Tournament: Samford | Round: 4 | Opponent: MBA CY | Judge: Jordana Sternberg
The United States federal government should establish a presidential Cut-to-Invest Commission. The Cut-To-Invest Commission should recommend infrastructure assistance to Mexico as part of its first proposal. The Executive Branch of the United States federal government should provide the commission with all necessary resources to promote its recommendations.

The CP solves—it establishes a commission that proposes funding towards infrastructure as part of a single package with matching budgetary cuts and reforms—that ensures sustainable investment in the aff while avoiding the backlash to the plan
Weinstein, ’12 November 2012, Paul Weinstein, is director of the Graduate Program in Public Management at Johns Hopkins University and worked for eight years in the Clinton White House, first as Special Assistant to the President and Chief of Staff of the Domestic Policy Council, and later as Senior Adviser for Policy Planning to Vice President Al Gore, “Establish a ‘Cut-to-Invest Commission’ to Reduce Low-Priority Spending, Consolidate Duplicative Programs, and Increase High Priority Investments”, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2012/11/1320federalism/1320investments20spending
Given the need for more investment, Congress and the president should establish a Cut
AND
. The remaining $100 ¶ billion would be used for deficit reduction.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 4 | Opponent: Bastow MW | Judge: Lee Quinn
The United States federal government should develop a Medicare insurance program with the Canadian Ministry of Health for American citizens living in Canada. 

Canada
Haims and Dick, 1AC Author, 12 – *Marla C. Haims (Former RAND Global Health Initiative Director, Ph.D. and M.S. in industrial and systems engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison; B.A. in psychology, Miami University) and Andrew W. Dick (Senior RAND Economic analyst, Ph.D. in economics, Stanford University), “Extending U.S. Medicare to Mexico; Why It's Important to Consider and What Can Be Done,” Fall 2012, article 5, http://www.rand.org/pubs/periodicals/health-quarterly/issues/v2/n3/05.html. BR
Despite the lack of hard data, two points regarding U.S. migration
AND
, by far, of the country's foreign-born population.12

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Highland Park BD | Judge: Kevin Hirn
China’s sphere of influence over Mexico high now – new agreements
Zeal 6/5 (New, a reporter’s actual name, June 5, 2013, “The Encirclement Gathers Pace: China Enters Into a “Strategic Partnership” With Mexico,” http://beforeitsnews.com/opinion-conservative/2013/06/the-encirclement-gathers-pace-china-enters-into-a-strategic-partnership-with-mexico-2657822.html)//DR.H
Chinese President Xi Jinping and his Mexican counterpart Enrique Pena Nieto Tuesday announced to upgrade
AND
sphere of influence. This latest development can only accelerate this unhealthy trend.¶ 

Increase in US influence in Latin America directly trades off with Chinese influence
Ellis 12
Dr. R. Evan Ellis is a professor of national security studies, modeling, gaming, and simulation with the Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, with a research focus on Latin America’s relationships with external actors, including China, Russia, and Iran. holds a Ph.D. in political science with a specialization in comparative politics. May 2012- The Inter-American Dialogue - “The United States, ¶ Latin America and China: ¶ A “Triangular Relationship”?” http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD8661_China_Triangular0424v2e-may.pdf

At the political level, US engagement with Latin American ¶ countries has impacted the
AND
blocked it from acquiring a comparable ¶ aircraft from the Czech Republic.30

Chinese influence is key to Chinese growth
Armony 12 (Ariel Armony is Weeks Professor in Latin American Studies, Professor of International Studies and Director of the Center for Latin American Studies (CLAS) at the University of Miami. Spring 2012 “What Is China to Latin America”, http://lacc.fiu.edu/hemisphere/hemisphere_vol_21.pdf nkj) Note—Please Excuse the capitalization issues—the article wouldn’t copy right
What is China to Latin America? Among other things, China represents a market
AND
satisfy the Chinese leadership’s demand for “equality, fairness, and justice,” 

That solves global economic collapse and nuclear lashout
Buzan and Foot 04 – professor of International Relations  at the London School of Economics and Political Science; professor of International Relations at St. Anthony College, (Barry and Rosemary, “Does China Matter? A Reassessment: Essays in Memory of Gerald Segal”, ed., Questia, p. 145-147, USC Libraries)JK
China, East Asia and the world The underlying argument in this section is that
AND
of just such a sequence was what underpinned Gerry's concern to promote constrainment.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wooster HK | Judge: Yunhan Xu
CP Text:  The United States federal government ought to enter into prior, binding consultation with the government of Brazil on whether plan with the possibility of minor modifications by the Brazilian government.

Prior binding consultation key to U.S.-Brazilian relations.
Einaudi, 11—a  Distinguished Visiting  f ellow in the Center for Strategic  r  esearch,  i  nstitute for  n  ational Strategic  Studies, at the  n  ational Defense  University. He is also a Member of  the  a  dvisory Council of the Brazil  i  nstitute at the Woodrow Wilson  i  nternational Center for Scholars. (Luigi, “Brazil and the United  States: The Need for  Strategic Engagement,” March 2011, http://www.ndu.edu/inss/docuploaded/SF2026620Einaudi.pdf BLOV)
A prerequisite for improved mutual engagement will be changes in perspective on both sides.
AND
countries?36 Just posing the question reveals the complexity of the task.

Brazil will say yes- Lula and Rousseff’s agenda
Meyer 2/27/13 (Peter J. Meyer Analyst in Latin American Affairs for the Congressional Research Service) (“CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Brazil-U.S. Relations” February 27, 2013, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33456.pdf  BLOV)
¶ Foreign Policy¶ Brazil’s foreign policy is a byproduct of the country’s unique position
AND
3) supporting multilateralism by pushing for the democratization of global governance.47 

US-Brazil Relations solve Food shortages-Agriculture- tech and exports
Sweig et al 11 (Julia E. Sweig, Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies and Director for Latin America Studies, AND Samuel W. Bodman, and James D. Wolfensohn, Chairmen, Wolfensohn and Company, LLC) (“Global Brazil and U.S.-Brazil Relations” Council on Foreign Relations Task Force Report, July 12, 2011, http://i.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Brazil_TFR_66.pdf BLOV)
¶ Brazilian agricultural innovations have made agriculture more efficient and have expanded farming to parts
AND
(GMOs) to ensure that U.S. products meet Brazilian standards

Food shortages lead to extinction.
Brown, founder of the Worldwatch Institute and the Earth Policy Institute, ‘9
Lester, “Can Food Shortages Bring Down Civilization?” Scientific American, May
The biggest threat to global stability is the potential for food crises in poor countries
AND
states disintegrate, their fall will threaten the stability of global civilization itself.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Woodward SP | Judge: Chetan Hebbale
The federal judiciary should substantially reduce travel restrictions against Cuba by ruling it in violation of policy the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.

Solves the effects of the plan-~--any part of the embargo is in violation of United States international treaty obligations – the Courts are legally bound to act – solves I-Law
Manchak 10 (Benjamin Manchak, Staff Writer, Boston College Third World Law Journal, “Comprehensive Economic Sanctions, The Right To Development, And Constitutionally Impermissible Violations Of International Law,” Spring 2010, LexisNexis, 30 B.C. Third World L.J. 417MRG)
Yet the United States efforts to bring its embargo on Cuba more in line with
AND
embargo on Cuba, which affects Cuba's right to develop, as unconstitutional.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westminster CK | Judge: Viveth Karthikeyan
The United States federal government should lift the economic embargo toward the Republic of Cuba and pursue a reciprocal trade agreement with Cuba excluding dual-use medical sanctions.

Counterplan doesn’t remove dual-use medical sanctions - removing those is bad because the flood of US medicine prevents the continued development of Cuba’s biomedical sector
Cárdenas, 9 – Bachelors in Economics, University of Havana and Masters in Economics, University of Leipzig (Andrés, “The Cuban Biotechnology Industry: Innovation and universal health care,” Institute for Institutional and Innovations Economics, University of Bremen, November, http://www.theairnet.org/files/research/cardenas/andres-cardenas_cubab_biotech_paper_2009.pdf)//SY
Indeed, the development of the Cuban biotechnology industry is the result of very particular
AND
the ¶ entire value chain of a product (see below Closed Cycle).

Cuban biotech industry solves disease
Cooper, Kennelly, Garcia 5/04/06 Richard Cooper, Joan Kennelly, Pedro Garcia,  Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, “Health in Cuba”, http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/35/4/817.full, PS
Two aspects of the Cuban experience serve as reasonable demonstrations of the value of that
AND
at a cost well within the reach of most middle-income countries.

Disease spread will cause extinction.
Steinbruner 98 Senior Fellow at Brookings Institution John D., “Biological weapons: A plague upon all houses,” Foreign Policy, Dec 22
It’s a considerable comfort and undoubtedly a key to our survival that, so far
AND
health, but a fundamental security problem for the species as a whole.

Tournament: Chattahoochee | Round: 4 | Opponent: Johns Creek DS | Judge: Whit Whitmore
The United States federal government should pass an Outer Continental Shelf Transboundary Hydrocarbon Agreements Authorization Act excluding the exemption of Section 1504 of the Dodd-Frank Act.

The counterplan solves the whole aff and avoids the link to politics
Gary 13 (Ian Gary is the Senior Policy Manager for Extractive Industries at Oxfam America and the author of Oxfam America’s report “Ghana’s Big Test: Oil’s Challenge to Democratic Development.”April 9th, 2013, http://politicsofpoverty.oxfamamerica.org/author/ian-gary/#sthash.F7Bnwsac.dpuf)//moxley
We do have a big problem with an irrelevant provision inserted into the bill designed
AND
cares more about Gulf of Mexico access than the proposed Section 1504 exemption.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: BCC DI | Judge: Jack Manchester
The resolution indicates affs should advocate topical government change
Ericson 3 (Jon M., Dean Emeritus of the College of Liberal Arts – California Polytechnic U., et al., The Debater’s Guide, Third Edition, p. 4)
The Proposition of Policy: Urging Future Action In policy propositions, each topic contains
AND
compelling reasons for an audience to perform the future action that you propose. 

First, a limited topic of discussion that provides for equitable ground is key to productive inculcation of decision-making and advocacy skills in every and all facets of life-~--even if their position is contestable that’s distinct from it being valuably debatable-~--we do NOT force them back in the closet-~--this still provides room for flexibility, creativity, and innovation, but targets the discussion
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp45-
Debate is a means of settling differences, so there must be a difference of
AND
particular point of difference, which will be outlined in the following discussion.

Second, discussion of specific policy-questions is crucial for skills development-~--we control uniqueness: students already have preconceived ideological notions-~--government policy discussion facilitates engagement with and resolution of competing perspectives to improve social outcomes-~--it does NOT blame the individual for violence, but instead emphasizes individual AGENCY-~--it breaks out of traditional pedagogical frameworks by positing students as agents of decision-making
Esberg and Sagan 12 *Jane Esberg is special assistant to the director at New York Universityand#39;s Center on. International Cooperation. She was the winner of 2009 Firestone Medal, AND Scott Sagan is a professor of political science and director of Stanfordand#39;s Center for International Security and Cooperation “NEGOTIATING NONPROLIFERATION: Scholarship, Pedagogy, and Nuclear Weapons Policy,” 2/17 The Nonproliferation Review, 19:1, 95-108
These government or quasi-government think tank simulations often provide very similar lessons for
AND
quickly; simulations teach students how to contextualize and act on information.14

Third, switch-side is key-~--Effective deliberation is crucial to the activation of personal agency and is only possible in a switch-side debate format where debaters divorce themselves from ideology to engage in political contestation
-~--People are imprisoned by their own experience and when you become focused solely on individual experience, it aspires to be apolitical, human – Eichman could commit those atrocities because he didn’t think about it, difference is a necessary component
people who enact the actions in question, because they do not admit their own agency, cannot be persuaded to stop those actions. They are simply doing their jobs. In a totalitarian system, however, everyone is simply doing his or her job; there never seems to be anyone who can explain, defend, and change the policies
critical thinking, while still a solitary business, does not cut itself off fromand#39; all others.and#39;and#34; Thinking is, in this view, necessarily public discourse: critical thinking is possible and#34;only where the standpoints of all others are open to inspectionand#34;
Patricia Roberts-Miller 3 is Associate Professor of Rhetoric at the University of Texas and#34;Fighting Without Hatred:Hannah Ar endt and#39; s Agonistic Rhetoricand#34; JAC 22.2 2003
Totalitarianism and the Competitive Space of Agonism Arendt is probably most famous for her analysis
AND
not relativist, adversarial but not violent, independent but not expressivist rhetoric.

Key to social improvements in every and all facets of life – means we turn the case
Steinberg and Freeley 8 *Austin J. Freeley is a Boston based attorney who focuses on criminal, personal injury and civil rights law, AND David L. Steinberg , Lecturer of Communication Studies @ U Miami, Argumentation and Debate: Critical Thinking for Reasoned Decision Making pp9-10
If we assume it to be possible without recourse to violence to reach agreement on
AND
in our intelligent self-interest to reach these decisions through reasoned debate.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 6 | Opponent: Colleville Heritage CL | Judge: Dana Randall
Text: The United States federal government ought to authorize the licensing of American companies to participate in the development of Cuba’s sugar ethanol industry and allow Cuban sugar ethanol import if, and only if, Cuba agrees to release Alan Gross. 

QPQ on economic engagement for Gross’s release solves
Piccone 12/10/12 – (Ted, “WHAT ROLES FOR FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE NEW CUBAN ECONOMY?” The Brookings Institute, Senior Fellow and Deputy Director, Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institute, Available online @ http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/12/1020cuba/20121210_cuban_economy.pdf)
SPEAKER: Thank you. Back to the stalemate in which we now find ¶
AND
Maybe I’ll leave it ¶ to Ted to mainly handle the Alan Gross question

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: Octas | Opponent: Chattahoochee LW | Judge: Andrew Hart, Melani Campbell, Kevin Bancroft
The embargo prevents Juragua from being completed now
American University 3/7/02 American University, a private liberal arts and research-based university in Washington, D.C., United States, “Cuba Nuclear Reactor and the Environment”, http://www1.american.edu/TED/cubanuke.htm, PS
The construction of a nuclear power plant in Cuba has drawn staunch opposition from the
AND
to receive 1.7 million dollars for the 1997-1990 period.

Lifting the embargo allows Cuba to bring Juragua on-line
Arguello ‘9 Founder and chair of NPSGlobal Foundation
Irma Arguello, She used to work at ExxonMobil and Latin American Petrochemical Association, where she held several managerial positions. After leaving the oil industry, she acquired masters-level education in Business and Physics Sciences. She has written many papers and lectured on the topics of disarmament and nonproliferation, “The Future of Nuclear Power in Latin America,” Nonproliferation for Global Security Foundation, August 2009, http://npsglobal.org/eng/component/content/article/147-articles/712-nuclear-latam.html
A very special case is the Cuban one. Over the last several decades the
AND
, should Cuba’s energy needs persist and should Cuba become more globally integrated.

This leads to a radioactive fallout that devastates the region
Miniter 98 Richard Miniter, an investigative journalist and author whose articles have appeared in The New York Times, Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic Monthly, Newsweek, The New Republic, National Review, PJ Media.com, and Reader’s Digest, “Cuba's nuclear threat”, http://www2.fiu.edu/~fcf/nukescuba98.html, PS
In the event of an accident, the possibility of radioactive fallout blanketing northwestern Cuba
AND
complete the plant, the possibility of a major disaster is extremely high.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 7 | Opponent: College Prep HJ | Judge: David Weston
CP Text: The United States federal government should exempt Sudan from section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act, section 40 of the Arms Export Control Act, and section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act by removing Sudan from the United States State Department's list of state sponsors of terrorism.

Sudan’s placement on the list was politicized and impedes efforts at reconstruction
BBC ‘9
(7/31 , Cites Scott Gration- former Major General of the Air Force and policy advisor to Obama, worked in special envoy to Sudan and served as ambassador of Kenya
 “Envoy queries Sudan terror status” http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8177573.stm, Accessed 7/7/13, -DG)
Sudan envoy Scott Gration also said the US would have to "unwind" sanctions
AND
of Sudan's choices" and in "the interest of the two nations".

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Atholton RZ | Judge: Ross Garrett
Movements against neoliberalism are growing and strong in Latin America and spill over globally-~--but the plan’s insistence on US led economic cooperation and integration strengthens neoliberalism’s hegemonic grasp
Harris 8 (Richard L Harris: Professor of Global Studies at California State University, Monterey Bay; Managing Editor of the Journal of Developing Societies (SAGE India); and Coordi¬ nating Editor of Latin American Perspectives (SAGE USA). “Latin America’s Response to Neoliberalism and Globalization,” http://www.nuso.org/upload/articulos/3506_2.pdf)
The economic, political and social development of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is
AND
are significant indications of unprecedented and pro¬ found transformation unfolding in the Americas. 

That makes extinction inevitable- social and environmental factors build positive feedbacks create a cascade of destruction
Ehrenfeld, Rutgers biology professor, 2005
(David, “The Environmental Limits to Globalization”, Conservation Biology Vol. 19 No. 2, ebsco)
Ehrenfeld ‘5,
The overall environmental changes brought about or accelerated by globalization are, however, much
AND
answer to the life-threatening problems exacerbated by globalization (Ehrenfeld 2003b). 

Vote neg to re-politicize the critique of neoliberalism – challenging the limits of neoliberalism in public spaces is key create alternative strategies.
Sheppard and Leitner 9 (Eric Sheppard, PhD, geographer and Regents Professor of Economic geography at the University of Minnesota,  Helga Leitner “ Quo vadis neoliberalism? The remaking of global capitalist governance after the Washington Consensus,” http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/downloads/7235/496.pdf)
We have shown that there have been marked periodic remakings of global capitalist governance from
AND
economic and cultural subordination” (Fraser, 1997, p. 28).

Tournament: UGA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Gulliver Prep AS | Judge: Adam Grellinger
Text: The United States federal government should remove its economic sanctions on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

CP solves the aff
Gordy 9 (Katherine Gordy teaches courses in political theory. Her specific research and teaching interests are comparative political theory (Latin American and Caribbean political thought primarily), critical theory, and theories of history and ideology. Her work has appeared in the journals Public Culture and Alternatives. She is currently working on a book that traces the interrelations between what she identifies as different “spheres” of Cuban political thought—political doctrine (official sphere), political theory (academic sphere), and daily practice (popular sphere)—in order to challenge accounts that treat Cuban socialist ideology as solely state-originated dogma or as necessarily in opposition to academic and popular forms of political thought. Gordy received her Ph.D. from Cornell University’s Department of Government in 2005. Before coming to SFSU, she taught at Franklin and Marshall College, the Graduate Program in International Affairs at the New School and the Center for Worker Education, City College of New York. She was born and raised in New York City, http://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-215793523/rogue-specters-cuba-and-north-korea-at-the-limits)//moxley
The United States continues to label North Korea and Cuba "rogue states" of
AND

their irrationality makes them not just threats or enemies, but rogues.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Atholton RZ | Judge: Ross Garrett
Text: The United States federal government should propose to the Organization of American States a multilateral effort to implement the agreement between the United States and United Mexican States concerning Transboundary Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico.

It solves the AFF and bolsters the OAS
IAD 12 (Inter-American Dialogue, US center for policy analysis, exchange, and communication on issues in Western Hemisphere affairs, the Dialogue brings together public and private leaders from across the Americas to address hemispheric problems and opportunities, fourteen Dialogue members served as presidents of their countries and more than two dozen have served at the cabinet level“Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America,” Inter-American Dialogue Policy Report, p. 17-18, April 2012, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf)
Even as Latin America expands its global reach and presence, it is important that
AND
, in order to regain a central role in inter-American affairs.

Mexico says yes
OAS 12 (Organization of American States, “OAS and Mexico Agree to Implement Technical Cooperation Activities for the Benefit of other Countries,” press release, OAS, April 25, 2012, http://go-jamaica.com/pressrelease/item.php?id=509)
  The Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS), José Miguel
AND
which the OAS will provide a bridge for triangular cooperation with Caribbean countries.

Obama’s restoring international order now -- but unilateral actions prevent his ability -~-- kills his strength
Yu, 2012 (Shiyu, Watching America scholar, “Obama’s Neo-Unilateralism” http://watchingamerica.com/News/163526/obamas-neo-unilateralism/)
Unilateralism, which led to the decline of the United States’ reputation and moral authority
AND
policies adopted by Obama and Bush, except in how they are implemented.¶ 

That’s uniquely key to solve conflict
Ben Coes 11, a former speechwriter in the George H.W. Bush administration, managed Mitt Romney’s successful campaign for Massachusetts Governor in 2002 and author, “The disease of a weak president”, The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/
The disease of a weak president usually begins with the Achilles’ heel all politicians are
AND
one or the other. The status quo is simply not an option.

Indo-Pak war escalates causes extinction
Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bingham NS | Judge: Samantha Varney
Text: The United States federal government should propose to the Organization of American States a multilateral effort to send the United States Coast Guard ship the Eagle to Venezuela on a port visit.

It solves the AFF and bolsters the OAS
IAD 12 (Inter-American Dialogue, US center for policy analysis, exchange, and communication on issues in Western Hemisphere affairs, the Dialogue brings together public and private leaders from across the Americas to address hemispheric problems and opportunities, fourteen Dialogue members served as presidents of their countries and more than two dozen have served at the cabinet level“Remaking the Relationship: The United States and Latin America,” Inter-American Dialogue Policy Report, p. 17-18, April 2012, http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD2012PolicyReportFINAL.pdf)
Even as Latin America expands its global reach and presence, it is important that
AND
, in order to regain a central role in inter-American affairs.

Venezuela says yes
AVN 11 (Agencia Venezolana de Noticias, Venezuelan national news agency, “Venezuela reiterates to OAS commitment with inclusive democracy,” November 21, 2011, http://www.avn.info.ve/contenido/venezuela-reiterates-oas-commitment-inclusive-democracy)
 Caracas, 21 Nov. AVN.- Ten years after having signed the Inter
AND
peace "are the same who were in charge of destabilizing Venezuela's democracy."

Obama’s restoring international order now -- but unilateral actions prevent his ability --- kills his strength
Yu, 2012 (Shiyu, Watching America scholar, “Obama’s Neo-Unilateralism” http://watchingamerica.com/News/163526/obamas-neo-unilateralism/)
Unilateralism, which led to the decline of the United States’ reputation and moral authority
AND
policies adopted by Obama and Bush, except in how they are implemented.¶ 

That’s uniquely key to solve conflict
Ben Coes 11, a former speechwriter in the George H.W. Bush administration, managed Mitt Romney’s successful campaign for Massachusetts Governor in 2002 and author, “The disease of a weak president”, The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2011/09/30/the-disease-of-a-weak-president/
The disease of a weak president usually begins with the Achilles’ heel all politicians are
AND
one or the other. The status quo is simply not an option.

Indo-Pak war escalates causes extinction
Greg Chaffin 11, Research Assistant at Foreign Policy in Focus, July 8, 2011, “Reorienting U.S. Security Strategy in South Asia,” online: http://www.fpif.org/articles/reorienting_us_security_strategy_in_south_asia
The greatest threat to regional security (although curiously not at the top of most
AND
lead to all-out war between the two that could quickly escalate.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 4 | Opponent: Gulliver Prep AS | Judge: Adam Grellinger
Recent Cuban reforms stabilize their economy. A quick transition would break Cuba.
Ted Piccone, 12 (Ted Piccone is a senior fellow and deputy director for Foreign Policy at Brookings. Piccone specializes in U.S.-Latin American relations; global democracy and human rights; and multilateral affairs. Piccone serves as an advisor to the Club of Madrid and has served on the National Security Council, at the State Department and Pentagon), Brookings, “Cuba Is Changing, Slowly but Surely,” January 19, 2012, http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/01/19-cuba-piccone
A closer look, however, reveals something more profound—a wholesale mental shift
AND
, with time, make long overdue reconciliation with the United States inevitable.

Cuban instability causes biological warfare
Mastrapa 99 – Armando F. Mastrapa, Department of Government and Politics, St. John's University, 1999, "Evolution, Transition And The Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces,"www.ascecuba.org/publications/proceedings/volume9/pdfs/mastrapa.pdf
However, the FAR may utilize biological warfare as an offensive capability and deterrent.
AND
a serious risk if faced with an external challenge to its governing elites.

Extinction
Anders Sandberg 8, is a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University; Jason G. Matheny, PhD candidate in Health Policy and Management at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and special consultant to the Center for Biosecurity at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Milan M. ?irkovi?, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade and assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, 9/8/8, “How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,http://www.thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/how-can-we-reduce-the-risk-of-human-extinction
The risks from anthropogenic hazards appear at present larger than those from natural ones.
AND
may increase as biotechnologies continue to improve at a rate rivaling Moore's Law.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: Octas | Opponent: Chattahoochee LW | Judge: Andrew Hart, Melani Campbell, Kevin Bancroft
The United States federal government should phase out a significant portion of its economic restrictions towards Cuba if, and only if, Cuba settles outstanding certified U.S. claims regarding confiscated property upon being offered negotiations by the United States federal government

That solves through the prior issue of property settlement – moral obligation to vote neg
Stone, Senator from Florida, 79 (Richard, “Outstanding Claims Against Cuba,” Hearing before the Subcommittees on International Trade and on Inter-American Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, September 25, http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/us-cuba/claims-hearings.htm)
And certainly the weight of moral imperatives leaves no room for future debate on the
AND
be settled as a central prior issue to substantive discussions. Thank you.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bingham NS | Judge: Samantha Varney
A budget deal will pass, but capital is key
Bowles and Simpson 9-16 (Erskine Bowles and Alan Simpson, writers for Christian Science Monitor, “Government shutdown? A leap of trust can seal a budget deal” http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Common-Ground/2013/0916/Government-shutdown-A-leap-of-trust-can-seal-a-budget-deal 9-16-13)AH
Budget talk in Washington is again dominated by nonnegotiable demands and a potential government shutdown
AND
and domestic programs (known as sequestration) with smart, selective cuts.

The plan is viewed as appeasement toward Venezuela – that drains capital
Harper ’10 Elizabeth, Senior Editor @ US Institute for Peace, adjunct fellow at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs, americasquarterly.org contributing blogger based in Washington DC, 12/21, http://americasquarterly.org/node/2058
Venezuela’s Formal Rejection of Ambassador-Designate Larry Palmer The long-running debate over
AND
are the broad brush strokes of the debate into which Palmer was tossed.

Shutdown kills the economy
Liberto 9/18 (Jennifer Liberto is a senior writer for CNNMoney in Washington, 9/18/13, “CBO chief: Government shutdown bad for economy”, http://money.cnn.com/2013/09/18/news/economy/congress-shutdown-economy/, TL)
A long, broad shutdown of the federal government could drag an already weak economy
AND
Administration stayed on the job and benefit checks were issued mostly on time.

Economic decline leads to miscalculation and crisis escalation—escalates
Harris and Burrows, ‘09 Mathew, PhD European History at Cambridge, counselor in the National Intelligence Council (NIC) and Jennifer, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis” http://www.ciaonet.org/journals/twq/v32i2/f_0016178_13952.pdf
Increased Potential for Global Conflict Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and
AND
within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Chattahoochee | Round: 1 | Opponent: Woodward BP | Judge: Libby Mandarino
A budget will pass – momentum and pressure
Desjardins 9-26 (Lisa Desjardins, writer for CNN Politics, “Analysis: Why a government shutdown (probably) wonand#39;t happen” http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/26/politics/analysis-shutdown-chances/?hpt=hp_t2 9-26-13)AH
Washington (CNN) -- No science or religion can accurately predict what will happen
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. That is the moment when incredible political pressure against a shutdown builds.

The plan would trade off with Congress’s ability to avert the shutdown - GOP has momentum and will, but they need literally every hour to get it done
Frank James, 9-13-2013, “Congress Searches For A Shutdown-Free Future,” NPR, http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2013/09/13/221809062/congress-searches-for-a-shutdown-free-future
The only thing found Thursday seemed to be more time for negotiations and vote-
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people. When we have something to report, weand#39;ll let you know.and#34;

Shutdown kills the economy
Liberto 9/18 (Jennifer Liberto is a senior writer for CNNMoney in Washington, 9/18/13, “CBO chief: Government shutdown bad for economy”, http://money.cnn.com/2013/09/18/news/economy/congress-shutdown-economy/, TL)
A long, broad shutdown of the federal government could drag an already weak economy
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Administration stayed on the job and benefit checks were issued mostly on time.

Economic decline leads to miscalculation and crisis escalation—escalates
Harris and Burrows, 9 – *counselor in the National Intelligence Council, the principal drafter of Global Trends 2025, member of the NIC’s Long Range Analysis Unit “Revisiting the Future: Geopolitical Effects of the Financial Crisis”, Washington Quarterly, http://www.twq.com/09april/docs/09apr_burrows.pdf)
Increased Potential for Global Conflict Of course, the report encompasses more than economics and
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within and between states in a more dog-eat-dog world.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Milton FM | Judge: Peter Susko
There’s bipartisan momentum for a budget agreement
Bloomberg 12-4 (Heidi Pryzbyla and Derek Wallbank, Bloomberg.com, “Budget Negotiators Seeking to Avoid Shutdown Near Deal” http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-04/budget-negotiators-seeking-to-avoid-shutdown-near-deal.html 12-4-13)AH
U.S. budget negotiators are near a deal in which Democrats would accept
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according to a Republican aide who requested anonymity because the talks are private.

Obama needs PC for negotiations
Madhani 10/17/13 (Aamer Madhani- writer for USA Today, writes about a variety of topics, including politics, current events, Congress, the government, etc, thank you for writing this article omg, “In fiscal fight, Obama steps back, looks to next battle,” http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/10/17/obama-shutdown-strategy-gop/2997437/, 10/17/13, 12:05 pm, Sundar)
¶ WASHINGTON — As the battle over the government shutdown and debt ceiling barreled toward
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that President Obama call for and push aggressively for a big economic bargain."

Plan costs capital
Snow and Gianakis 8 (Dr. Douglas and Dr. Gerasimos, both from Sawyer Business School at Suffolk University, THE IMPLEMENTATION AND MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL STABILIZATION FUNDS IN MASSACHUSETTS: A RESEARCH NOTE, p. 6-7)
In October of 2006, we administered the survey to all 351 municipal finance directors
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of the more relevant responses to survey questions are summarized in the appendix.

Budget uncertainty kills military readiness
Clark 11-14 (Charles S. Clark, writer for Government Executive, “Pentagon Comptroller: Budget Uncertainty is 'Taking Its Toll'” http://www.govexec.com/defense/2013/11/pentagon-comptroller-budget-uncertainty-taking-its-toll/73853/?oref=dropdown 11-14-13)AH
Chopping defense spending at a time of budget uncertainty poses risks to military readiness that
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,” he said, “though we could lose some of our best.”

Readiness solves nuclear war
Kagan, 2007 (Robert, senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, “End of Dreams, Return of History”, 7/19, http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/8552512.html)
The jostling for status and influence among these ambitious nations and would-be nations
AND
between them less likely, or it could simply make them more catastrophic.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 6 | Opponent: Highland Park BD | Judge: Kevin Hirn
PC has prevented sanctions for now
Garofoli 11-23 (Joe Garofoli, writer for the San Francisco Chronicle, “Full text of President Obama’s remarks on Iran agreement” http://blog.sfgate.com/nov05election/2013/11/23/full-text-of-president-obamas-remarks-on-iran-agreement/ 11-23-13)AH
On our side, the United States and our friends and allies have agreed to
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the coalition that enabled our sanctions to be enforced in the first place.

GOP will backlash and perception of appeasement is unpopular
Padgett ‘10
(Tim, Latin America Bureau Chief @ Time Magazine last 14 years, 8/23, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2013820,00.html)
Proponents of doing just that insist there's more consensus than ever in the U.
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there's a fear they may just decide that the fight's not worth it."

Additional sanctions collapse negotiations – that causes nuclear escalation through arms race and economic collapse
Cordesman, CSIS, 2013
(Anthony, “Negotiating with Iran: The Strategic Case for Pragmatism and Real Progress”, 9-23, http://csis.org/publication/negotiating-iran-strategic-case-pragmatism-and-real-progress, ldg)
Nevertheless, it makes no sense at all to reject Hassan Rouhani’s opening or condemn
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end result is a major interruption in the flow of Gulf petroleum exports.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 4 | Opponent: GBS OS | Judge: Ross Garrett
Sanctions won’t pass, but Obama’s influence is key
Sorcher 1-29 (Sara Sorcher, writer for National Journal, “Inhofe: Obama 'Naive,' but Winning, on Iran” http://www.nationaljournal.com/defense/inhofe-obama-naive-but-winning-on-iran-20140129 1-29-14)AH
President Obama used his State of the Union address Tuesday to threaten a veto of
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backed away from the sanctions bill since Obama's speech, The Hill reported.

The plan is a massive congressional fight that infects the legislative future of unrelated initiatives
LeoGrande ’12 William M. LeoGrande School of Public Affairs American University, Professor of Government and a specialist in Latin American politics and U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America, Professor LeoGrande has been a frequent adviser to government and private sector agencies, 12/18/12, http://www.american.edu/clals/upload/LeoGrande-Fresh-Start.pdf
Where in the executive branch will control over Cuba policy lie? Political considerations played
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rarely happen unless the urgency of the problem forces policymakers to take action.

Additional sanctions collapse negotiations – that causes nuclear escalation through arms race and economic collapse
Cordesman, CSIS, 2013
(Anthony, “Negotiating with Iran: The Strategic Case for Pragmatism and Real Progress”, 9-23, http://csis.org/publication/negotiating-iran-strategic-case-pragmatism-and-real-progress, ldg)
Nevertheless, it makes no sense at all to reject Hassan Rouhani’s opening or condemn
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end result is a major interruption in the flow of Gulf petroleum exports.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Atholton RZ | Judge: Ross Garrett
Congress will approve a strike on Syria, but capital is key
Klapper and Pickler 9/3/2013 (Bradley Klapper- Reporter covering U.S. foreign policy for The Associated Press, based in Washington, D.C., Nedra Pickler- White House reporter for The Associated Press, American national political journalist, “Obama garners bipartisan support for Syria strike,” http://www.timesofisrael.com/obama-confident-congress-will-okay-syria-strike/, 9/3/2013, 7:54pm, Sundar)
WASHINGTON (AP) — President Barack Obama’s call for a military strike in Syria
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prevent further instability in a region of vital interest to the United States.”

Uncertainty over the dispute resolution mechanism causes Congressional fights
Brown and Meacham 12 – Neil Brown and Carl Meacham, Senate Foreign Relations Committee Senior Staff Members, 12/21/12, “Oil, Mexico, and the Transboundary Agreement,” http://www.foreign.senate.gov/publications/download/oil-mexico-and-the-transboundary-agreement
The TBA contains numerous provisions in anticipation of disputes on allocation of resources under a
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agreement and would be different from arbitration mechanisms in many other international agreements.

Syria strikes are key to containing Iran
Benari 9/4/13 Elad Benari, Writer at Israel National News, “Hagel: Failure to Act in Syria Hurts Our Credibility on Iran”, http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/171610#.UigBVsZJOSo, PS
U.S. Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel warned on Tuesday that failure to take
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to act would increase the risk that other regimes will do the same.

Containing Iran solves nuclear war
London 10 (Herbert – President Emeritus of Hudson Institute and Professor Emeritus of New York University, The Coming Crisis in the Middle East, Family Security Matters, 6/23,  http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=publication_detailsandid=7101andpubType=HI_Opeds)
The gathering storm in the Middle East is gaining momentum. War clouds are on
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is not sustainable and one the Iranian leadership looks to with imperial exhilaration.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Woodward SP | Judge: Chetan Hebbale
TPA will pass, but Obama’s push is key
Truitt 2-21 (Gary Truitt, writer for NAFB News Service, “Obama Administration Has Plan to Get TPA Approval” http://www.hoosieragtoday.com/obama-administration-has-plan-to-get-tpa-approval/ 2-21-14)AH
The Obama Administration plans to give Congress reason to approve Trade Promotion Authority by negotiating
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countries that Congress will vote deals up or down rather than amending them.

Every adjustment is a huge fight – Empirics include Travel Restrictions
NYT 12  The New York Times. “Easing of Restraints in Cuba Renews Debate on U.S. Embargo”, November 19th, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/americas/changes-in-cuba-create-support-for-easing-embargo.html?pagewanted=alland_r=0¶
And Cuba has a long history of tossing ice on warming relations. The latest
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reforms’ while, in reality, it’s tightening its grip on its people.”

TPA will pass with increased investment of Obama’s capital-~--key to the entire trade agenda and the Asia pivot
MarketWatch 2-17 – “Opinion: Stronger commitment could win bipartisan votes in Congress,” 2/17/14, http://www.truthabouttrade.org/2014/02/19/obamas-half-hearted-effort-on-trade-deals-not-enough/
Congressional Republicans generally favor freer trade and their support is vital for TPA to win
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leadership, even the first — TPA — is unlikely to be won.

Pivot is key to global leadership and de-escalating conflicts
Auslin 11 – Michael Auslin, Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, August 15, 2011, “Build, Hold, and Clear: An American Strategy for Asia ,” online: http://www.aei.org/print?pub=articleandpubId=103997andauthors=3Ca20href=scholar/1273EMichael20Auslin3C/a3E
Ultimately, the U.S. must be serious about its willingness to deal
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a system from which it has benefited as much as any other nation.

Tournament: Samford | Round: 2 | Opponent: Westminster CK | Judge: Viveth Karthikeyan
Unemployment benefits will pass
Keith 1-7 (Tamara Keith, writer for NPR, “Senate Unexpectedly Moves Forward On Unemployment Benefits” http://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2014/01/07/260560847/senate-unexpectedly-moves-forward-on-unemployment-benefits 1-7-14)AH
The Senate surprised quite a few people in Washington today when it voted to proceed
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little hope right away," Obama said. "And hope is contagious."

Obama’s push is key
Stevens 1-7 (Stuart Stevens, writer for The Daily Beast, “Obama: The Economy Is Great, Extend Jobless Benefits” http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/01/07/obama-the-economy-is-great-extend-jobless-benefits.html 1-7-14)AH
A reasonable position is to reconcile the disparate worlds of Barack Obama into one logical
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proven extraordinarily useful in its ability to shape arguments and manipulate press coverage.

Extending benefits is key to economic growth
El-Erian 1/5/14 Mohamed A. El-Erian, CEO and co-CIO of PIMCO and is based in the Newport Beach office. He re-joined PIMCO at the end of 2007 after serving for two years as president and CEO of Harvard Management Company, the entity that manages Harvard’s endowment and related accounts. Dr. El-Erian also served as a member of the faculty of Harvard Business School, “Extending Unemployment Benefits Makes Good Economic Sense, Too”, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mohamed-a-elerian/extending-unemployment-benefits_b_4546245.html
Our lawmakers will be debating this week the emergency benefits received by the long-
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position to deal with this more complicated and contentious issue at this time.)

Causes extinction
Kemp 10 Geoffrey Kemp, Director of Regional Strategic Programs at The Nixon Center,
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and Asia’s Growing Presence in the Middle East, p. 233-4
The second scenario, called Mayhem and Chaos, is the opposite of the first
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expected, with dire consequences for two-thirds of the planet’s population.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 1 | Opponent: New Trier WP | Judge: Billy Woika
We advocate the notion of safe houses and Border Angels along the US/Mexican border.

Border Angels and safe houses key – their solvency advocate
Nail, 13 (Thomas, University of Denver, “The Crossroads of Power: Michel Foucault and the US/Mexico Border Wall,” Foucault Studies, February, No. 15, pp. 110=128)
However, one place we might look for strategies of resistance to the current crossroads
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(just as we did in the case of disciplinary or biopolitical strategies).

Their introduction of personal experience and mestizo consciousness shuts down deliberation and makes debate useless
Subotnik 98 Professor of Law, Touro College, Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center. 7 Cornell J. L. and Pub. Pol'y 681, Lexis
Having traced a major strand in the development of CRT, we turn now to
AND
to faculty offices and, more generally, the streets and the airwaves.

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: University School of Nashville WK | Judge: Maggie Davis
CP TEXT: The United States federal government ought to not substantially increase its investment in and around US- Mexico land ports of entry unless Mexico adopts and enforces legislation for sea turtle conservation abiding by standards outlined in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna.

CP’s conditional engagement solves case and prevents sea turtle population extinction.
Center for Biological Diversity, 7-15-2013, a nonprofit membership organization known for its work protecting endangered species through legal action and scientific petitions, and#34;Tell Mexico: Stop Killing Endangered Sea Turtles,and#34; http://action.biologicaldiversity.org/o/2167/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=13749
Each year at least 2,000 endangered loggerhead sea turtles are caught by shark
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I urge Mexico to act now to save these ancient and vanishing animals.

Destruction of the sea turtle population causes extinction – brink is now.
Todd Steiner, xx-xx-2010, Sea Turtle Restoration Project, Executive Director at Turtle Island Restoration Network, San Francisco Bay Area, and#34;Are Sea Turtles Worth Saving?and#34; http://www.bonaireturtles.org/explore/are-sea-turtles-worth-saving/
Sea turtles demonstrate the ultimate lesson of ecology – that everything is connected. Sea
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important. Put the clock back together and see if it still works.

Tournament: Glenbrooks | Round: 2 | Opponent: Wooster HK | Judge: Yunhan Xu
Interpretation - Engagement requires DIRECT talks – means both governments must be involved
Crocker ‘9 9/13/09, Chester A. Crocker is a professor of strategic studies at the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, was an assistant secretary of state for African affairs from 1981 to 1989. “Terms of Engagement,” http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/14/opinion/14crocker.html?_r=1and
PRESIDENT OBAMA will have a hard time achieving his foreign policy goals until he masters
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realistic options and, hence, to modify its policies and its behavior.

Tournament: Greenhill | Round: 2 | Opponent: Bingham NS | Judge: Samantha Varney
Economic engagement is distinct from military and diplomatic engagement
Derrick 98 (Robert, Lieutenant Colonel US Army, “ENGAGEMENT: THE NATIONS PREMIER GRAND STRATEGY, WHO'S IN CHARGE?,” 1998, http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2anddoc=GetTRDoc.pdfandAD=ADA342695)
Economic engagement covers a wide range of programs. Financial incentives are an effective engagement
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a few examples of how the US uses these powers to stay engaged.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: Octas | Opponent: Chattahoochee LW | Judge: Andrew Hart, Melani Campbell, Kevin Bancroft
“resolved” – requires total firmness and transparency
Rhymezone Dictionary, 2008, http://www.rhymezone.com/r/rhyme.cgi?Word=resolve
Definitions of resolve:      * noun:   the trait of being resolute; firmness of purpose     * noun:   a formal expression by a meeting; agreed to by a vote     * verb:   make clearly visible

“should” which means “must” and requires immediate legal effect
Summers 94 (Justice – Oklahoma Supreme Court, “Kelsey v. Dollarsaver Food Warehouse of Durant”, 1994 OK 123, 11-8, http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=20287#marker3fn13)
¶4 The legal question to be resolved by the court is whether the word
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intent must be garnered from the four corners of the entire record.16
13 "Should" not only is used as a "present indicative" synonymous
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. 336, 337, 27 L.Ed. 201 (1882).

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 1 | Opponent: Atholton RZ | Judge: Ross Garrett
Interpretation – economic engagement is a subset of conditional engagement and implies a quid pro quo
Shinn 96 James Shinn, C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia at the CFR in New York City and director of the council’s multi-year Asia Project, worked on economic affairs in the East Asia Bureau of the US Dept of State, “Weaving the Net: Conditional Engagement with China,” pp. 9 and 11, google books
In sum, conditional engagement consists
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“The Reagan Strategy of Containment,” Political Science Quarterly 105, no. 3 (1990), pp. 383-88).

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 6 | Opponent: University School of Nashville WK | Judge: Maggie Davis
Interpretation – toward means in the direction of
Michigan Supreme Court 1914 Michigan Reports: Cases Decided in the Supreme Court of Michigan, Volume 180, Google Books
Under 3 Comp. Laws, § 11510 (5 How. Stat.
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toward” means in a course or line leading in the direction of.

Tournament: UGA | Round: 2 | Opponent: Woodward SP | Judge: Chetan Hebbale
Interpretation – economic engagement must be one of the following economic contacts – that’s not travel
Resnick 1 (Evan, Assistant Professor and coordinator of the United States Programme at RSIS, “Defining Engagement,” Journal of International Affairs, 0022197X, Spring2001, Vol. 54, Issue 2, http://web.ebscohost.com.turing.library.northwestern.edu/ehost/detail?sid=1b56e6b4-ade2-4052-9114-7d107fdbd01940sessionmgr12andvid=2andhid=24andbdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ3d3d#db=mthandAN=4437301)
A REFINED DEFINITION OF ENGAGEMENT In order to establish a more effective framework for dealing
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travel and tourism links •Sport, artistic and academic exchanges(n25)

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 5 | Opponent: Westminster HH | Judge: Jon Voss
QPQs are not Engagement
Smith 5 (Karen E, Senior Lecturer in International Relations, London School of Economics, “Engagement and conditionality: incompatible or mutually reinforcing?,”  May 2005, Global Europe: New Terms of Engagement, http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:8-3RqE0TzFMJ:scholar.google.com/+engagement+positive+incentives+bilateralandhl=enandas_sdt=0,14)
First, a few definitions. ‘Engagement’ is a foreign policy strategy of building
AND
induce change in another country, conditionality more of a top-down strategy

Tournament: Wake Forest | Round: 4 | Opponent: BCC DI | Judge: Jack Manchester
Death and misfortune are inevitable – the joy of life comes in accepting things as they are – plans to save the world only bring more suffering
Slabbert 1 Jos, Taoist teacher and philosopher, “Tao te Ching: How to Deal with Suffering” http://www.taoism.net/theway/suffer.htm
Dealing with loss Express yourself completely, then keep quiet. Be like the forces
AND
the more we tamper with it, the more damage we will do.

No one knows what is good and bad. Reject the aff’s judgments, even if we lose all life on earth
Kirkland 98 Russell Kirkland, Associate Professor of Religion (and Asian Studies), “and#34;Responsible Non-Actionand#34; In a Natural World: Perspectives from the Nei-Yeh, Chuang-Tzu, and Tao-Te Ching,” 1998, University of Georgia, http://kirkland.myweb.uga.edu/rk/pdf/pubs/ECO.pdf
Why It Is Wrong to Resent Unexpected Changes In Chuang-tzu 18, we
AND
takes the morally responsible course of simply accepting the new state of things.

Tournament: Golden Desert | Round: 2 | Opponent: College Prep AG | Judge: John Vitzeleos
Terrorists are attempting to cross the border, but security keeps it at a minimum
Mora 12 (By Edwin Mora, Cites Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano, CNS News, “Napolitano: Terrorists Enter U.S. from Mexico ‘From Time to Time’” July 30, 2012 - 3:55 PM)http://cnsnews.com/news/article/napolitano-terrorists-enter-us-mexico-time-time#sthash.KImWTGKW.dpuf//~BCai
Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano told Congress last week that terrorists intending to harm the
AND
?” asked the reporter.  “Across the Southwest border,” said McConnell.

The most comprehensive mathematics model prove that border security is necessary to prevent terrorist infiltration
Wein et. al 09 (Lawrence M. Wein, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University*, Yifan Liu Department of Systems Engineering and Operations Research, George Mason University, Arik Motskin, Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University “Analyzing the Homeland Security of the U.S.-Mexico Border”)http://graphics.stanford.edu/projects/lgl/papers/wlm-ahsumb-09/wlm-ahsumb-09.pdf//~BCai
We develop a mathematical optimization model at the intersection of homeland security and immigration,
AND
the U.S.-Mexico border, and obtain qualitatively similar results.

Nuclear terrorism is feasible -~-- high risk of theft and attacks escalate
Vladimir Z. Dvorkin 12 Major General (retired), doctor of technical sciences, professor, and senior fellow at the Center for International Security of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  The Center participates in the working group of the U.S.-Russia Initiative to Prevent Nuclear Terrorism, 9/21/12, "What Can Destroy Strategic Stability: Nuclear Terrorism is a Real Threat," belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/22333/what_can_destroy_strategic_stability.html
Hundreds of scientific papers and reports have been published on nuclear terrorism. International conferences
AND
a common understanding of these threats and develop a strategy to combat them.

Extinction-~--equivalent to full-scale nuclear war
Owen B. Toon 7, chair of the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at CU-Boulder, et al., April 19, 2007, “Atmospheric effects and societal consequences of regional scale nuclear conflicts and acts of individual nuclear terrorism,” online: http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/acp-7-1973-2007.pdf
To an increasing extent, people are congregating in the world’s great urban centers,
AND
should be carried out as well for the present scenarios and physical outcomes.

Tournament: Ohio Valley | Round: 4 | Opponent: Milton FM | Judge: Peter Susko
China is reducing the need for the dollar as a reserve currency
Lee 6/14/10
(Sean, Bachelor of Pure Economics, Trinity College Dublin, established FXWW Bachelor of Pure Economics, Trinity College Dublin, "China enters another bilateral currency swap agreement", www.forexlive.com/blog/2010/06/14/china-enters-another-bilateral-currency-swap-agreement/)
I missed this piece of news on Friday but it’s one which could have long-reaching repercussions for the value of the USD. The fact that China signed a currency swap agreement with Iceland is, in itself, quite uninteresting. The fact that this is just one in a growing line of such agreements is more interesting. One would think that the need for the USD for use as a reserve currency is being reduced, albeit slowly

Latin America is key for yuan usage – plan causes falling demand and depreciation
Aziz 13 (Jahangir Aziz, Senior Asia Economist at JP Morgan Chase. “Latin America’s Role in Renminbi Internationalization” January 2013. http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD9029_AzizEconomicsBrief_v3.pdf) VP
Thus far there have been only a few examples of RMB denominated lending in Latin
AND
RMB-based proceeds in China, they are in ¶ the minority. 

Yuan appreciation is vital for Chinese economic stability and growth
Bloomberg 12 (Bloomberg News. "Geithner Says Yuan Gains Would Aid China Economic Shift" May 3, 2012. www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-03/geithner-sees-need-for-1970s-style-shift-in-china-economy.html) VP
U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner said further appreciation in the
AND
-in- hand” with the financial crisis and European debt turmoil.

Chinese economic decline causes famine, resource wars, terrorism, Chinese civil war, Taiwan invasion, US and global economic collapse, and CCP instability – the brink is now
Gorrie13 (James R. Gorrie, writes on macroeconomic topics, investment strategies, and geopolitical events around the world, spent over eighteen years in the financial industry, and specializes in international political economy. "The Fall of the Red Dragon" The China Crisis: How China's Economic Collapse Will Lead To A Global Depression, May 28, 2013.  www.scribd.com/doc/140657893/The-China-Crisis-How-China-s-Economic-Collapse-Will-Lead-to-a-Global-Depression) VP
As our discussion on¶ complexity theory¶ illustrates, once a complex system reaches
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look like and be fashioned similarlyto the breakup of the old Soviet Union.