of the infected – justifies ethnic cleansing in pursuit of the “perfect human” Gomel 2000 (Elana Gomel, English department head at Tel Aviv University, Winter 2000, published in Twentieth Century Literature Volume 46, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_4_46/ai_75141042) In the secular … of the apocalyptic body. no war
The aff’s perception of war as an isolatable event that makes it impossible to deal with the pervasive effects of everyday militarism cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30) In "Gender and `Postmodern' … war and militarism.
2NC
framework
situated position underpins political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, … of decision making.
4) ceding imagination to the state effaces agency and unlocks atrocity – choose to confront your role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not … of war and violence.
5) knowledge production is uniquely influential for ir Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz In contrast to traditional … perspective of women.137
t/enviro
their politics is guilt assuaging which ignores personal complicity in environmental crisis Bobertz, 95 (Bradley, Nebraska Law, Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 711)
A routine pattern … cause for concern.
A2: Kurasawa
Kurasawa goes neg—he concedes alarmism destroys predictions and collapses into manufactured technostrategic discourse Kurasawa 4 Professor of Sociology @ York Universty of Toronto, Constellations, 11.4
Foremost among the … is no less true.
2NC Heg Benign hegemony = violence SAMIR AMIN director of the African office (in Dakar, Senegal) of the Third World Forum, an international nongovernmental association for research and debate, and chair of the World Forum for Alternatives. He is the author of numerous books and articles including Beyond U.S. Hegemony 25 FEB 2003 (“The Alternative to the neoliberal system of globalization and militarism Imperialism Today and the Hegemonic Offensive of the United States.”)
28. The hegemonic … Amazon (Plan Colombia), etc.
perm
The permutation is a teleological knee jerk which blocks out critique Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4) These frameworks are … wards off critique.
1NR
Authoritarianism Environmental apocalypticism results in eco-authoritarianism – that’s Buell – people run to find scapegoats for environmental problems and populations are mobilized against entities that are perceived to be dangerous to the global order – it also creates a permanent state of exception as the sovereign holds in its hands the power over all life – this ensures mass atrocity Agamben 98 – professor of philosophy at university of Verona (Giorgio, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 139-140) It is not our … every living being.
Furthermore, political scapegoating ensures targeting of the third world Gilbert 12 Emily Gilbert, Canadian Studies and Geography University of Toronto, 2012, "The Militarization of Climate Change," ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 11 (1), 1-14 7
First, the military’s … development (Hartmann 2010: 240).
Util
Utilitarian problem solving justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, “The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza,” pp 8-10) The theological origins … in this impossibility.17 Science Diplomacy
Their emphasis on rationalist Western science greases the wheels of cultural imperialism Hamm 5, - (Bernd, Professor of Sociology, Jean Monnet Professor of European Studies, UNESCO Chair in Europe in a Global Perspective at the University of Trier, Germany, “Cynical Science: Science and Truth as Cultural Imperialism,” cut from Cultural Imperialism: Essays on the Political Economy of Cultural Domination, google books)A-Berg
This chapter argues … by Feyerabend 1979).
Cooperation No extinction from disease Malcolm Gladwell, writer for The New Yorker and best-selling author The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32
Every infectious agent … microscopic life forms.
12/26/13
Ohio Valley Round 6 vs Niles West
Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 6 | Opponent: Niles West NP | Judge: Matt Struth 1NC
Off
Economic threat predictions will cause the US to manipulate regimes in a non-democratic fashion – link turns the whole case and empirically kills millions Neocleous, 8, Prof of Gov, (Mark Neocleous, Prof. of Government @ Brunel, Critique of Security, p95-) In other words, … security strategy proposed.111
This securitizing logic manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops … global rule of the political. Vote neg to overdetermine the ontological by exposing the contradictions of imperial knowledge production – this dissident act fractures hegemonic thought Spanos 8 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, 2008, “American Exceptionalism in the Age of Globalization: The Specter of Vietnam,” pp 27-30) On the other hand, … the Pax Romana. Every affirmation is a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – neutralizing that moment before a decision is in of itself violent Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, … in continental thought.
Royal concludes neg – the next page says decline disincentives saber rattling Royal, their author, 10—director of Cooperative Threat Reduction at the U.S. Department of Defense (Jedediah, “Economic Integration, Economic Signaling and the Problem of Economic Crises”, published in Economics of War and Peace: Economic, Legal and Political Perspectives, ed. Goldsmith and Brauer, p. 217, google books) There is, however, … needed most' (Schweller, 2006, p. 130).
Their impacts rely on the concept of the homo calculan – this creates a sadistic necro-economy that makes their impacts inevitable and turns us into slaves Bifo 11 (Franco Berardi is an is Italian Marxist theorist and activist in the autonomist tradition, whose work mainly focuses on the role of the media and information technology within post-industrial capitalism, After the Future , 09/20/11, http://www.sok.bz/web/media/video/AfterFuture.pdf, JJ) More than ever, economic …language and imagination.
The economic models they use are the same ones that caused the financial crisis – rational economics makes economic collapse inevitable Stiglitz 10 (Joseph Stiglitz, professor of economics at Colombia, won a Nobel Prize in economics, 8-19-10, “Needed: A New Economic Paradigm,” http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/d5108f90-abc2-11df-9f02-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2MDo40Obm) The blame game … shift will do.
Manufacturing loss inevitable Thompson 12 (Derek Thompson is a senior editor at The Atlantic, where he oversees business coverage for the website., 3/9/2012, "Trade My Brain, Please! Why We Don't Need to 'Make Something' to Export It", www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/03/trade-my-brain-please-why-we-dont-need-to-make-something-to-export-it/254274/)
The president is … to sell it "there."
Deterrence theory is wrong – correlation at best, no empirical evidence Wilson 8 (Ward Wilson, senior fellow at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies, director of the Rethinking Nuclear Weapons Project, November 2008, “The Myth of Nuclear Deterrence,” published in the Nonproliferation Review Volume 15 Number 3, http://cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/153_wilson.pdf) gz Some people try … to it still apply.
Hegemonic stability theory is nonsensical Mack 10 (Andrew Mack, literally the person that they cite in their card, the guy who doesn’t like heg, “The Causes of Peace”) gz As with other … will inexorably increase.
The affirmative’s hegemony impact is reminiscent of the Algonquian monster, the Wendigo – insatiable and bloodthirsty, its only purpose is endless destruction as it struggles to maintain itself – in a similar way, hegemony is a constant process of enemy-creation – a paranoid politics towards the impossible telos of world domination – this politics is responsible both for every atrocity in the 20th century as well as the exacerbation of every modern geopolitical crisis Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 3-11-13, “US Creates Nuclear Armed Cyber-attack Retaliation Force. Psychotic Superpower on a Hair Trigger,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/03/11/us-creates-nuclear-armed-cyberattack-retaliation-force-psychotic-superpower-on-a-hair-trigger/) gz Since at least … against the entire world.
Zero chance of Taiwan war Jiao and Wanli, 13 Wu Jiao and Yang Wanli, reporters for China Daily, citing Ni Yongjie, deputy director of the Shanghai Institute of Taiwan Studies, AND Wang Yingjin, professor at the School of International Studies of Renmin University of China, AND Vincent Siew, honourary chairman of the Taiwan-based Cross-Straits Common Market Foundation, AND Zhang Zhijun, the mainland’s Taiwan affairs top official, AND Xi Jinping, current leader of China; “Direction charted to resolve disputes,” 10/6/2013, http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-10/06/content_17011582.htmbghs-ms Political disputes between … in the mainland.
Representations of China as a threat ignore the normative value-judgments inherent to the process of claiming to empirically know Chinese national and political identity—this makes security threats self-fulfilling prophecies Pan 4 – PhD in Political Science and International Relations and member of the International Studies Association ISA (Chengxin Pan: “The "China threat" in American self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics”, Alternatives RC) China and its … 2001 spy-plane incident.
There is no risk or impact to EMPs Lewis 11 (Jeffrey Lewis, Director of East Asia Nonproliferation Program at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies and the Monterey Institute of International Studies, 8-3-11, “Talking Warheads on EMP,” http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/4293/talking-warheads-on-emp) Mention EMP in … the lights went out.
2NC
framework
situated position underpins political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, … of decision making.
4) ceding imagination to the state effaces agency and unlocks atrocity – choose to confront your role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not … war and violence.
5) knowledge production is uniquely influential for ir Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz In contrast to … perspective of women.137
A2: Realism Good
Realism paves over agency and suppresses populations Grondin 4 (David, Assistant Professor, Member of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Ph.D., Political Science (International Relations and American Studies), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, 2008. M.A., International Relations, University of Toronto, Toronto, 2001. B.A., American History, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, 2000. “Rethinking the political from a Poststructualist Stance” http://www.ieim.uqam.ca/IMG/pdf/rewriting_national_security_state.pdf)
Neorealist and neoclassical … conduct seems obvious:
A2: Realism Inevitable
Inevitability of realism is false. This argument erases ethics and sanctions mass violence. Kraig 2 (Robert Alexander, Instructor in Communication – University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and State Political Director – Service Employees International Union, “The Tragic Science: The Uses of Jimmy Carter in Foreign Policy Realism”, Rhetoric and Public Affairs, 5(1), Spring)
Given the claimed ... fitting it may be.
Food
Food security pays lip service to the hungry while serving as a justification for the violent expansion of global governance Alcock 9 (Rupert, graduated with a distinction in the MSc in Development and Security from the Department of Politics, University of Bristol in 2009, MSc dissertation prize joint winner 2009, “Speaking Food: A Discourse Analytic Study of Food Security” 2009, pdf available online, p. 10-14 MT)
Since the 1970s, … its governmental rationale.
Disease
The affirmative’s discourse of disease securitizes the alien body of the infected – justifies ethnic cleansing in pursuit of the “perfect human” Gomel 2000 (Elana Gomel, English department head at Tel Aviv University, Winter 2000, published in Twentieth Century Literature Volume 46, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0403/is_4_46/ai_75141042)
In the secular … of the apocalyptic body.
A2 perm
The permutation is a teleological knee jerk which blocks out critique Burke 7 (Anthony, lecturer at Adelaide University School of History and Politics, Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence, p. 3-4) These frameworks are … wards off critique.
Link
Their rhetoric of economic productivity is merely obfuscation of the violent neocolonial matrix Mignolo 5 (Walter D., Ph.D. in Philosophy from the École des Hautes Études, Paris and Professor of Literature and Romance Studies at Duke University, "The Idea of Latin America," 2005, slim_)
The logic of … and produces coloniality.
1NR
Predictions
Linearity fails Bernstein et al 2000 Steven Bernstein, Richard Ned Lebow, Janice Gross Stein and Steven Weber, University of Toronto, The Ohio State University, University of Toronto and University of California at Berkeley. “God Gave Physics the Easy Problems” European Journal of International Relations 2000; 6; 43 A deep irony is … of international relations.
Econ Rationality The time of a rational economy has come and gone. Economic science is problematized by the infusion of ressentiment and abuse-exchange into the economy. The sadistic economy of rational values turns us all into slaves. Wiltgen 05 (James Wiltgen, bachelor’s in Political Science from the University of Iowa and professor on modernity and capitalism, megacities, Latin American film and video, music of the Americas, biopolitics, subjectivities, technology, and border politics; “Sado-Monetarism or Saint Fond-Saint Ford,” in Consumption in the Age of Information, ed. Cohen and Rutsky, Berg, New York, p. 102-3)
Another way to … individual and the system.
Deterrence
Incentive theory doesn’t explain war, causes violence Goodman ‘5 (Ryan, Harvard Law School, “International Institutions and the Mechanisms of War” American Journal of International Law lexis)
John Norton Moore’s … prospects of peace. Heg
Data disproves hegemony impacts Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth … view on faith alone.
This form of epistemic violence outweighs Mignolo and Tlostanova 9 Walter D., Doctor of semiotics and literary theory, prof of decoloniality at Duke University, Madina, Doctor of literature and postcolonial studies, professor at People’s Friendship University of Russia, “Times for re-thinking, re-learning and networking, February, Interview, http://kristinabozic.wordpress.com/decolonization-interview/ What if any is the … of religion, roots, culture …
12/26/13
St Marks Quarters vs GBS
Tournament: St Marks | Round: Quarters | Opponent: GBS CM | Judge: Bill Batterman, Sarah Topp, Eric Oddo 1NC
Off
The affirmative’s securitizing logic manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops a theory … global rule of the political.
The alternative is to deterritorialize the 1AC through a historical and critical lens – rather than objectively approaching their threat discourse, we choose more diverse forms of analysis Krause and Williams 97 (Keith Krause, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute on International and Development Studies, Michael C Williams, professor of international relations at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, “From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies,” chapter 2 of Critical Security Studies, p 49-50)
The challenges to the … outcome of timeless structures.56
Every affirmation is fundamentally a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – their attempt to elevate their particular method of decision to the status of metaphysics links to all of our offense and begs the question of their justification for exclusion Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, in … ontological in continental thought. Ag
The agricultural revolution … and to promote food sovereignty.
That means that don’t solve because transportation is key – comparatively outweighs the aff’s internal link Burwell 11 (David, Director of the Energy and Climate Program – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “ROAD to RECOVERY: Transforming America’s Transportation”, http://carnegieendowment.org/files/road_to_recovery.pdf)
U.S. transportation is … make this shift in behavior.
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; “From Apocalypse To Way of Life,” pg. 185-186)
Looked at critically, then… clearly terminal “nature.”
Their apocalyptic warming focus trades off with environmentalism – turns its own end Crist, 7 (Eileen Crist, 2007, “Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse”, http://journal.telospress.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/content/2007/141/29.full.pdf+html) While the dangers of climate … ongoing destruction of life on Earth.
Environmental alarmism is unfounded and not a justification for taking action Kaleita, 7 – PHD, Assistant Professor Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (Amy, “Hysteria’s History” Environmental Alarmism in Context”, http://www.pacificresearch.org/docLib/20070920_Hysteria_History.pdf)
Apocalyptic stories about … on reality, not hysteria.
Adaptation solves the extinction impact to warming NIPCC 11 Archived 8 March, Surviving the Unprecedented Climate Change of the IPCC, http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html (Citing: Willis, K.J., Bennett, K.D., Bhagwat, S.A. and Birks, H.J.B. 2010. 4°C and beyond: what did this mean for biodiversity in the past? Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 3-9.) In a paper published in Systematics … amplitude fluctuations in climate." Legitimacy
The affirmative’s hegemony impact is reminiscent of the Algonquian monster, the Wendigo – insatiable and bloodthirsty, its only purpose is endless destruction as it struggles to maintain itself – in a similar way, hegemony is a constant process of enemy-creation – a paranoid politics towards the impossible telos of world domination – this politics is responsible both for every atrocity in the 20th century as well as the exacerbation of every modern geopolitical crisis Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 3-11-13, “US Creates Nuclear Armed Cyber-attack Retaliation Force. Psychotic Superpower on a Hair Trigger,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/03/11/us-creates-nuclear-armed-cyberattack-retaliation-force-psychotic-superpower-on-a-hair-trigger/) gz Since at least World War II, … at war – against the entire world.
This politics is maintained by a farce of legitimacy which justifies endless destruction Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5 I think that we have … lost their hegemony.
No impact to hegemony Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth … their view on faith alone.
Cooperation will not be value neutral – American foreign policy is overdetermined by the logic of liberal integration which will view the plan as a concession and expect compliance with whatever our next foreign policy goal is – if the countries they cooperate with don’t follow US command they will suffer the consequences Campbell, 7 - International Boundaries Research Unit, Geography Department, Durham University (David, “Performing security: The imaginative geographies of current US strategy” 2007)
It is important to … geographies of exclusion.
No impact to legitimacy – one issue won’t spill over MacDonald and Parent 11—Former Research Fellow, International Security Program Spring 2011, Paul K. MacDonald and Joseph M. Parent, Belfer Center at Harvard, “Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment” International Security, volume 35, issue 4, pages 7-44, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ISEC_a_00034-MacDonald_proof2.pdf These arguments have a … of greater significance.
Liberal commercial peace is a mask for a cult of patriarchal violence Neocleous 11 (Mark Neocleous, professor of the critique of the political economy (yes that is a thing) at Brunel University, PhD in philosophy, November 2011, “’O Effeminacy! Effeminacy!’ War, Masculinity and the Myth of Liberal Peace,” European Journal of International Relations Volume 19 Issue 1, GENDER MODIFIED OR IN CONTEXT) gz
‘O Effeminacy! Effeminacy! … exercise of the liberal spirit.
2NC
Heg/Legitimacy
Even if they win hegemony is real, the universalization of hegemonic ontology makes violence through backlash the only possible response – they’re in a double bind Mouffe 7 Chantal Mouffe, Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, 2007, “Carl Schmitt’s warning on the dangers of a unipolar world,” in The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt, Edited by: Odysseos and Petito, p. 152 I submit that it is … in fact, contributing.
Hegemonic benignity is a project of paranoid vassalage SAMIR AMIN director of the African office (in Dakar, Senegal) of the Third World Forum, an international nongovernmental association for research and debate, and chair of the World Forum for Alternatives. He is the author of numerous books and articles including Beyond U.S. Hegemony 25 FEB 2003 (“The Alternative to the neoliberal system of globalization and militarism Imperialism Today and the Hegemonic Offensive of the United States.”)
28. The hegemonic strategy … in the Amazon (Plan Colombia), etc.
In Legitimizing the “War … human rights practices.
2NC heg fails
hegemonic stability theory is nonsensical Mack 10 (Andrew Mack, literally the person that they cite in their card, the guy who doesn’t like heg, “The Causes of Peace”) gz As with other realist claims, … withdraw will inexorably increase.
Warming
2NC Authoritarianism K
Furthermore, political scapegoating ensures targeting of the third world Gilbert 12 Emily Gilbert, Canadian Studies and Geography University of Toronto, 2012, "The Militarization of Climate Change," ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 11 (1), 1-14 7
First, the military’s interest … development (Hartmann 2010: 240).
That guarantees global war and extinction Brzoska 8 (Michael Brzoska, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg; “The securitization of climate change and the power of conceptions of security,” Paper prepared for the International Studies Association Convention, 2008)
In the literature on … leading to arms races.
2NC War turns warming
War outweighs warming a. Securitization undermines cooperation – turns the case Trombetta 8 (Maria Julia Trombetta, postdoctoral researcher at the department of Economics of Infrastructures, Delft University of Technology; “Environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse,” Outh Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 21, Number 4, December 2008)
Opponents were quick … security discourses respectively.
2NC Motivation Fails
apocalyptic warming rhetoric depoliticizes the issue and makes it impossible for effective action to ever mobilize - particularly in the social sphere that debate attempts to create Foust and Murphy 09 Christina R. Foust, Assistant Professor in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, and William O'Shannon Murphy, doctoral student in the Department of Human Communication Studies at the University of Denver, 12 Jun 2009 "Revealing and Reframing Apocalyptic Tragedy in Global Warming Discourse" Special Issue: Discursive Constructions of Climate Change: Practices of Encoding and Decoding Environmental Communication: A Journal of Nature and Culture, Volume 3, Issue 2, 2009, pages 151-167
While frames "cannot … little hope for intervention.
co2 k module
CO2 is the fetishized object of climate change - this politics subjectifies CO2 - as we displace blame onto this external object - this disavows any contestation to the system as a whole - ensuring replication of the errors Erik Swyngedouw, Geography, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester A. Lewis Building, July/Dec. 2011 "Whose environment? The end of nature, climate change and the process of post-politicization" Ambient. soc. vol.14 no.2 Campinas
While the part-anthropogenic … of, often fictitious, CO2).
1NR
FW
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find … technocrats of decision making.
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz
In contrast to traditional … perspective of women.137
Giving the tool of imagination over to the state exonerates us from responsibility – we should imagine our own role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not … values of war and violence.
More specifically, environmental reformism is merely an exercise in blame shifting and assuaging guilt, shielding us from ever having to take responsibility for our own personal complicity in the environmental crisis Bobertz, 95 (Bradley, Nebraska Law, Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 711)
A routine pattern in … should be cause for concern.
From Johan Galtung, … inevitable”, p. 301 (Prontzos).
10/23/13
St Marks Round 1 vs Liberal Arts and Science
Tournament: St Marks | Round: 1 | Opponent: Liberal Arts and Science SY | Judge: Derek Liles 1NC
Off
Liberal commercial peace is a mask for a cult of patriarchal violence Neocleous 11 (Mark Neocleous, professor of the critique of the political economy (yes that is a thing) at Brunel University, PhD in philosophy, November 2011, “’O Effeminacy! Effeminacy!’ War, Masculinity and the Myth of Liberal Peace,” European Journal of International Relations Volume 19 Issue 1, GENDER MODIFIED OR IN CONTEXT) gz
‘O Effeminacy! Effeminacy! …of the liberal spirit.
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops a … global rule of the political.
The alternative is to deterritorialize the 1AC through a historical and critical lens – rather than objectively approaching their threat discourse, we choose more diverse forms of analysis Krause and Williams 97 (Keith Krause, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute on International and Development Studies, Michael C Williams, professor of international relations at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, “From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies,” chapter 2 of Critical Security Studies, p 49-50)
The challenges to the … of timeless structures.56
Every affirmation is fundamentally a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – their attempt to elevate their particular method of decision to the status of metaphysics links to all of our offense and begs the question of their justification for exclusion Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, in addition, … ontological in continental thought. Off
A. Interpretation – “economic engagement” means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, “Containment and Engagement as Middle-Range Theories” Baltic Journal of Law and Politics Volume 3, Number 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/V10076-010-0015-7) The approach to … improve bilateral relations
That means trade and aid in the form of loans or grants Resnick, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, “Defining Engagement” Vol. 54 No. 2, Political Science Complete) A REFINED … and academic exchanges(n25)
Water Wars
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; “From Apocalypse To Way of Life,” pg. 185-186)
Looked at critically, then, … to clearly terminal “nature.”
Liberalization worsens the global water crisis International Forum on Globalization 03 http://www.ifg.org/analysis/wto/cancun/gatswater.htm THE INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON GLOBALIZATION (IFG) is a North-South research and educational institution composed of leading activists, economists, scholars, and researchers providing analysis and critiques on the cultural, social, political, and environmental impacts of economic globalization. Formed in 1994, the IFG came together out of shared concern that the world's corporate and political leadership was rapidly restructuring global politics and economics on a level that was as historically significant as any period since the Industrial Revolution. As trade ministers from … water as fundamental to life.
Hits the worst off first Concannon 01 http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/briefings/gats_stealing_water.pdf edited by Hannah Griffiths, Friends of the Earth Friends of the Earth and our federation of grassroots groups in 77 countries defend the environment and champion a more healthy and just world. We're progressive environmental advocates who pull no punches and speak sometimes uncomfortable truths to power. It's an approach that for four decades has yielded victories protecting our planet and its people. Our current campaigns focus on promoting clean energy and solutions to climate change, keeping toxic and risky technologies out of the food we eat and products we use, and protecting marine ecosystems and the people who live and work near them. Fresh water is not a … and poor communities.
That turns scarcity International Forum on Globalization 03 http://www.ifg.org/pdf/cancun/issues-WTOwater.pdf THE INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON GLOBALIZATION (IFG) is a North-South research and educational institution composed of leading activists, economists, scholars, and researchers providing analysis and critiques on the cultural, social, political, and environmental impacts of economic globalization. Formed in 1994, the IFG came together out of shared concern that the world's corporate and political leadership was rapidly restructuring global politics and economics on a level that was as historically significant as any period since the Industrial Revolution. An adequate supply of … would denounce these practices.
No water wars Kramer et al 13 Annika Kramer, Adelphi Senior Project Manager, Aaron Wolf, Oregon State University Professor of Geography, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, and Director, Program in Water Conflict Management, Alexander Carius, Adelphi Director, and Geoff Dabelko, Jan/March 2013, The key to managing conflict and cooperation over water, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002191/219156E.pdf
The spectral threat of nuclear war is itself part of a system of deterrence which neutralizes all events, including the real possibility of nuclear war. this is an implosive violence; the balance of terror is the terror of balance. that all things must be quilted through the nuclear issue marks its function as a simulacrum to conceal the death of politics Baudrillard 81 (Jean Baudrillard, ask Jack, “Simulacra and Simulation,” pp 32-4) The apotheosis of simulation: … circumscribed stakes remain.
Eempirical evidence disproves their speculation Weinthal and Rengosh 11 Routledge Handbook of Global Public Health Associate Professor of Environmental Policy Environmental Sciences and Policy PhD Political Science, Columbia University, 1998 MPhil Political Science, Columbia University, 1994 MA Political Science, Columbia University, 1993 BA Government and Environmental Studies, Oberlin College, 1989 Weinthal's experience lies in environmental policy, international environmental institutions, the political-economy of the resource curse, water cooperation and conflict, and environmental security.
By the end of the … have led to formal war.
Biofuels The status quo food crisis in directly linked to the logic of neoliberal–speculation and land grabbing proves Houtart 11 (Francois, Belgian Marxist Sociologist, serves as an advisor to CETRI (Centre Tricontinental) a Belgian non-governmental organization which he founded in 1976, was awarded the UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence, “ FROM ‘COMMON GOODS’ TO THE ‘COMMON GOOD OF HUMANITY,” ROSA LUXEMBURG FOUNDATION BRUSSELS, NOVEMBER)
There are two aspects … to the logic of capitalism.
Empirics prove there’s no link between food shortages and war – correlation not causation Scheschkewitz 11 (Daniel, correspondent for Deutsche Welle in Washington, D.C., “Food wars: hunger as a threat to global security,” 11/14, http://www.dw.de/food-wars-hunger-as-a-threat-to-global-security/a-15444860, LVS) It can be very difficult … land belongs to the state.
2NC
Framework Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find …technocrats of decision making.
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz
In contrast to traditional … perspective of women.137
Giving the tool of imagination over to the state exonerates us from responsibility – we should imagine our own role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not suddenly … of war and violence.
And, it cause passivity Antonio 95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, “Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,” American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1, GENDER MODIFIED)
According to Nietzsche, … 1974, pp. 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).
AT: Util
Utilitarian problem solving justifies mass atrocity and turns its own end Weizman 11 (Eyal Weizman, professor of visual and spatial cultures at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011, “The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza,” pp 8-10) The theological origins … are grounded in this impossibility.17
AT: Perm 5. Footnoting DA Der Derian 95 (James, Professor of Political Science – University of Massachusetts, International Theory: Critical Investigations, p. 374) But what happens - as seems to be the case to this observer - when the 'we' fragments, 'realism' takes on prefixes and goes plural, the meaning of meaning itself is up for grabs? A stop-gap … in International Relations.
Link
The affirmative’s reduction of gradual processes to singular events creates a series of semiotic asymptotes resulting in political inversion Edkins 99 (Jenny Edkins, professor of international politics at the University of Aberystwyth, “Poststructuralism and International Relations: Bringing the Political Back In,” pages 99-100) Another important outcome … of the object's 'identity.'”
“peace Cuomo 96 – PhD, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Philosophy, University of Cincinnati (Chris, Hypatia Fall 1996. Vol. 11, Issue 3, pg 30)
In "Gender and `Postmodern' War," … inevitability of war and militarism.¶
Securitizing water wars obscures the root cause and makes violence inevitable Ahmed 12 (Dr. Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, Executive Director of the Institute for Policy Research and Development, an independent think tank focused on the study of violent conflict, and teacher at the Department of International Relations, University of Sussex; "The international relations of crisis and the crisis of international relations: from the securitisation of scarcity to the militarisation of society," Global Change, Peace and Security Volume 23, Issue 3, 2011 Taylor Francis)
Under traditional neorealist logic, … not planetary annihilation?61
1NR
water Portrayal of Mexico is rooted in Manifest Destiny and the divide between civilized and the barbarian Slater 97 (David, Ph.D from London School of Economics and Professor Emeritus of Geography at Loughborough University, “Geopolitical imaginations across the North-South divide: issues of difference, development and power,” Political Geography Vol. 16 Issue 8, November 1997, pp. 631-653, Muse, slim_)
The US-Mexican War of … patterns of interactive representation.
The securitization of “Water wars” epitomize neoliberalism and move away from cuts in consumption Trottier, Oxford Center for Water Research, University of Oxford, UK, No Date (“Water Wars: The Rise of a Hegemonic Concept,” prepared within the framework of the joint UNESCO–Green Cross International project entitled “From Potential Conflict to Cooperation Potential (PCCP): Water for Peace,” http://webworld.unesco.org/Water/wwap/pccp/cd/pdf/history_future_shared_water_resources/water_wars_hegemonic_concept.pdf)
Threatening to reduce … (Jerusalem Post, January 23 2001).
And, more generally their understanding of development relies on Western conceptions of the North/South divide Howard, Hume, and Oslender 07 (*David Howard – PhD in Latin America Studies from the University of Oxford; he is a lecturer in Sustainable Urban Development at the University of Oxford, Mo Hume – PhD in Latin American studies from the University of Liverpool; she is a professor of Development and Latin American Politics (Department of Politics) at the University of Glasgow, and *Ulrich Oslender – PhD in Hispanic Studies from the University of Glasgow; former research fellow at the University of Glasgow in the Department of Geography, November 2007, “Violence, fear, and development in Latin America: a critical overview”, http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/25548278.pdf)MD
Others, however, have … projects of self-affirmation.
Environment
That causes mass wars Brzoska 8 (Michael Brzoska, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg; “The securitization of climate change and the power of conceptions of security,” Paper prepared for the International Studies Association Convention, 2008)
In the literature on … leading to arms races.
Water
The logic of neoliberalism turns all of their extinction impacts and perpetuates exclusionary violence Nhanenge 7 (Jytte Masters @ U South Africa, “ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT) There is today an …purpose. (Ekins 1992: 1).
10/23/13
St Marks Round 4 vs Whitney Young
Tournament: St Marks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Whitney Young DS | Judge: Matt Reichle 1NC Off
We’ll begin with a story from Meinzerin, Kuhn, and Klausmann in 1997 (Marion Meinzerin, professor of history at Cambridge University, Gabriel Kuhn, Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Innsbruck, Ulrike Klausman, freelance journalist, “Woman Pirates and the politics of the Jolly Roger”, Pg 18-22, azp) Medusa is the Gorgon’s … and swallowing seafarers.
The affirmative’s view of the subject under capital is that of Perseus’s perception of women – the Other is dangerous yet alluring – something to be mapped yet radically unknowable – something to be defeated yet something to be won – a roll of the ballot calling for the liberation of the oppressed is symptomatic of the masculine heroism Perseus is engrained in – the ballot becomes a symbol of the prize of Otherness while ontologically erasing the subaltern – the affirmative’s distancing of themselves from those they invoke is like Perseus’s shield – they view the subaltern through a kaleidoscopic lens while sitting comfortably in this air conditioned simulacra we call the debate round – this knowledge production is not just useless neutrality but rather the lynchpin of the Western intellectual subject – any argument the affirmative makes about how the subaltern would totally be on-board with their project relies on the same logic that reinforces conceptions of the inferior Other – their forcus on voice in the first contention is ironic because a ballot for the affirmative rips out the subaltern’s vocal chords Spivak 88 (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian literary theorist, philosopher and University Professor at Columbia University, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, 1988 “Can the Subaltern Speak?,” Online, azp) SOME OF THE most radical … can the subaltern speak? . . .
Isn’t it off-putting that the affirmative merely expresses solidarity with the oppressed yet does little to nothing to actually relieve their oppression? – What do you think their endless theories, intellectual movements, and speech acts actually DO to resolve anything? – the answer is absolutely nothing – they aren’t subversive, nor radical, nor even that interesting – their speech act is an intellectual façade designed to avoid having to resolve oppression Raskin 99 (Marcus Raskin, Professor of Public Policy at George Washington University, 1999, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Fall) As I have noted, world social categories and knowledge systems have changed so that they now see the colonized as human beings. The shifting in social categories, often by those who are the … demands recognition.
The 1AC is a form of vampirism which allows privileged institutions and individuals to enhance their social position at the expense of those without privilege. The AFF is merely a market exchange in the political economy of debate which covers over the contradictions of commodification. Leong 2012 /Nancy, Assistant Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, “Racial Capitalism,” Harvard Law Review, http://www.utexas.edu/law/colloquium/papers-public/2012-2013/09-20-12_Leong20~-~-20Racial20Capitalism.pdf/ The exchange mechanism … of white society.123
The ballot is also a form of self-subalternization, where the judges are encouraged to found a vacuous solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing the material deprivation portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis. Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11) The Orientalist has a … that enables her rhetoric.
The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.) In the “cultural studies” of … had our consciousnesses “raised.”
This knowledge production is merely an attempt to map out the coordinates of alterity for the targeting computers of our death machines Chow, 6 (Rey Chow, Humanities and Modern Culture and Media Studies at Brown University, 2006 The Age of the World Target: Self-Referentiality in War, Theory, and Comparative Work, 40-1) Often under the modest … of the vanishing object.” Off
Against the affirmative’s paralyzing discursive politics, it is more important than ever to emphasize that transformations in consciousness can never lead to social transformations—only struggling to transform the real material conditions that structure social relations can bring about social change Marx, 1845 (Karl, The German Ideology, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm) This conception of history … men make circumstances.
Unfortunately, Marx’s insight has been all but discarded by the new left, with its emphasis on being postmodern, postcolonial, poststructural, postMarxist, or post-anything. This post-al politics of the contemporary left focuses on discourse and language at the expense of analyzing real material conditions. This post-al logic is complicit with capitalism, especially insofar as it obscures the operation of political economy and the material reality of capitalism Zavarzadeh, Dept English @ Syracuse, 1994 (Mas’ud, “The Stupidity that Consumption is Just as Productive as Production”, The Alternative Orange, V 4, Fall/Winter, http://www.etext.org/Politics/AlternativeOrange/4/v4n1_cpp.html) The task of this text1 is to … but a tropological description.5
Unrestrained capitalism turns the case and makes extinction inevitable Deutsch, 9 /Judith, president, Science for Peace. Member of Canadian psychoanalytic society, “Pestilence, Famine, War, Neoliberalism, and Premature Deaths,” Peace Magazine, http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v25n3p18.htm/ At present, threats to human … reliance on threatened use."
And, capitalism destroys the environment and is the root cause of oppression Latin America Solidarity Coalition, 2003 (“Getting to the Roots: Ecology and Environmental Justice”, http://www.lasolidarity.org/papers/enviro.htm) The globalization of capital … desperation, degradation and suffering.
Reject their assertion that discourse and performance can change material social realities.
We must return to Marx, recognizing that the only hope for human survival is a politics which engages in struggles to change material social relations rather than discursive attempts to change assumptions—any attempt to work within the system of capitalism is doomed to failure—our alternative is the only hope for human survival Harman, 97 Editor of the Socialst Worker (Chris, Economics of the madhouse, Pg 99-100) ‘A reprise in the early 21st …lives of the mass of people. Case
The affirmative’s narrative structure perpetuates a politics of forced-presencing that extends the disciplinary logic of the system to the confessional while depoliticizing their speech act, ensuring that dominant relations go unaltered Brown 96 (Wendy Brown * Wendy Brown is Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and is Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz. The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 1996) But if the silences in … depoliticizing their conditions.
2NC
OV Gender oppression stems from the material realities of capitalism Scott, Prof PostColonial Lit and Theory @ U Vermont, 2006 (Helen, “Reading the Text in its Worldly Situation: Marxism, Imperialism, and Contemporary Caribbean Women’s Literature”, Postcolonial Text, 2.1, http://postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/viewArticle/491/174)
Considered as material … countries in the neoliberal period
Scott, Prof PostColonial Lit and Theory @ U Vermont, 2006 (Helen, “Reading the Text in its Worldly Situation: Marxism, Imperialism, and Contemporary Caribbean Women’s Literature”, Postcolonial Text, 2.1, http://postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/viewArticle/491/174)
For Gedalof’s study, the … and vice versa” (227).
AT: Perm
New link: any focus on the transformative effects their discourse abstracts language from experience—this is the same logic that abstracts surplus value and enables capitalism. Scott 6 (Helen, Prof PostColonial Lit and Theory @ U Vermont, “Reading the Text in its Worldly Situation: Marxism, Imperialism, and Contemporary Caribbean Women’s Literature”, Postcolonial Text, 2.1, http://postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/viewArticle/491/174)
Postmodernist theory, … language and representation.
AT: Link Turn
Materialism is the only effective strategy for combatting capitalism – prefer our evidence because it’s comparative to the permutation. Tumino, Pittsburg English Professor, 01 (Stephen, Spring 2001, Red Critique, “What is Orthodox Marxism and Why it Matters Now More than Ever”, http://redcritique.org/spring2001/printversions/whatisorthodoxmarxismprint.htm, accessed 7-18)
Orthodox Marxism has … acceptable "human face."
Link
intellectual linkTheir belief that the intellectual is key to forming ideas creates a dependence of the working class on the intellectual, negating radical social transformation of material conditions of existence Zavarzadeh, Dept English @ Syracuse, 1994 (Mas’ud, “The Stupidity that Consumption is Just as Productive as Production”, The Alternative Orange, V 4, Fall/Winter, http://www.etext.org/Politics/AlternativeOrange/4/v4n1_cpp.html)
The various tendencies of … “able to develop” knowledges.
particularity link Springer,12, assistant Professor in the Department of Geography at the University of Victoria (Simon, “Neoliberalising violence: of the exceptional and the exemplary in coalescing moments”, Area 44:2, Royal Geographical Society, 2012, Wiley Online)
The point of our critiques … violence which forms the rule.
discourse focus link And The post-al left’s insistence on discourse as the determining factor in revolution obscures the motion of capital: we are so busy self identifying and theorizing that we ignore the elites seizing power and resources. This approach legitimizes consumption at the root of capitalism as it blathers blindly onwards to “identification across difference.” Mas'ud Zavarzadeh, Department of English, Syracuse University, editor of Transformation: Marxist Boundary Work in Theory, Economics, Politics and Culture—a biquarterly published by the not-for-profit Maisonneuve Press, College Literature Vol 21 Issue 3, 1994, “The Stupidity That Consumption is Just as Productive as Production: In the Shopping Mall of the Post-Al Left” Questia
The task of this text … but a tropological description. 6
AT: Ableism
Censorship fails—destroys our ability to fight dominant interpretations of words Schram, 95 (Sanford F. Schram, professor of social theory and policy at Bryn Mawr College, 1995, words of welfare: The Poverty of Social Science and the Social Science of Poverty) Euphemisms also … interpretations as possible.
Reappropriating the meaning of oppressive words is the ultimate confrontation to oppressive language Butler 4 (Judith, “Undoing Gender,” Routledge, 2004) In the same way that … of hope and anxiety.
1NR
AT: Perm Kappeler 95 (Susanne Kappeler, Associate Prof @ Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, 1995, pg. 69-71)
The choice of formulation is … distribution of power in society.
10/23/13
St Marks Round 6 vs Carrollton
Tournament: St Marks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Carrollton GR | Judge: Bill Batterman 1NC Off
The apocalyptic framing of climate change results in fatalism – makes all their impacts inevitable Crist 7 (Eileen Crist, Associate Professor of Science and Technology in Society at Virginia Tech University; 2007, “Beyond the Climate Crisis: A Critique of Climate Change Discourse,” Telos, Volume 141, Winter, Available Online to Subscribing Institutions via Telos Press, p. 53-) In fatalistic thinking, … reality in which we live. 75
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; “From Apocalypse To Way of Life,” pg. 185-186) Looked at critically, then, … clearly terminal “nature.”
Their war discourse manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops … global rule of the political.
The alternative is to deterritorialize the 1AC through a historical and critical lens – rather than objectively approaching their threat discourse, we choose more diverse forms of analysis Krause and Williams 97 (Keith Krause, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute on International and Development Studies, Michael C Williams, professor of international relations at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, “From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies,” chapter 2 of Critical Security Studies, p 49-50)
The challenges to the … outcome of timeless structures.56
Every affirmation is fundamentally a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – their attempt to elevate their particular method of decision to the status of metaphysics links to all of our offense and begs the question of their justification for exclusion Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, in … in continental thought. Off
A. Interpretation – engagement is a strategy depending on positive incentives which seeks to shape the behavior of a target country Haass and O’Sullivan, 2000 – *Director of Foreign Policy Studies at the Brookings Institution AND *Fellow in the Foreign Policy Studies Program at the Brookings Institution, (Richard N and Meghan L., “Terms of engagement: alternatives to punitive policies,” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Vol. 42, No. 2, Summer 2000, pp. 113–35, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1093/survival/42.2.113#preview) The term ‘engagement’ … has important disagreements.
That means the plan must be a quid-pro-quo De LaHunt, 6 – Assistant Director for Environmental Health and Safety Services in Colorado College's Facilities Services department (John, “Perverse and unintended” Journal of Chemical Health and Safety, July-August, Science Direct) Incentives work on …consequences and perverse incentives.
Ex-Im
Discourse instigating global action on climate change obfuscates local politics – it depoliticizes the subject in the name of global solutions that forestall the productive forces of locality - means the debate is key - we aren't technocratic elites Carvalho 10 Anabela Carvalho, Departamento deCiências da Comunicação, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 9 FEB 2010, "Media(ted)discourses and climate change: a focus on political subjectivity and (dis)engagement" 2010 John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, Volume 1, Issue 2, pages 172–179, March/April 2010
A large part of mainstream … and informed deliberation.
Adaptation solves the extinction impact NIPCC 11 Archived 8 March, Surviving the Unprecedented Climate Change of the IPCC, http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html (Citing: Willis, K.J., Bennett, K.D., Bhagwat, S.A. and Birks, H.J.B. 2010. 4°C and beyond: what did this mean for biodiversity in the past? Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 3-9.) In a paper published … fluctuations in climate."
Representations of China as a threat ignore the normative value-judgments inherent to the process of claiming to empirically know Chinese national and political identity—this makes security threats self-fulfilling prophecies Pan 4 – PhD in Political Science and International Relations and member of the International Studies Association ISA (Chengxin Pan: “The "China threat" in American self-imagination: the discursive construction of other as power politics”, Alternatives RC)
China and its relationship … and the 2001 spy-plane incident.
Discourse of Russian threats Otherize Russia and actualizes itself JÆGER 2000 (Øyvind, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs and the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute, “Securitizing Russia: Discursive Practices of the Baltic States,” Peace and Conflict Studies, November, http://shss.nova.edu/pcs/journalsPDF/V7N2.pdf) Security is a field of … discursive chain that follows.
Mexico
The predictions regarding Asian insecurity are a result of shoddy scholarship Kang, 3 – David Kang, Professor of International Relations and Business, Director of Korean Studies Institute, Getting Asia Wrong: The Need for New Analytical Frameworks International Security, Volume 27, Number 4, Spring 2003, pg. 57-85 muse Following the end … avoid troubling evidence.
Asia instability impacts replicate the binary relation between the rational, moral West and the wicked, illogical East – this sustains academic orientalism making discursive violence inevitable Izadi and Saghaye-Biria, 7. Foad Izadi, doctoral student in communication, and Hakimeh Saghaye-Biria, masters student in communication, both at LSU, “A Discourse Analysis of Elite American Newspaper Editorials: The Case of Iran’s Nuclear Program,” Journal of Communication Inquiry 31.2,http://jci.sagepub.come/cgi/content/abstract/31/2/140 An important characteristic … basis of the ideological square.
Their terrorism scenario is epistemologically suspect – the ballot is crucial to reject state-sponsored knowledge that legitimizes global violence Raphael 9—IR, Kingston University (Sam, Critical terrorism studies, ed. Richard Jackson, 49-51) ellipses in orig. Over the past thirty years, … serves for the US state.
The status quo food crisis in directly linked to the logic of neoliberal – speculation and land grabbing proves Houtart 11 (Francois, Belgian Marxist Sociologist, serves as an advisor to CETRI (Centre Tricontinental) a Belgian non-governmental organization which he founded in 1976, was awarded the UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence, “ FROM ‘COMMON GOODS’ TO THE ‘COMMON GOOD OF HUMANITY,” ROSA LUXEMBURG FOUNDATION BRUSSELS, NOVEMBER)
There are two aspects … logic of capitalism.
The affirmative’s discourse of “failed states” as per their Brown evidence legitimizes an interventionist epistemology that effaces difference, makes north-south inequality inevitable, and is self-fulfilling Eisenträger 12 (Stian Eisenträger, MA student in IR, board member at International Reporter, a Norwegian NGO, 3-27-12, “Failed State or Failed Label?: The Concealing Concept and the Case of Somalia,” http://www.e-ir.info/2012/03/27/failed-state-or-failed-label-the-concealing-concept-and-the-case-of-somalia/) gz
The end of the Cold War … and especially Somalia.
Empirics prove there’s no link between food shortages and war – correlation not causation Scheschkewitz 11 (Daniel, correspondent for Deutsche Welle in Washington, D.C., “Food wars: hunger as a threat to global security,” 11/14, http://www.dw.de/food-wars-hunger-as-a-threat-to-global-security/a-15444860, LVS)
It can be very … land belongs to the state.
2NC FW
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find … technocrats of decision making.
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz
In contrast to traditional … the perspective of women.137
Giving the tool of imagination over to the state exonerates us from responsibility – we should imagine our own role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not suddenly … the values of war and violence.
More specifically, Environmental Reformism is merely an exercise in blame shifting and assuaging guilt—shielding us from ever having to take responsibility for our own personal complicity in the environmental crisis Bobertz 1995 (Bradley, Nebraska Law, Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 711)
A routine pattern in … should be cause for concern.
From Johan Galtung, … nor inevitable”, p. 301 (Prontzos).
Authoritarianism
Environmental apocalypticism results in eco-authoritarianism – that’s Buell – people run to find scapegoats for environmental problems and populations are mobilized against entities that are perceived to be dangerous to the global order – it also creates a permanent state of exception as the sovereign holds in its hands the power over all life – this ensures mass atrocity Agamben 98 – professor of philosophy at university of Verona (Giorgio, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 139-140) It is not our intention … body of every living being.
Furthermore, political scapegoating ensures targeting of the third world Gilbert 12 Emily Gilbert, Canadian Studies and Geography University of Toronto, 2012, "The Militarization of Climate Change," ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 11 (1), 1-14 7
First, the military’s interest … development (Hartmann 2010: 240).
Warming OV War outweighs warming a. Securitization undermines cooperation – turns the case Trombetta 8 (Maria Julia Trombetta, postdoctoral researcher at the department of Economics of Infrastructures, Delft University of Technology; “Environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse,” Outh Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 21, Number 4, December 2008)
Opponents were quick … security discourses respectively. Ex-Im
post politics is defined by consensus - policy making becomes centered on technical administration of the environment - every political decision becomes compromise, forestalling an alternative vision of politics at permframing arg about politics Erik Swyngedouw, Geography, School of Environment and Development, University of Manchester A. Lewis Building, July/Dec. 2011 "Whose environment? The end of nature, climate change and the process of post-politicization" Ambient. soc. vol.14 no.2 Campinas
4. Post-Political and … from the public sphere.
1NR
Orientalism
Orientalism necessitates war and genocide against the supposedly irrational Oriental other. Accepting this ideology sparks a new wave of Crusades. The only way to deal with a completely excluded other is to seek its elimination. Once we have designated a group of people is inherently different Batur, 7 Vassar College (Handbook of the Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations, “Heart of Violence: Global Racism, War, and Genocide”) Albert Memmi argued that … agents of racist legitimization. Terrorism
No threat – weak leadership and no recent attacks Zenko and Cohen 12, *Fellow in the Center for Preventive Action at the Council on Foreign Relations, *Fellow at the Century Foundation, (Micah and Michael, "Clear and Present Safety," March/April, Foreign Affairs, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/137279/micah-zenko-and-michael-a-cohen/clear-and-present-safety
NONE OF this is meant to … United States and its allies.
10/23/13
St Marks Semis vs Stratford
Tournament: St Marks | Round: Semis | Opponent: Stratford OS | Judge: Colin Quinn, Ryan Galloway, Sarah Spring 1NC
Off
The affirmative’s securitizing logic manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops … global rule of the political.
The alternative is to deterritorialize the 1AC through a historical and critical lens – rather than objectively approaching their threat discourse, we choose more diverse forms of analysis Krause and Williams 97 (Keith Krause, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute on International and Development Studies, Michael C Williams, professor of international relations at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, “From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies,” chapter 2 of Critical Security Studies, p 49-50)
The challenges to the … of timeless structures.56
Every affirmation is fundamentally a decision and an affirmation of a particular interpretation of what it means to decide – their attempt to elevate their particular method of decision to the status of metaphysics links to all of our offense and begs the question of their justification for exclusion Dillon, 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of international relations at the University of Lancaster, PhD in philosophy, April 1999, “Another Justice,” published in Political Theory Volume 27 Number 2, page 157-8) I wish to argue, in … ontological in continental thought. Ag
The agricultural revolution … to promote food sovereignty.
Environmental apocalypticism causes eco-authoritarianism and mass violence against those deemed environmental threats – also causes political apathy which turns case Buell 3 (Frederick Buell, cultural critic on the environmental crisis and a Professor of English at Queens College and the author of five books; “From Apocalypse To Way of Life,” pg. 185-186)
Looked at critically, then, … clearly terminal “nature.”
Environmental alarmism is unfounded and not a justification for taking action Kaleita, 7 – PHD, Assistant Professor Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (Amy, “Hysteria’s History” Environmental Alarmism in Context”, http://www.pacificresearch.org/docLib/20070920_Hysteria_History.pdf)
Apocalyptic stories about … on reality, not hysteria.
The status quo food crisis in directly linked to the logic of neoliberal–speculation and land grabbing proves Houtart 11 (Francois, Belgian Marxist Sociologist, serves as an advisor to CETRI (Centre Tricontinental) a Belgian non-governmental organization which he founded in 1976, was awarded the UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence, “ FROM ‘COMMON GOODS’ TO THE ‘COMMON GOOD OF HUMANITY,” ROSA LUXEMBURG FOUNDATION BRUSSELS, NOVEMBER)
There are two aspects to … the logic of capitalism.
Empirics prove there’s no link between food shortages and war – correlation not causation Scheschkewitz 11 (Daniel, correspondent for Deutsche Welle in Washington, D.C., “Food wars: hunger as a threat to global security,” 11/14, http://www.dw.de/food-wars-hunger-as-a-threat-to-global-security/a-15444860, LVS) It can be very difficult to … belongs to the state.
Legitimacy
The affirmative’s hegemony impact is reminiscent of the Algonquian monster, the Wendigo – insatiable and bloodthirsty, its only purpose is endless destruction as it struggles to maintain itself – in a similar way, hegemony is a constant process of enemy-creation – a paranoid politics towards the impossible telos of world domination – this politics is responsible both for every atrocity in the 20th century as well as the exacerbation of every modern geopolitical crisis Cunningham 13 (Finian Cunningham, expert in international affairs specializing in the Middle East, former journalist expelled from Bahrain due to his revealing of human rights violations committed by the Western-backed regime, basically a badass, 3-11-13, “US Creates Nuclear Armed Cyber-attack Retaliation Force. Psychotic Superpower on a Hair Trigger,” http://nsnbc.me/2013/03/11/us-creates-nuclear-armed-cyberattack-retaliation-force-psychotic-superpower-on-a-hair-trigger/) gz Since at least World War II, … war – against the entire world.
This politics is maintained by a farce of legitimacy which justifies endless destruction Gulli 13. Bruno Gulli, professor of history, philosophy, and political science at Kingsborough College in New York, “For the critique of sovereignty and violence,” http://academia.edu/2527260/For_the_Critique_of_Sovereignty_and_Violence, pg. 5 I think that we have … lost their hegemony.
No impact to hegemony Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
It is perhaps worth … view on faith alone.
Cooperation will not be value neutral – American foreign policy is overdetermined by the logic of liberal integration which will view the plan as a concession and expect compliance with whatever our next foreign policy goal is – if the countries they cooperate with don’t follow US command they will suffer the consequences Campbell, 7 - International Boundaries Research Unit, Geography Department, Durham University (David, “Performing security: The imaginative geographies of current US strategy” 2007)
It is important to … geographies of exclusion.
No impact to legitimacy – one issue won’t spill over MacDonald and Parent 11—Former Research Fellow, International Security Program Spring 2011, Paul K. MacDonald and Joseph M. Parent, Belfer Center at Harvard, “Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment” International Security, volume 35, issue 4, pages 7-44, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ISEC_a_00034-MacDonald_proof2.pdf These arguments have a … of greater significance.
Liberal commercial peace is a mask for a cult of patriarchal violence Neocleous 11 (Mark Neocleous, professor of the critique of the political economy (yes that is a thing) at Brunel University, PhD in philosophy, November 2011, “’O Effeminacy! Effeminacy!’ War, Masculinity and the Myth of Liberal Peace,” European Journal of International Relations Volume 19 Issue 1, GENDER MODIFIED OR IN CONTEXT) gz
‘O Effeminacy! Effeminacy! … exercise of the liberal spirit.
2NC
Heg/Legitimacy
Even if they win hegemony is real, the universalization of hegemonic ontology makes violence through backlash the only possible response – they’re in a double bind Mouffe 7 Chantal Mouffe, Professor of Political Theory at the Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster, 2007, “Carl Schmitt’s warning on the dangers of a unipolar world,” in The International Political Thought of Carl Schmitt, Edited by: Odysseos and Petito, p. 152 I submit that it is high … is, in fact, contributing.
Hegemonic benignity is a project of paranoid vassalage SAMIR AMIN director of the African office (in Dakar, Senegal) of the Third World Forum, an international nongovernmental association for research and debate, and chair of the World Forum for Alternatives. He is the author of numerous books and articles including Beyond U.S. Hegemony 25 FEB 2003 (“The Alternative to the neoliberal system of globalization and militarism Imperialism Today and the Hegemonic Offensive of the United States.”)
28. The hegemonic strategy … Amazon (Plan Colombia), etc.
In Legitimizing the “War … human rights practices.
AT: Obama better
Learn how to read Lifton 11 (Robert Jay Lifton, not an aff author, 2011, “Witness to an Extreme Century: A Memoir,” pp 405-7) gz With all of the … contributed to that syndrome.
their argument feeds into the systems of domination endemic to Obama’s presidency – vote neg to reject their masking of mass imperialism Comissiong 13 (Solomon Comissiong, educator, activist, public speaker, founder of the Your World News community media collective, member of the Black Agenda Report, 5-11-13, “The More Effective Evil: The Impact of Barack Obama’s Presidency on the Black Community,” transcribed from video, 0:20-2:40, http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embeddedandv=i-LAJSlO3GU) gz
Since becoming the … pacify the black community.
2NC fails
hegemonic stability theory is nonsensical Mack 10 (Andrew Mack, literally the person that they cite in their card, the guy who doesn’t like heg, “The Causes of Peace”) gz As with other realist claims, … will inexorably increase.
Their impacts are non-falsifiable junk – people don’t just start randomly fighting Fettweis, 11 Christopher J. Fettweis, Department of Political Science, Tulane University, 9/26/11, Free Riding or Restraint? Examining European Grand Strategy, Comparative Strategy, 30:316–332, EBSCO
Assertions that without … or without the United States.
AT: Neolib
Their starting point is wrong—their authors assume neoliberalism is inevitable which distorts their idea of social justice—also empiricism proves this argument is factually incorrect Gindin 2002 (Sam, Sam Gindin is a Canadian academic and intellectual who served as research director of the Canadian region of the United Auto Workers (UAW) union and later as chief economist and Assistant to the President of the Canadian Auto Workers (CAW) union after the latter became independent from its American parent organization.¶ Gindin is a graduate of the University of Manitoba. He worked as a research officer for the New Democratic Party of Manitoba and later taught at the University of Prince Edward Island. He obtained his MA in economics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison, but while working on his PhD dissertation in 1974, he took up the position of first director of research for what was then the Canadian section of the UAW. He rose within the union and served as an assistant to both Bob White and Buzz Hargrove, where he participated in major collective bargaining, the formation of union and social policy, and strategic discussions on the structure and direction of the union. He also wrote a book on the history of the CAW entitled The Canadian Auto Workers: The Birth and Transformation of a Union. “Social Justice and Globalization: Are they Compatible?”, http://monthlyreview.org/2002/06/01/social-justice-and-globalization-are-they-compatible)
In a speech in 1999, Henry … national-internationalism, not globalization.
Ag
2NC Authoritarianism K
Environmental apocalypticism results in eco-authoritarianism – that’s Buell – people run to find scapegoats for environmental problems and populations are mobilized against entities that are perceived to be dangerous to the global order – it also creates a permanent state of exception as the sovereign holds in its hands the power over all life – this ensures mass atrocity Agamben 98 – professor of philosophy at university of Verona (Giorgio, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, pg. 139-140) It is not our intention … body of every living being.
Furthermore, political scapegoating ensures targeting of the third world Gilbert 12 Emily Gilbert, Canadian Studies and Geography University of Toronto, 2012, "The Militarization of Climate Change," ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 11 (1), 1-14 7
First, the military’s interest … development (Hartmann 2010: 240).
That guarantees global war and extinction Brzoska 8 (Michael Brzoska, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy at the University of Hamburg; “The securitization of climate change and the power of conceptions of security,” Paper prepared for the International Studies Association Convention, 2008)
In the literature on … thus leading to arms races.
2NC War turns ag
War outweighs warming a. Securitization undermines cooperation – turns the case Trombetta 8 (Maria Julia Trombetta, postdoctoral researcher at the department of Economics of Infrastructures, Delft University of Technology; “Environmental security and climate change: analysing the discourse,” Outh Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Volume 21, Number 4, December 2008)
Opponents were quick … security discourses respectively.
1NR
FW
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, “Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,” pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find … technocrats of decision making.
Framing determines the outcomes of policy – uniquely true in the context of security Calkivik 10 (Emine Asli Calkivik, PhD in political science from the University of Minnesota, October 2010, “Dismantling Security,” http://purl.umn.edu/99479) gz
In contrast to traditional … perspective of women.137
Giving the tool of imagination over to the state exonerates us from responsibility – we should imagine our own role in violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne, The Will to Violence, pgs 9-11)
War does not suddenly … of war and violence.
More specifically, environmental reformism is merely an exercise in blame shifting and assuaging guilt, shielding us from ever having to take responsibility for our own personal complicity in the environmental crisis Bobertz, 95 (Bradley, Nebraska Law, Legitimizing Pollution Through Pollution Control Laws: Reflections on Scapegoating Theory, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 711)
In the secular apocalyptic … of the apocalyptic body.
10/23/13
Wake Doubles vs Niles West
Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: Doubles | Opponent: Niles West KC | Judge: Bennett Clifford, Michael McGrath, Evan Hebert 1NC Off
Against the affirmative’s paralyzing discursive politics, it is more important than ever to emphasize Marx’s insight that transformations in consciousness can never lead to social change – only struggling to transform the real material conditions that structure social relations can bring about social change Marx, 1845 (Karl, The German Ideology, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm) This conception of history depends … as men make circumstances.
Unfortunately, Marx’s insight has been all but discarded by the new left, with its emphasis on being postmodern, postcolonial, poststructural, postMarxist, or post-anything. This post-al politics of the contemporary left focuses on discourse and language at the expense of analyzing real material conditions. This post-al logic is complicit with capitalism, especially insofar as it obscures the operation of political economy and the material reality of capitalism Zavarzadeh, 94 – department of English at Syracuse (Mas’ud, “The Stupidity that Consumption is Just as Productive as Production”, The Alternative Orange, V 4, Fall/Winter, http://www.etext.org/Politics/AlternativeOrange/4/v4n1_cpp.html) The task of this text1 is to lay bare the … a tropological description.5
Unrestrained capitalism leads to extinction Harman, 97(Chris, Economics of the madhouse, Pg 90-1) The system may have entered a new phase. But the way it operates is not new. It is, in its essentials exactly the way described by Marx The only sense in which Marx is “outdated” is not that the system is more rational than he thought but rather his picture understates the destructiveness of the system. Capitalists do not merely battle against each other on the markets. They also use the state to force rival capitalists to accept their dictates, supplementing economic competition with displays of military prowess. American capitalism seeks to persuade European and Japanese capitalism to accept its dictates by proving that it alone has the power to wage war in the vital oil rich regions of the middle east; Iranian and Turkish capitalists rely on the help of their states as they compete with each other for influence and contracts in the southern belt of the former USSR; Turkish and Greek capitalists encourage a mini-arms race as each seeks to establish a dominate role in the Balkan countries once controlled by Russia; Germany backs Croatia, the US backs Bosnian Muslims, and Greece backs the Serbs to the horrific wars in the former Yugoslavia; the Russian military wage vicious wars to hang onto vital oil pipelines through Chechnya and in the Tadjik republic bordering Afghanistan; China the Philippines, Malaysia and Vietnam clash over control of the oil reserves thought to lie close to the uninhabited islands in the China Sea; Israel tries to carve Egypt out from economic influence in the Arabian peninsula. The result is that at any point in time there are half a dozen wars or civil wars using the most horrendous forms for “conventional” weaponry in one part of the world or another. Alongside the slaughter and devastation afflicting ever wider sections of humanity is another threat to us all which is hardly visible in Marx’s time- the threat of destruction of the environment we depend on to survive. Marx and Engels were fully aware that the mad drive to capital accumulation led to pollution, the poisoning of the ground and air, the adulteration of foodstuffs and the spread of horrific epidemics. Engels wrote vividly of these things in his book Anti-duhring. But they lived in a time when capitalist industry was confined to relatively small areas of the globe and the devastation was local devastation, affecting chiefly the workers employed in a particular factory, mill or mining village. Today capitalist industry operates on a global scale and its impact is on the global environment- as is shown by the way in which radioactive clouds over Chernobyl spread across the whole of Europe, by the way in which the seas are being fished clean of fish, by the damage to the ozone layer by the gases used in aerosols and refrigerators. Above all there is the threat of the ‘greenhouse’ gases destabilizing the whole world’s climate, flooding low lying countries turning fertile regions into desert
And, capitalism destroys the environment and is the root cause of oppression Latin America Solidarity Coalition, 2003 (“Getting to the Roots: Ecology and Environmental Justice”, http://www.lasolidarity.org/papers/enviro.htm) The globalization of capital and the … to desperation, degradation and suffering.
The alternative is to reject their assertion that discourse and performance can change material social realities.
We must return to Marx, recognizing that the only hope for human survival is a politics which engages in struggles to change material social relations rather than discursive attempts to change assumptions—any attempt to work within the system of capitalism is doomed to failure – turns the aff Harman, 97 Editor of the Socialst Worker 1997 (Chris, Economics of the madhouse, Pg 99-100) ‘A reprise in the early 21st century of the … on the lives of the mass of people. Off
ASPEC
Third, absent specifying, these debates will always lead to a permutation obviating the research ground for comparative institutional analysis Komesar 94 (Neil Komesar, professor of Law at the University of Wisconsin, “Imperfect Alternatives: Choosing Institutions in Law, Economics, and Public Policy,” p 41-2) Even the constitutions of totalitarian … more-complex definitions of the good.
Comparative institutional analysis is the most fundamental question for academics working for social change. Failure to guarantee this ground guarantees organizational failures and prevents critical questioning of ethical responsibility Heminway, 05 (Joan, professor of law at the University of Tennessee, 10 Fordham J. Corp. and Fin. L. 225, lexis) This article offers a model for comparative institutional … ability of those who struggle with these decisions. 581 Off
FW
“Resolved” before a colon reflects a legislative forum Army Officer School ‘04 (5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm) The colon introduces the following: a. … l petition the mayor.
“USFG should” means the debate is solely about a policy established by governmental means Ericson ‘03 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4) The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future … perform the future action that you propose.
A limited topic of discussion is key to inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills – even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from being debatable – this still allows innovation, but avoids statements of fact Steinberg, lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami, and Freeley, Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, ‘8 (David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and …which will be outlined in the following discussion.
That outweighs – decisionmaking is the only portable skill Steinberg and Freely, 8 lecturer of communication studies – University of Miami AND Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law (David L. and Austin J., Argumentation and … for our favored political candidate.
Switch-side is key – only internal link to effective deliberation – forces critical thinking and better advocacy of one’s positions Keller, et. al, 01 – Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago (Thomas E., James K., and Tracly K., Asst. professor School of Social Service Administration U. of Chicago, professor of Social Work, and doctoral student School of Social Work, “Student debates in policy courses: promoting policy practice skills and knowledge through active learning,” Journal of Social Work Education, Spr/Summer 2001, EBSCOhost) SOCIAL WORKERS HAVE a professional responsibility … and beliefs pertaining to the issue. Off
Presumption – No evidence
Case
The affirmative’s narrative structure perpetuates a politics of forced-presencing that extends the disciplinary logic of the system to the confessional while depoliticizing their speech act, ensuring that dominant relations go unaltered Brown 96 (Wendy Brown * Wendy Brown is Professor of Womenand#39;s Studies and Legal Studies, and is Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz. The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 1996) But if the silences in discourses of … while depoliticizing their conditions.
This is specifically true in the context of their argument – the aff reveals the perspective of the oppressed, and in so doing shares their secrets – this undermines the potential for resistance, turning the case Hundleby 5 (Catherine, U of Windsor, The Epistemological Evaluation of Oppositional Secrets, Hypatia, 20(4), Fall 2005, p. 44-58)LA I keep secrets. Even though I am told over and … that morally require secrecy.
The ballot is also a form of self-subalternization, where the judges are encouraged to found a vacuous solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing the material deprivation portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis. Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11) The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, in … power that enables her rhetoric.
Engagement with the state does not necessitate affirmation of all past policies – affiliation generates civic engagement to change it Brubaker, 4 – Department of Sociology, UCLA, 2004, (Rodgers, “In the Name of the Nation: Reflections on Nationalism and Patriotism”, Citizenship Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2, www.sailorstraining.eu/admin/download/b28.pdf) This, then, is the basic work done by the category … motivate and sustain civic engagement.
2NC Studies prove that engagement with the government is critical to reform success Rootes, Centre for the Study of Social and Political Movements – School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research @ University of Kent, ‘13 (Christopher, “From local conflict to national issue: when and how environmental campaigns succeed in transcending the local,” Environmental Politics Vol. 22, Issue 1, p. 95-114)
In all three cases, the national salience of the issue … advantage among more powerful, non-local actors.
Their critiques of debate miss the mark—defending a topic that involves the state for the sake of deliberation is distinct from accepting it, and limiting out some arguments for the sake of that deliberation is a more productive discourse that solves the aff better Talisse 2005 – philosophy professor at Vanderbilt (Robert, Philosophy and Social Criticism, 31.4, “Deliberativist responses to activist challenges”) *note: gendered language in this article refers to arguments made by two specific individuals in an article by Iris Young
These two serious activist challenges may be summarized as follows. … further discourse cannot remedy these distortions.
Giroux’s account of oppression doesn’t apply to debate – he overdetermines the cooptation of pedagogical practices Benjamin Franks 7, Lecturer in Social and Political Philosophy at the University of Glasgow, “Who Are You to tell me to Question Authority?”, Variant issue 29, http://www.variant.org.uk/29texts/Franks29.html
Potentially stronger criticisms of Giroux’s … standard of critical evaluation.
Giroux’s PURPOSE in occupying the university is to create a form of education that’s extremely consistent with our vision of debate Giroux 11 (Henry A. Giroux, Global TV Network Chair in English and Cultural Studies at McMaster University, 21 November 2011, “Occupy Colleges Now: Students as the New Public Intellectuals”, http://www.truth-out.org/occupy-colleges-now-students-new-public-intellectuals/1321891418)
Finding our way to a more humane … and to democracy itself.
The Occupy Wall Street movement … emergent radical democracy.
1NR
Their reliance on hip hop as their so called benevolent solvency mechanism inevitably fails. It has been assimilated into the same capitalist system that has produced the identity suppression that they kritik. Comissiong 09 (Solomon, educator, community activist, author, public speaker and the host of the Your World News radio program, “Corporate Hip Hop, White Supremacy and Capitalism,” 9/15, Black Agenda Report - http://www.blackagendareport.com/?q=content/corporate-hip-hop-white-supremacy-and-capitalism) Luke It is undeniable that hip hop culture … by people of color.
Any focus on the transformative effects their discourse abstracts language from experience—this is the same logic that abstracts surplus value and enables capitalism Scott, Prof PostColonial Lit and Theory @ U Vermont, 2006 (Helen, “Reading the Text in its Worldly Situation: Marxism, Imperialism, and Contemporary Caribbean Women’s Literature”, Postcolonial Text, 2.1, http://postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/viewArticle/491/174) Postmodernist theory, whether it calls … language and representation.
Language focus distracts from material focus Scott, Prof PostColonial Lit and Theory @ U Vermont, 2006 (Helen, “Reading the Text in its Worldly Situation: Marxism, Imperialism, and Contemporary Caribbean Women’s Literature”, Postcolonial Text, 2.1, http://postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/viewArticle/491/174) And yet postmodern paradigms can, ironically, … representation, language, and identity.
Dismissing Marxism as a “Western” discourse ignores the emancipatory gains achieved through Marxism—the dismissal of Westernism is disempowering and only reinforces orientalist notions of the East/West binary Scott, Prof PostColonial Lit and Theory @ U Vermont, 2006 (Helen, “Reading the Text in its Worldly Situation: Marxism, Imperialism, and Contemporary Caribbean Women’s Literature”, Postcolonial Text, 2.1,http://postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/viewArticle/491/174) In his account of the critical challenges … they have turned out to be. (12-13)
A. Interpretation – and#34;economic engagementand#34; means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, and#34;Containment and Engagement as Middle-Range Theoriesand#34; Baltic Journal of Law 26 Politics Volume 3, Number 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/V10076-010-0015-7) The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy with the main national interest being security. Economic engagement is a policy of the conscious development of economic relations with the adversary in order to change the target state?s behaviour and to improve bilateral relations
That means trade and aid in the form of loans or grants Resnick, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, and#34;Defining Engagementand#34; Vol. 54 No. 2, Political Science Complete) A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing with unsavory regimes, I propose that we define engagement as the attempt to influence the political behavior of a target state through the comprehensive establishment and enhancement of contacts with that state across multiple issue-areas (i.e. diplomatic, military, economic, cultural). The following is a brief list of the specific forms that such contacts might include: DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS Extension of diplomatic recognition; normalization of diplomatic relations Promotion of target-state membership in international institutions and regimes Summit meetings and other visits by the head of state and other senior government officials of sender state to target state and vice-versa MILITARY CONTACTS Visits of senior military officials of the sender state to the target state and vice-versa Arms transfers Military aid and cooperation Military exchange and training programs Confidence and security-building measures Intelligence sharing ECONOMIC CONTACTS Trade agreements and promotion Foreign economic and humanitarian aid in the form of loans and/or grants CULTURAL CONTACTS Cultural treaties Inauguration of travel and tourism links Sport, artistic and academic exchanges(n25)
B. Violation – the affirmative removes restrictions on registration and renewal of trademarks, which is not an exclusively economic instrument
C. Vote negative
Predictable limits – blurring the lines between economic and other forms of engagement makes any positive interaction with another country topical – becomes impossible for the neg to predict or prepare
2. Equitable ground – the economic limit is vital to critiques of economics, trade disads, and non-economic counterplans
Transforming the semantics of an act involves and#34;replacing unpleasant reality with desirable rhetoric, AND since these justifications are the basis on which morally reprehensible acts are perpetrated.
This manifests itself in a drive for certainty which causes endless violence Burke, 7 (Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University of New South Wales at Sydney, Anthony, Johns Hopkins University Press, Ontologies of War: Violence, Existence and Reason, Project Muse) This essay develops a theory about the causes of war — and thus aims to AND more sustainable, peaceful and non-violent global rule of the political.
The alternative is to deterritorialize the 1AC through a historical and critical lens – rather than objectively approaching their threat discourse, we choose more diverse forms of analysis Krause and Williams 97 (Keith Krause, professor of political science at the Graduate Institute on International and Development Studies, Michael C Williams, professor of international relations at the Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, and#34;From Strategy to Security: Foundations of Critical Security Studies,and#34; chapter 2 of Critical Security Studies, p 49-50)
The challenges to the conventional understanding of security and the object to be secured also AND grounded in reflexive practices rather than as the outcome of timeless structures.56
WTO
Trade doesn’t solve war Martin et. al. 8 (Phillipe, University of Paris 1 Pantheon—Sorbonne, Paris School of Economics, and Centre for Economic Policy Research; Thierry MAYER, University of Paris 1 Pantheon—Sorbonne, Paris School of Economics, CEPII, and Centre for Economic Policy Research, Mathias THOENIG, University of Geneva and Paris School of Economics, The Review of Economic Studies 75) Does globalization pacify international relations? The and#34;liberaland#34; view in political science argues AND , even taking into account the increase in the number of sovereign states.
The affirmative’s hegemonic subjectivity relies on western conceptions of the end of history Spanos 2k (William V., Prof. of Comparative Lit @ Suny-Binghamton, America’s Shadow, pgs. xvii-xviii) This accommodational strategy of representation, for example, is epitomized by Richard Haass, AND theorization extends from de Tocqueville through Frederick Jackson Turner to Fukuyama and Haass.
This metaphysical grounding justifies extermination and makes their epistemology suspect Spanos 5 (William Spanos, professor of English and comparative literature at Binghamton University, and#34;Humanism and Studia Humanitatis after 9/11/01: Rethinking the Anthropologos,and#34; published in symploke volume 13 number 1-2) In 1991, following the disintegration and demise of the Soviet Union and its empire AND that which confirms its legitimacy. Everything outside its anthropological structure remains invisible.
Focus on rational economic science has created a bloodthirsty form of capitalism which attempts to erase affect and makes violence inevitable. Neoliberalism constantly produces crisis to demonstrate its capacity for control. While this system focuses on total peace, its hatred of uncertainty makes the destruction of all life immanent. Wiltgen 05 (James Wiltgen, bachelor’s in Political Science from the University of Iowa and professor on modernity and capitalism, megacities, Latin American film and video, music of the Americas, biopolitics, subjectivities, technology, and border politics; and#34;Sado-Monetarism or Saint Fond-Saint Ford,and#34; in Consumption in the Age of Information, ed. Cohen and Rutsky, Berg, New York, p. 107-110)
How does digital capitalism intertwine with the concept of uncertainty? What key changes have AND of total warand#34; (Deleuze 26 Guattari, 1987: 467).7
Also read baudrillard nuclearism stuff which was on paper
IP Lead
The status quo food crisis in directly linked to the logic of neoliberal–speculation and land grabbing proves Houtart 11 (Francois, Belgian Marxist Sociologist, serves as an advisor to CETRI (Centre Tricontinental) a Belgian non-governmental organization which he founded in 1976, was awarded the UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence, and#34; FROM ’COMMON GOODS’ TO THE ’COMMON GOOD OF HUMANITY,and#34; ROSA LUXEMBURG FOUNDATION BRUSSELS, NOVEMBER)
There are two aspects to the food crisis. One is a conjunction of short AND conjunctural and structural aspects, is directly linked to the logic of capitalism.
The pattern continues today. Economist Dennis Avery explained in 1995 that, food production AND is available to remove any concerns about resource shortage in the modern world.
No extinction Malcolm Gladwell, writer for The New Yorker and best-selling author The New Republic, July 17 and 24, 1995, excerpted in Epidemics: Opposing Viewpoints, 1999, p. 31-32
Every infectious agent that has ever plagued humanity has had to adapt a specific strategy AND , but they neglect to point out the limitations of microscopic life forms.
In the secular apocalyptic visions that have proliferated wildly in the last 200 years, AND the interplay of eschatology and politics in the construction of the apocalyptic body.
The end of the Cold War shaped a new international political context where the issues AND also when we want to analyse states in Africa, and especially Somalia.
2NC
Framework
Situatedness determines political efficacy Dillon 99 (Michael Dillon, professor of politics at the University of Lancaster, 1999, and#34;Moral Spaces: Rethinking Ethics and World Politics,and#34; pp 97-8)
Heirs to all this, we find ourselves in the turbulent and now globalized wake AND mock innocent political slaves who claim only to be technocrats of decision making.
4. Their framework causes passivity Antonio 95 (Robert J Antonio, PhD in sociology, professor of sociology at the University of Kansas, July 1995, and#34;Nietzsche’s Antisociology: Subjectified Culture and the End of History,and#34; American Journal of Sociology Volume 101 Number 1, GENDER MODIFIED)
According to Nietzsche, the and#34;subjectand#34; is Socratic culture’s most central, durable AND 117-18, 213, 288-89, 303-4).
Perm
Footnoting DA Der Derian 95 (James, Professor of Political Science – University of Massachusetts, International Theory: Critical Investigations, p. 374) But what happens - as seems to be the case to this observer - when AND , we might call this the ’Spiro-ette effect’ in International Relations.
Realism
Realism paves over agency and suppresses populations Grondin 4 (David, Assistant Professor, Member of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Ph.D., Political Science (International Relations and American Studies), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, 2008. M.A., International Relations, University of Toronto, Toronto, 2001. B.A., American History, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, 2000. and#34;Rethinking the political from a Poststructualist Stanceand#34; http://www.ieim.uqam.ca/IMG/pdf/rewriting_national_security_state.pdf-http://www.ieim.uqam.ca/IMG/pdf/rewriting_national_security_state.pdf)
Neorealist and neoclassical realism offer themselves up as a narrative of the world institutional order AND political role in legitimizing American hegemonic power and national security conduct seems obvious:
Appeasement is defined as and#34;granting concessions to potential enemies to maintain peace.and#34; Giving Iran international legitimacy and removing sanctions would have maintained peace with a potential enemy without changing the undemocratic practices of the enemy. If this isn’t appeasement, I don’t know how better to define the word.
Thus, a rigid conceptual distinction can be drawn between engagement and appeasement. Whereas AND or in exchange for certain concessions on the part of the target state.
Precision DA
Our strict definition is key to effective policy analysis and research Resnick, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, and#34;Defining Engagementand#34; v54, n2, political science complete)
In matters of national security, establishing a clear definition of terms is a precondition AND the information necessary to better manage the rogue states of the 21st century.
DepthBreadth
And, depth is best for education—studies prove Arrington 9 (Rebecca, UVA Today, and#34;Study Finds That Students Benefit From Depth, Rather Than Breadth, in High School Science Coursesand#34; March 4)
A recent study reports that high school students who study fewer science topics, but AND twice as much as those in courses that touched on every major topic.
Trade
Trade doesn’t solve war –
a. interdependence alone can’t solve (also heg turns interdependence) Layne, 98 ~Christopher, Visiting Associate Professor at Naval Postgraduate School, Summer, World Policy Journal, p. 8-28.~
These arguments notwithstanding, international economic interdependence does not cause peace. In fact, AND rivals, and hence attempt to ensure they become richer than their rivals.
9/21/13
Wake Round 4 vs Atholton
Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: Atholton SA | Judge: Tyler Salathe
Oil prices have remained consistently high and volatile over the past few years. According AND euro area seems to be easing, global demand for oil may increase.
If you remember what happened in the 1970’s (look it up if you don’t AND a bunch of junkies on drugs while making as much money as possible.
Dropping below 100 kills the Russian economy and Putin credibility Whitmore 13 (Brian, Senior Russia Correspondent – Radio Free Europe, and#34;After The Storm: Trends To Watch In Russia In 2013and#34;, Radio Free Europe, 1-2, The Power Vertical)
It began with a roar and it ended with a whimper. As 2012 wound AND the figure needed for a balanced budget was 2450 to 2455.
Nuclear war David 99 (Steven R David, professor of international relations at John Hopkins, PhD from Harvard, January/February 1999, and#34;Saving America from the Coming Civil Wars,and#34; Foreign Affairs) AT NO TIME since the civil war of 1918 — 20 has Russia been closer AND this threat more than the chaos that would follow a Russian civil war.
Off
A. Interpretation – and#34;economic engagementand#34; means the aff must be an exclusively economic action – it cannot encompass broader forms of engagement Jakstaite, 10 - Doctoral Candidate Vytautas Magnus University Faculty of Political Sciences and Diplomacy (Lithuania) (Gerda, and#34;Containment and Engagement as Middle-Range Theoriesand#34; Baltic Journal of Law 26 Politics Volume 3, Number 2 (2010), DOI: 10.2478/V10076-010-0015-7) The approach to engagement as economic engagement focuses exclusively on economic instruments of foreign policy with the main national interest being security. Economic engagement is a policy of the conscious development of economic relations with the adversary in order to change the target state?s behaviour and to improve bilateral relations
That means trade and aid in the form of loans or grants Resnick, 1 – Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yeshiva University (Evan, Journal of International Affairs, and#34;Defining Engagementand#34; Vol. 54 No. 2, Political Science Complete) A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing with unsavory regimes, I propose that we define engagement as the attempt to influence the political behavior of a target state through the comprehensive establishment and enhancement of contacts with that state across multiple issue-areas (i.e. diplomatic, military, economic, cultural). The following is a brief list of the specific forms that such contacts might include: DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS Extension of diplomatic recognition; normalization of diplomatic relations Promotion of target-state membership in international institutions and regimes Summit meetings and other visits by the head of state and other senior government officials of sender state to target state and vice-versa MILITARY CONTACTS Visits of senior military officials of the sender state to the target state and vice-versa Arms transfers Military aid and cooperation Military exchange and training programs Confidence and security-building measures Intelligence sharing ECONOMIC CONTACTS Trade agreements and promotion Foreign economic and humanitarian aid in the form of loans and/or grants CULTURAL CONTACTS Cultural treaties Inauguration of travel and tourism links Sport, artistic and academic exchanges(n25)
B. Violation – the affirmative signs an agreement with Mexico, which is diplomatic engagement
C. Vote negative
Predictable limits – blurring the lines between economic and other forms of engagement makes any positive interaction with another country topical – becomes impossible for the neg to predict or prepare
2. Equitable ground – the economic limit is vital to critiques of economics, trade disads, and non-economic counterplans
Off
Neoliberalism has had its chance—in the 80’s we spread globalization and free market economics throughout Latin America which caused radical instability due to revolutions as well as deteriorating economic conditions rampant with income inequality and poor living conditions—this invisible violence remains covered up by modern economists who preach it’s beneficial for the greater good—the question we should ask is when will it be good for the people of Latin America? Pineo, 13 – Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, and Professor and Chair of the Department of History at Towson University (Ron, Posted on April 11, 2013- See more at: http://www.coha.org/22227/~~23sthash.L5CsywQs.dpuf Poverty in Latin America has been reduced substantially in the last three decades. In AND client states so plainly worsened the economic situation and needlessly caused considerable human misery
MARKED
that the IMF’s reputation was badly damaged. In the wake of IMF’s subsequent mishandling AND age of cneoliberalism is ending. It is time for some good economics.
This unethical mindset makes extinction inevitable Nhanenge 7 ~Jytte Masters @ U South Africa, and#34;ECOFEMINSM: TOWARDS INTEGRATING THE CONCERNS OF WOMEN, POOR PEOPLE AND NATURE INTO DEVELOPMENT~ There is today an increasing critique of economic development, whether it takes place in AND division is suitable for the present purpose. (Ekins 1992: 1).
We are not politicians and we cannot trigger reform or policies—this means the only political act is a refusal to engage in structures of domination that exist in the status quo—their form of knowledge production is bankrupt of value and is predetermined by the elite Walker,88 – BA Wales, MA PhD Queen’s University, Prof of Poli Sci Univ of Victoria, Prof of IR @ SPIRE, editor Millennium, Alternatives etc, (RBJ, One World Many Worlds: Struggles for a Just World Peace, 1988) Critical social movements may be more or less invisible to those trained in the conventional AND and dogmas that keep us as we are. (8-10)
WASHINGTON — President Barack Obama pressed skeptical lawmakers to give him the authority to use AND and#34;I think if they do, everybody will agree,and#34; he said.
A United Nations independent expert today urged the Mexican Government to strengthen the national structures AND but to restore the value that society attaches to life,and#34; he said.
Shun them—a priori Beversluis, 89 (Eric H. April 1989. and#34;On Shunning Undesirable Regimes: Ethics and Economic Sanctions.and#34; Public Affairs Quarterly, April, vol. 3, no. 2)
A fundamental task of morality is resolving conflicting interests. If we both want the AND has been made and#34;unclean,and#34; as ancient communities might have put it.
Consequences are irrelevant Kemerling, No Date – PhD from the University of Iowa specializing in Modern Philosophy, Human Nature, Ethics (Garth, and#34;Kant: The Moral Orderand#34;, http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/5i.htm-http://www.philosophypages.com/hy/5i.htm) We begin with the concept of that which can be conceived to be good without AND and#34;Duty is the necessity to act out of reverence for the law.and#34;
Relations
Status quo economic ties are high and resilient—that is sufficient to solve the advantage Wilson 11 – MA in International Affairs @ American U, Associate at the Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, where he develops the Institute’s research and programming on regional economic integration and U.S.-Mexico border affairs (Christopher, and#34;Working Together,and#34; Mexico Institute @ Woodrow Institute, Scholar)BB The economic ties between the United States and Mexico are reinforced by a large web AND understanding derived from the geographic and cultural proximity of United States and Mexico.
Warming’s inevitable even if we cut emissions to zero—multiple studies confirm Gillett et al 10—director @ the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Nathan, and#34;Ongoing climate change following a complete cessation of carbon dioxide emissionsand#34;. Nature Geoscience Several recent studies have demonstrated that CO2-induced 17 global mean temperature change is AND several centuries owing to the long delay associated with 42 subsurface ocean warming.
China makes the impact inevitable and they don’t model Downs 8 Eric, Fellow @ Brookings, China Energy Fellow, Foreign Policy, John L. Thornton China Center U.S.-China Economic 26 Security Review Commission, China’s Energy Policies and Their Environmental Impacts, http://www.brookings.edu/testimony/2008/0813_china_downs.aspx China suffers from a disconnect between the increasingly prominent position of energy issues on its AND bend other actors, notably firms and local governments, to its will.
Adaptation solves the extinction impact NIPCC 11- Archived 8 March, Surviving the Unprecedented Climate Change of the IPCC, http://www.nipccreport.org/articles/2011/mar/8mar2011a5.html (Citing: Willis, K.J., Bennett, K.D., Bhagwat, S.A. and Birks, H.J.B. 2010. 4°C and beyond: what did this mean for biodiversity in the past? Systematics and Biodiversity 8: 3-9.) In a paper published in Systematics and Biodiversity, Willis et al. (2010 AND the fossil record indicates remarkable biotic resilience to wide amplitude fluctuations in climate.and#34;
Relations solve drug networks Storrs 6 (K. Larry Storrs, Specialist in Latin American Affairs, Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division of CRS, 1/18/2006 and#34;Mexico’s Importance and Multiple Relationships with the United Statesand#34;, http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33244_20060118.pdf) Sharing a 2,000-mile border and extensive interconnections through the Gulf of AND , and border, terrorism,¶ health, environment, and energy issues.
Drug cartels are key to the Mexican economy – generates valuable liquidity in the banking system Lange, 10 – Washington Correspondent for Reuters, citing US officials in Mexico; additional reporting by Lizbeth Diaz in Tijuana (Jason, and#34;From spas to banks, Mexico economy rides on drugs,and#34; Reuters, 22 January 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/01/22/us-drugs-mexico-economy-idUSTRE60L0X120100122)//BI Mexican cartels, which control most of the cocaine and methamphetamine smuggled into the United AND through 2008, with gangs now involved in most sectors of the economy.
PEMEX
PEMEX instability inevitable for several reasons – these cumulative risks to the industry crush the advantage Martin and Longmire 11 – Jeremy Martin is Director of the Energy Program at the Institute of the Americas, Sylvia Longmire is a Mexico Security Expert 26 President, Longmire Consulting (Jeremy Martin and Sylvia Longmire, Journal of Energy Security, and#34;The Perilous Intersection of Mexico’s Drug War 26 Pemexand#34;, March 22, 2011, http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2011/03/perilous-intersection-of-mexicos-drug.html) CB
Pemex exposed and impacted As discussed previously, oil theft from Pemex pipelines, money AND discoveries of oil and production, and an inability to implement serious reform.
MARKED
Moreover, by the nature of being dragged into—and becoming part of AND surely not a useful element as the company makes efforts to reform itself.
¶ Undoing 75 years of law and national pride doesn’t happen quickly. Mexico made AND particular, are already struggling with their large size and poorly performing assets.
Tons of alt causes to ocean biod Kunich 6 – Professor of Law, Appalachian School of Law (John, Killing Our Oceans, p 122-3, AG)
It is crucial, albeit perhaps counterintuitive, that we pay close attention to land AND 14 These huge and growing populations often cause overutilization of fishing and other resources
MARKED
in coastal areas, habitat destruction and degradation, pollution (both organic and AND much on ocean-based activities will, paradoxically, miss the boat.
2NC
Oil
Nuke Mod
Putin’s leadership solves nuclear modernization Bugriy 13 (Maksym, Correspondent – Ukrainian Week, and#34;Russia is Arming Itself, but Against Whom?and#34;, Ukrainian Week, 3-31, http://ukrainianweek.com/World/76030)
The intensification of military reforms was an ideological cornerstone of Putin’s 2012 presidential campaign. AND Asian-Pacific region will be high-priority regions for the Kremlin.
Russian strategic nuclear forces remain the only current threat to the national existence of the AND which remain firmly rooted in the hostile relationship forged during the Cold War.
Russian accidental launch causes extinction Mintz 1 (Morton, Former Chair – Fund for Investigative Journalism and Reporter – Washington Post, and#34;Two Minutes to Launchand#34;, The American Prospect, http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=two_minutes_to_launch)
Hair-trigger alert means this: The missiles carrying those warheads are armed and AND would be, basically, a nuclear war by checklist, by rote.and#34;
A2: Shale
Won’t flood because of shale —- they’re investing in it Jaffe 13 (Amy Myers, Executive Director for Energy and Sustainability – University of California-Davis, Former Fellow in Energy Studies and Director – James Baker III Institute for Public Policy, and#34;OPEC Reacts to US Shale Oil Boom with New Strategyand#34;, The Energy Collective, 4-15, http://theenergycollective.com/amjaffe/209501/opec-starts-react-us-shale-boom-new-strategy)
The first signs are emerging that key Persian Gulf members of the Organization of Petroleum AND projects such as the Quesaiba shale and the Nafud Basin north of Riyadh.
Shale oil not cost competitive —- won’t cause a flood Arab News 13 (and#34;Shale oil ’unlikely to hurt Saudi exports’and#34;, 3-25, http://www.arabnews.com/news/445785)
The entry of shale oil into world markets is not likely to pose any major AND vary between 24 7 to 24 15 in the region, he says.
Controversy is heating up over an administration plan to drastically reduce the amount of federal AND ,and#34; said Dan Kish, Senior Vice President of Institute for Energy Research.
Link
Renewed drilling in the Gulf empirically lowers oil prices substantially Hargreaves, 12 Steve Hargreaves is a staff writer for CNNMoney.com, where he focuses on the energy industry. Previously, Hargreaves lived and worked in Bangkok and Istanbul, freelance writing and teaching English, and has been published in the Village Voice and the Australian Financial Review. He has also worked as a municipal beat reporter at a daily newspaper in Brunswick, Me., and as a freelancer for Portland’s alternative weekly covering city politics. Hargreaves holds a B.A. in environmental studies from St. Lawrence University. and#34;The oil industry’s plan to lower gas prices,and#34; 3/23/12 http://money.cnn.com/2012/03/23/news/economy/oil-industry-gas-prices/index.htm Eighteen years is a long time to wait. But the industry says that if AND that was effectively reinstated after BP’s (BP) Gulf of Mexico disaster.
What do you do when you’re a theocratic ruler of an oil-rich nation AND – all of which would be detrimental to the oil-rich nation.
A2: Dutch Disease
High oil prices solve Dutch disease —- creates resiliency Grinkevich 12 (Vlad, Economic Commentator – RIA Novosti, and#34;High Oil Prices Open and#34;Window of Opportunityand#34; for Russian Economyand#34;, RIA Novosti, 1-27, http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20120127/170994608.html)
Speaking at a news conference at RIA Novosti on Thursday, Odd Per Brekk, AND must pursue comprehensive economic modernization, funded by its oil and gas revenues.
High GDP ensures increased productivity and lowered inflation Bentley 08 – Moscow News business editor (Ed and#34;Russia’s Roaring Economy not out of the Forestand#34; Moscow News 06/06/2006 http://www.themoscownews.com/business/20080606/55331949.html)
GDP and growth Last year, GDP increased by 8.1 percent, marking AND industries would allow for substantial growths in GDP and productivity, extending beyond 2020
RT: What is the best way the government can diversify the economy and at AND 5-2410 dollars per year higher to meet the rising budget expenditures.and#34;
There is evidence that marine organisms and ecosystems are resilient to environmental change. Steele (1991) hypothesized that the biological components of marine systems are tightly coupled to physical factors, allowing them to respond quickly to rapid environmental change and thus rendering them ecologically adaptable. Some species also have wide genetic variability throughout their range, which may allow for adaptation to climate change.
No impact to biodiversity Sagoff 97 Mark, Senior Research Scholar – Institute for Philosophy and Public policy in School of Public Affairs – U. Maryland, William and Mary Law Review, and#34;INSTITUTE OF BILL OF RIGHTS LAW SYMPOSIUM DEFINING TAKINGS: PRIVATE PROPERTY AND THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION: MUDDLE OR MUDDLE THROUGH? TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE MEETS THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACTand#34;, 38 Wm and Mary L. Rev. 825, March, L/N Note – Colin Tudge - Research Fellow at the Centre for Philosophy at the London School of Economics. Frmr Zoological Society of London: Scientific Fellow and tons of other positions. PhD. Read zoology at Cambridge. Simon Levin = Moffet Professor of Biology, Princeton. 2007 American Institute of Biological Sciences Distinguished Scientist Award 2008 Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti 2009 Honorary Doctorate of Science, Michigan State University 2010 Eminent Ecologist Award, Ecological Society of America 2010 Margalef Prize in Ecology, etc… PhD
Although one may agree with ecologists such as Ehrlich and Raven that the earth stands AND millions we can expect to remain even if every threatened organism becomes extinct.
MARKED
n350 Even the kind of sparse and miserable world depicted in the movie Blade AND sense, good for mankind. The most valuable things are quite useless.
1NR
OV
Striking Syria is key to preserve global stability and prevent escalation of hotspots Miller, 9/4 Chris Miller, nine-year veteran of the US army, serving in nuclear, biological and chemical defense, reporter for The Guardian; and#34;nine-year veteran of the US army, serving in nuclear, biological and chemical defense,and#34; 9/4/2013, http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/sep/04/chemical-weapons-red-line-worldbghs-ms
Echoing President Barack Obama’s remarks of a year ago, US Secretary of State John AND we would one day be able to say we had eliminated chemical weapons.
Plans for US military strike on Assad regime wins significant momentum but doubts remain within AND Afghanistan, polls show most Americans opposed to any new military action overseas.
Obama is focusing his PC on Syria now – that’s key to Congressional approval of strikes Calmes et al, 9/2 Jackie Calmes, foreign events writer for the New York Times; and#34;Obama Plans to Meet With Key Lawmakers to Push Syria Plan,and#34; 9/2/2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/03/world/middleeast/syria.htmlbghs-ms
WASHINGTON — The Obama administration pushed forward on Monday for Congressional approval of its plan AND with House members who might be available and wanted a briefing on Syria.
Dems Key (Link Booster)
Democrats key to Congressional approval of a Syria strike – PC is key Everett et al, 9/6 Burgess Everett, congressional reporter for POLITICO, and Seung Min Kim and Ginger Gibson, reporters for POLITICO; and#34;Undecided Dems key to Syria decision,and#34; 9/6/2013, http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/syria-democrats-congress-96396.htmlbghs-ms
Democratic lawmakers are confronting an unpleasant reality: It will be up to them to AND includes briefings, it includes actually reading top secret information,and#34; Carper said.
Winners Win
Winners lose for Obama Jackie Calmes, NYTimes, 11/12/12, In Debt Talks, Obama Is Ready to Go Beyond Beltway, mobile.nytimes.com/2012/11/12/us/politics/legacy-at-stake-obama-plans-broader-push-for-budget-deal.xml
That story line, stoked by Republicans but shared by some Democrats, holds that AND , when the opposition typically takes seats from the president’s party in Congress.
— A2 Hirsch
Even if winners win is true, he concedes an independent agenda crowd-out link Michael Hirsh, National Journal, 2/7/13, There’s No Such Thing as Political Capital, www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/there-s-no-such-thing-as-political-capital-20130207
Presidents are limited in what they can do by time and attention span, of AND was sucking all the oxygen out of the room, the aides said.
Strikes Inevitable
Even if Obama has the authority, he wouldn’t strike Syria without Congress – our ev cites Obama’s national security adviser – independently Congressional rejection is sufficient to cause the impact ABC, 9/6 ABC News, citing White House deputy national security adviser Tony Blinken; and#34;No Syria Attack Without Congressional Approval, Obama Aide Says,and#34; 9/6/2013, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/09/no-syria-attack-without-congressional-approval-obama-aide-saysbghs-ms
The answer, according to one of his top national security advisers, is no AND a no vote go far beyond Syria. If Congress fails to approve this
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small targeted action, officials believe it would signal a significant pullback of US operations around the world including a quicker withdrawal of US forces in Afghanistan. It would also, officials say, effectively rule out any potential military action against Iran even if the Iranian government moves forward in developing nuclear weapons.
9/21/13
Wake Round 6 vs River Hill
Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: River Hill DD | Judge: Keenan Harris 1NC Off ASPEC
Third, absent specifying, these debates will always lead to a permutation obviating the research ground for comparative institutional analysis Komesar 94 (Neil Komesar, professor of Law at the University of Wisconsin, “Imperfect Alternatives: Choosing Institutions in Law, Economics, and Public Policy,” p 41-2) Even the constitutions … definitions of the good.
Comparative institutional analysis is the most fundamental question for academics working for social change. Failure to guarantee this ground guarantees organizational failures and prevents critical questioning of ethical responsibility Heminway, 05 (Joan, professor of law at the University of Tennessee, 10 Fordham J. Corp. and Fin. L. 225, lexis) This article offers a model for … with these decisions. 581 Off We’ll begin with a story from Meinzerin, Kuhn, and Klausmann in 1997 (Marion Meinzerin, professor of history at Cambridge University, Gabriel Kuhn, Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Innsbruck, Ulrike Klausman, freelance journalist, “Woman Pirates and the politics of the Jolly Roger”, Pg 18-22, azp)
Medusa is the Gorgon’s head … crushing ships and swallowing seafarers.
The affirmative’s view of the subject under capital is that of Perseus’s perception of women – the Other is dangerous yet alluring – something to be mapped yet radically unknowable – something to be defeated yet something to be won – a roll of the ballot calling for the liberation of the oppressed is symptomatic of the masculine heroism Perseus is engrained in – the ballot becomes a symbol of the prize of Otherness while ontologically erasing the subaltern – the affirmative’s distancing of themselves from those they invoke is like Perseus’s shield – they view the subaltern through a kaleidoscopic lens while sitting comfortably in this air conditioned simulacra we call the debate round – this knowledge production is not just useless neutrality but rather the lynchpin of the Western intellectual subject – any argument the affirmative makes about how the subaltern would totally be on-board with their project relies on the same logic that reinforces conceptions of the inferior Other – their forcus on voice in the first contention is ironic because a ballot for the affirmative rips out the subaltern’s vocal chords Spivak 88 (Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Indian literary theorist, philosopher and University Professor at Columbia University, Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, 1988 “Can the Subaltern Speak?,” Online, azp) SOME OF THE most radical criticism … economic text, can the subaltern speak? . . .
Isn’t it off-putting that the affirmative merely expresses solidarity with the oppressed yet does little to nothing to actually relieve their oppression? – What do you think their endless theories, intellectual movements, and speech acts actually DO to resolve anything? – the answer is absolutely nothing – they aren’t subversive, nor radical, nor even that interesting – their speech act is an intellectual façade designed to avoid having to resolve oppression Raskin 99 (Marcus Raskin, Professor of Public Policy at George Washington University, 1999, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, Fall)
As I have noted, world social categories … for the few, demands recognition.
The affirmative’s narrative structure perpetuates a politics of forced presencing that extends the disciplinary logic of the system to the confessional while depoliticizing their speech act, ensuring that dominant relations go unaltered Brown 96 (Wendy Brown * Wendy Brown is Professor of Women's Studies and Legal Studies, and is Co-Director of the Center for Cultural Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz. The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable 1996) But if the silences in discourses … their conditions.
The 1AC is a form of vampirism which allows privileged institutions and individuals to enhance their social position at the expense of those without privilege. The AFF is merely a market exchange in the political economy of debate which covers over the contradictions of commodification. Leong 2012 /Nancy, Assistant Professor, University of Denver Sturm College of Law, “Racial Capitalism,” Harvard Law Review, http://www.utexas.edu/law/colloquium/papers-public/2012-2013/09-20-12_Leong20~-~-20Racial20Capitalism.pdf/
The exchange mechanism Lin posits, …of white society.123
The ballot is also a form of self-subalternization, where the judges are encouraged to found a vacuous solidarity with the Affirmative Other by valorizing the material deprivation portrayed in the 1AC – However, their rhetorical strategy amounts to nothing more than a sham renunciation authorized by the same structures of power that produce alterity in the first place, turning the case at a higher level of analysis. Chow – Andrew W. Mellon Professor of the Humanities @ Brown - 1993 (Rey, Writing Diaspora: Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, p. 10-11)
The Orientalist has a special sibling whom I will, … power that enables her rhetoric.
The subaltern is subsequently reduced to a fungible object, a passive object for the consumption of the debate community – the affirmative absorbs the power of alterity only to toss its carcass back into the dust Chow 93 (Rey, Andrew W. Mellon, Professor of the Humanities at Brown University, Writing Diaspora: Contemporary Tactics of Intervention in Contemporary Cultural Studies, Indiana University Press, pg. 12-13.)
In the “cultural studies” of the American … had our consciousnesses “raised.”
The AFF’s demand for action is a way of covering over the ways in which forms of oppression work in the present. We cannot transcend that oppression through speech – the role of the intellectual should be to intervene into the political economy of commodification and expose how systems of oppression are functioning in the here and now. The AFF’s desire for transcendence gives the illusion of progress while being an interpassive form which prevents proper analysis. Ahmed, 4 /Sarah, Reader in Race and Cultural Studies, Goldsmiths College, University of London. Her writings include: Differences that Matter: Feminist Theory and Postmodernism (1998); Strange Encounters: Embodied Others in Post-Coloniality (2000) and The Cultural Politics of Emotion (2004). She is currently working on two books: Orientations: Towards a Queer Phenomenology and Doing Diversity: Racism and Educated Subjects. The latter book will draw on data collected from the research project Integrating Diversity? Gender, Race and Leadership in the Post 16 Skills Sector, which is housed in Women's Studies, Lancaster University and the Centre of Excellence for Leadership (CEL), and is funded by the DfES. The project, which she co-directs with Elaine Swan, asks the question 'what does diversity do' within the context of adult and community learning, further education and higher education in the UK, and includes comparative analyses of the 'turns' to diversity within Australia and Canada., “Declarations of Whiteness: The Non-Performativity of Anti-Racism,” Borderlands 3:2, http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol3no2_2004/ahmed_declarations.htm/
These statements function as claims to … we are even up to the task of recognizing them. Off
Inherency
b) Neoliberalism is at an all-time low in Latin America Pineo, 13 – Senior Research Fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, and Professor and Chair of the Department of History at Towson University (Ron, Posted on April 11, 2013 - See more at: http://www.coha.org/22227/#sthash.L5CsywQs.dpuf Poverty in Latin America has been reduced substantially … considerable human misery Off
Presumption – no evidence Case
Against the affirmative’s paralyzing discursive politics, it is more important than ever to emphasize Marx’s insight that transformations in consciousness can never lead to social transformations—only struggling to transform the real material conditions that structure social relations can bring about social change Marx, 1845 (Karl, The German Ideology, http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01b.htm) This conception of history depends on … just as much as men make circumstances.
The aff reveals the perspective of the oppressed, and in so doing shares their secrets—this undermines the potential for resistance, turning the case Hundleby 5 (Catherine, U of Windsor, The Epistemological Evaluation of Oppositional Secrets, Hypatia, 20(4), Fall 2005, p. 44-58)LA
I keep secrets. Even though I am told over and over by … vulnerability that morally require secrecy.
2NC
AT: Perm
They cannot stray from their 1ac performance – the choice to exclude certain discussions is not value neutral but a consequence of narrative framing – the 1ac is a static artifact and their attempt to escape that initial framing is in itself a form of violence Kappeler 95 (Susanne Kappeler, Associate Prof @ Al-Akhawayn University, The Will to Violence: The Politics of Personal Behavior, 1995, pg. 69-71)
The choice of formulation is political; … and the distribution of power in society.
1NR
Marx’s insight has been all but discarded by the new left, with its emphasis on being postmodern, postcolonial, poststructural, postMarxist, or post-anything. This post-al politics of the contemporary left focuses on discourse and language at the expense of analyzing real material conditions. This post-al logic is complicit with capitalism, especially insofar as it obscures the operation of political economy and the material reality of capitalism Zavarzadeh, 94 – Department of English at Syracuse (Mas’ud, “The Stupidity that Consumption is Just as Productive as Production”, The Alternative Orange, V 4, Fall/Winter, http://www.etext.org/Politics/AlternativeOrange/4/v4n1_cpp.html) The task of this text1 is to lay … argument but a tropological description.5
The only hope is a politics which engages in struggles to change material social relations rather than discursive attempts to change assumptions – any attempt to work within the system of capitalism is doomed to failure – turns the aff Harman, 97 – editor of the Socialist Worker (Chris, Economics of the madhouse, Pg 99-100) ‘A reprise in the early 21st century of the conditions in the early part of this century. Such is the danger that confronts the world if we cannot deal with the present crisis concludes Will Hutton in his book The State We’re In. Those conditions included two world wars, the rise of … the lives of the mass of people.
Secrets are a prerequisite to liberation—revealing them endangers the lives and freedoms of the oppressed Hundleby 5 (Catherine, U of Windsor, The Epistemological Evaluation of Oppositional Secrets, Hypatia, 20(4), Fall 2005, p. 44-58) Given the two distinguishable forms of … and political import of open identification.
